英语论文-Effective Business Presentation
Effective Business Presentation
Contents
Acknowledgements………………………………….I Abstract……………………………………………..II
Introduction (1)
Chapter One. General Concept of Business Presentations (3)
1.1 Definition of Business Presentation (3)
1.2 Classification of Business Presentation (4)
1.3 Structure of Business Presentation (8)
Chapter Two Language Features of Business Presentations (13)
2.1 Use of Words (13)
2.1.1 Familiar W ords versus Unfamiliar Words (13)
2.1.2 Concrete Words versus Abstract Words (14)
2.1.3 Use of Vivid Words (15)
2.1.4 Careful Use of Jargon and Abbreviations (15)
2.1.5 Use of Personal Nouns (17)
2.2 Variety in Sentence Structure (17)
2.2.1 Variety in Sentence Length (17)
2.2.2 Active V oice versus Passive V oice (18)
2.3 Use of Repetition and Rhythm (19)
2.4 Use of Frequent Signposts (19)
2.5 Use of Rhetorical Questions (20)
Chapter Three Techniques in Effective Business Presentations (21)
3.1 Features of Effective Presentation (21)
3.2 Before the Presentation (23)
3.2.1 P repare Thoroughly (23)
3.2.2 Rehearse Repeatedly (23)
3.2.3 Consider Personal Aspects (23)
3.3 During the Presentation (25)
3.3.1 Maintain and Hold Audience?s Interest (25)
3.3.2 Overcome Nervousness (27)
3.3.3 Use Visual Aids Effectively (29)
3.3.4 V ocal Aspects (30)
3.3.5 Nonverbal Communication Skills (35)
3.4 After the Presentation (38)
3.4.1 Dist ribute Handouts (38)
3.4.2 Reinforce the Main Points (39)
3.4.3 End with a Summary and Appreciation (39)
Chapter Four The Five-step Approach in Making Effective Business Presentations (40)
4.1 Plan the Pre sentation (40)
4.1.1 Identify the Purpose (41)
4.1.2 Analyze the Audience (41)
4.1.3 Decide on the Content (43)
4.2 Organize the Presentation (43)
4.2.1 Select the Mater ial (44)
4.2.2 Prepare an Outline (45)
4.2.3 Prepare the Visual Aids (46)
4.2.4 Decide on Style (48)
4.3 Develop the Presentation (49)
4.3.1 Develop the Body (49)
4.3.2 Develop the Conclusion (50)
4.3.3 Develop the Introduction (52)
4.4 Deliver the Presentