大学英语四级阅读理解中的定语从句
一、定语从句的概念
定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句，本质上相当于“形容词”。
二、定语从句的类型
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制，去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充，翻译是常常另起一个句子，与主句构成并列句。例如：
That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.
三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1. 同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似，它们之间都有先行词，但与先行词的关系有所不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系。
2. 在定语从句中，关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分：而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用，没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用。试比较以下两个句子：
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.(同位语从句)
The fact that you are talking about is important.(定语从句)
阅读真题难句荟萃
1. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that you can jus replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to.(09.6 Passage 1)
分析：主干：Most designers are finding…
finding 后是省略连词that的宾语从句。该从句时there be 句型，其主语comparable fabrics后有一个that引导的限制性定语从句直到句末。该定语从句的卫浴动词replace带了两个由and链接的并列的髌骨从句，都用what 引导。
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定语从句与一篇阅读理解
定语从句 1. 定语从句的功用和结构 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：Look at the photos that I took on my trip. 看我在旅行时照的照片。 划线部分为定语从句，用来说明前面的photos。我们称photos 为先行词；that 为引导词，在从句中用来代替photos. 找出文中出现的定语从句。 总结：that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如： Look at the photos that I took on my trip. 看我在旅行时照的照片。 My dad’s got a camera that takes photos under water. 我爸爸有一个能在水下照相的相机。 【模拟试题】 I. 单选 1. The house ____ Lu Xun used to live in is now museum. A. which B. where C. there D. what 2. The young lady____ we met yesterday is our new maths teacher. A. what B. whose C. whom D. which 3. He didn’t make friends with anyone ____family was poor. A. of that B. whom C. of whose D. whose 4. A fridge is a machine____ is used for keeping food fresh. A. that B. who C. what D. / 5. Those ____ make great progress will be awarded the prize. A. whom B. who C. which D. what 6. The house ____ roof was damaged has now been repaired. A. which B. whose C. that D. of whose 7. This is the very house____ we are looking for. A. that B. where C. which D. whose 8. I’ve returned all the books____ I borrowed from the library. A. which B. them C. what D. that 9. There isn’t much______ I can tell you. A. what B. which C. that D. where
四级阅读理解及答案
Passage 1 By the time the Olympics begin in Atlanta this summer, the business world will have spent more than $ 1 billion to link their names and products to the Olympic Games. There are 10 Worldwide Sponsors, 10 Centennial Olympic Partners, about 20 regular sponsors and more than a hundred licensees. The Atlanta Games will boast an “official" scouring pad and timepiece, two official game shows, and three official vehicles: a family car, an import minivan and a luxury sedan. But what exactly do these companies reap for their huge investment At the very least, they command tickets to the most popular events, invitations to the best parties and prime hotel rooms. But most of all, according to US Postal Service, it is purchasing the right to spend money. And the right to spend money is expensive. The biggest backers, Olympic sponsors like Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola, Mcdonald's and Xerox, commit up to $ 40 million. But, getting the rights to the Olympic rings is only half the battle. The other half is the challenge to sort of wrap their product brands around that image. Often that means TV time. And at roughly $ 400 000 per 30-second spot, some of the biggest sponsors have already locked up every commercial slot in their product categories that NBC has to sell. Not everyone is convinced that the Games are worth the price of business admission. The biggest and most conspicuous naysayer is Nike. Its spokesman says:“If I see a Reebok official who may not be in the best shape firing the starting pistol and Carl Lewis wearing Nike shoes, I'm going to go with Carl because that's the authentic link." Nike's strategy is hard to argue with - instead of sponsoring the Olympics, it sponsors Olympians. Yet even Nike wants a piece of the Atlantic action. Along with some other nonsponsors, Nike is trying to dot downtown Atlanta with billboards. Advertisement, it's another Olympic event. 1. By “official vehicles", the author means . A. automobiles for Olympic officials B. automobiles used in official occasion C. automobiles that the Olympic participants must drive D. automobiles that allowed to bear the Olympic symbol 2. Which of the following is not an Olympic sponsor A. US Postal Service. B. Nike. C. Coca-Cola. D. Mcdonald's 3. The last sentence of this passage indicates . A. businesses trying to get publicity is a part of the Olympic Games B. what the Olympic non-sponsors do is of no interest to the Olympic organizers C. that businesses must try very hard to earn money from the Olympic Games as if they were themselves competing in the Games D. that those who fail to sponsor the Olympics this time will try very hard the next time 4. Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage A. Companies use their Olympic sponsorship to promote sales of their products. B. To provide sportswear for Carl Lewis is a more effective advertisement than to provide suits for Olympic officials. C. NBC makes great profits from selling advertising time to companies eager to impress potential customers during the Olympic Games. D. Nike looks down upon the Olympic Games. 5. Which of the following can best sum up the passage A. Businesses want to profit from the Olympics. B. The 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.
英语四级阅读理解练习附答案
英语四级阅读理解练习附答案 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语四级阅读理解练习附答案》的内容，具体内容：下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international ma... 下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。 Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. 『This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience. The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
定语从句在写作中的运用(非常实用)
定语从句在书面表达中的使用 一、定语从句的类型 1．关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的定语从句是写作的一大重点，尤其是which和as引导的非限制性定语从句在高考范文中更是屡见不鲜。 ①I can well remember an incident that happened on a rainy Sunday afternoon. ②Finally, I would like to ask a few questions about his personal life, which must be very interesting. ③Only those who spare no effort to confront problems can achieve what they long for. ④As an old saying goes, living without a clear and achievable aim is like sailing without a compass. 2．关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句是指when, where, why引导的定语从句。 ①During holiday seasons, I will live in the countryside, where air is fresh and people are friendly.②I think the reason why you are always angry may be the high pressure of study 3．“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句 ①Speaking and listening are very important for a language learning, by which you are sure to make great progress. ②I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved. 1．因此，我认为我能得一个高分，这个分数能使我进入一个理想的大学。 ①So I suppose I can get a good mark, ________________________________________________________________________. ②____________________________________________________________________ _.(定语从句)。 3. 分词做状语______________________________________________________________________ 2．我们都喜欢我们的英语老师，我们已向她学习了很多东西。 ①We all like our English teacher.________________________________________________ __. ②_________________________________________________________________________________________.(定语从句) 3．我总是盼望着我独立的那一天。 ①I've always longed for the days, I ________________________________________________. ②____________________________________________________________________________.(定语从句) 4．事实上，我来这儿拜访我叔叔，目前他碰巧在你们城市工作。 ①As a matter of fact, I am here visiting my uncle. ____________________________________________________________________________. ②_______________________________________________________________________.(定语从句) 5．在几次我班的英语活动中我已帮助她，这受到老师和同学的欣赏。 ①I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities of my class. ________________________________. ②I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities of my class, ______________________________. 二、定语从句的常用句型 1．As we all know.../As is known to all...众所周知…… 众所周知，小孩和老年人都需要温暖和关心。_________________________________________________________. 2．As sb. puts it...按照某人所说的…… 按照他常说的，大学教育决定一个人的命运。_________________________________________________________ 3．such...as...像……这样的；诸如此类的…… 信不信由你，世界上没有免费午餐之类的事情___________________________________________________________ 4．As the old saying goes, ……常言道…… .常言道，熟能生巧。________________________________________________________________________. 5．the same...as.../the same as...像……一样的 她对他的方式和态度与以前完全一样。Her manner and attitudes towards him were quite the same ___________________________________. 6．one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句……中的一个 据我所知，你妹妹是通过考试的学生之一。__________________________________________________________. 7．the only one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句……中唯一的一个 格林先生是这些工人中唯一被邀请去北京的。________________________________________________________. 1．另外，正如古老的谚语所说，“赠人玫瑰，手有余香”。_____________________________________________.
雅思阅读中定语从句的语法知识
雅思阅读中定语从句的语法知识先是给大家分享了定语从句的相关概念，然后具体分析了一些阅读真题的例子，希望可以提高大家分析长难句结构的能力。 一、定语从句的定义 如果一个简单句放在一个名词或者代词之后，起修饰限定的作用，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句。所修饰的名词或者代词叫做先行词，连接定语从句和先行词的词汇叫做关系词，可以分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that/who/whom/whose/which，经常在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。常见的关系副词有when/where/why/介词+in which/that，经常在从句中充当状语成分。 定语从句可以分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词不可分割的一部分，不能去掉，并且不能用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句不仅可以对先行词也可以对整个句子进行修饰，与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，去掉并不会影响主句的内容。一般，我们见到的大部分的定语从句都是限制性定语从句。 二、定语从句的知识点 1. 关系代词引导限制性定语从句： 例 1. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today. (剑6 Test 3 Passage 1) 句子结构分析：这句话是由and连接的并列句。第一句话是主系表结构：主语是an(Italian 2-hour)film，系动词是was，表语是successful，in 1912是插入语。第二句话是主谓宾结构：主语是Hollywood，谓语是settled upon，宾语是the novel-length narrative，that引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词narrative，that是关系代词，在从句中做主语。 2. 关系副词引导限制性定语从句： 例2. There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. (剑 6 Test 2 Passage 1) 句子结构分析：这句话是there be 句型。主语是a belief，谓语是There is，宾语是belief ，that引导的从句是belief的同位语。同位语从句中动名词increasing wealth作主语，谓语是encourages ，宾语是people ，补语是to live farther out，关系副词where引导定语从句修饰先行词farther out。 3. 关系代词引导非限制性定语从句： 例 1. A survey (that)I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. (剑6 Test 4 Passage 3)
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及标准答案.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.
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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller
英语四级阅读题库含答案解析
英语四级阅读题库含答案解析 1.Passage One Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isn’t –we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and –without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it. From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. but that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else‘s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050. No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing something.” Consider the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets. The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless. 57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all. B) It is an issue requiring world wide commitments. C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it. D) Very little will be done to bring it under control. 58. According to the author’s understanding, what is Al Gore’s view on global warming? A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of. B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences. C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized. D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about. 59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _______. A) economic growth B) the widening gap between the rich and poor C) wasteful use of energy D) the rapid advances of science and technology
(英语)英语定语从句技巧 阅读训练策略及练习题(含答案)
（英语）英语定语从句技巧阅读训练策略及练习题(含答案) 一、定语从句 1．Liu Yang is the first Chinese woman astronaut_______ has ever traveled in space. A．whom B．which C．who D．whose 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：刘洋是中国第一个曾经在太空旅行过的女宇航员。定语从句用来充当句中定语的结构，被修饰的名词叫先行词，此句的先行词为astronaut。连接主从句的是关系词。一般的who 用于指代人的先行词，which 用来指代物的先行词，that既可指认又可指物。whom在定语从句中作宾语；whose在定语从句中作定语。此处连接词who做主语，故选C。 考点：考查定语从句的连接词。 2．The leaders from eight countries attended the Shanghai cooperation organization summit in Qingdao got the welcome of the Chinese people. A．whom B．what C．who D．which 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 句意：出席上海合作组织青岛峰会的8国领导人受到中国人民的欢迎。考查关系代词辨析。what不是关系词，可排除。whom和who都用于先行词是人时，但whom用作宾语，who用作主语或宾语；which用于先行词是物时。本句先行词The leaders是人，可排除which；关系词在从句中做主语，可排除whom。根据句意结构和语境，可知选C。 3．The girl ________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister. A．who is singing B．is singing C．sang D．was singing 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 句意：正在隔壁房间唱英文歌曲的女孩是汤姆的姐姐。 这里使用了定语从句，先行词是the girl，定语从句中缺少主语，用who或that引导定语 从句，故选A。 4．-Have you found the information about the famous people ______ you can use for the report? -Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet. A．who B．what C．whom D．which 【答案】D 【解析】
英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解第16期
2洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 阅读练习】 Nowadays, is it possible to tell a person’s class just by looking at him? Physical details __1__ tell us about health, diet and type of work done. A hundred years ago the working class very often lookd unhealthy, small and were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often __2__, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such __3__ would no longer be so true.The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their __4__. The most obvious way in which is for the amount of money spent on them. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer had money. Clothes can provide other __5__ as well. The upper classes __6__ to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colours, made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton. Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colours, made of man-made material. A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are mssing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is __7__.Clothes are __8__ at a price within most people’s reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good, and show some __9__ of wealth to the outside world. Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look __10__ and feel important. They want people to look at them.A) available B) background C) different D) tallE) totally F) taken G) descriptions H) degreeI) clues J) alone K) appear L) considerM) full N) hobby O)fetched ANSWER: 1.选J)。此处应填副词。可选项有totally和alone，由前一句中just可推出，外表上的细节仅仅能告诉我们这个人的健康状况，平时的营养状况以及他所从事的工作而不能看出他所处的阶级，故排除totally而选alone“惟一”。 2.选D)。此处应填形容词。因此此句和前一句是在将以前的工人阶级和上层阶级的身体状况进行对比，故此处应填与small“矮的”意思相反的词，选项中只有tall符合题意。而full“丰满的”不能用来修饰sporting types,故排除。 3.选G)。此处应填名词。现在的生活和工作条件改善了，情况已经不同了。而such指代的是上文中对一百年以前工人阶级和上层阶级的身体状况的身体状况的描述，故descriptions“描述”符合题意。 4.选B)。此处应填名词。根据句意“衣服可以提供...方面的信息”，选项中有background和hobby，选background“人的背景，社会阶层”，符合文章主题。 5.选I)。由as well可知，此处应填名词且与本段首句中的informaiton的意思相近，选项中只有clues“线索”符合题意。 6.选K)。此处应填动词的原形。选项中有appear和consider,appear可直接接不定式；而consider带不定式的复合结构，用于主动语态时，consider后面得接宾语，故选appear。7选F)。这句中this指代bright colour，句子主干是any opportunity is...。可选项有taken和fetched,take“抓住”则可以与opportunity搭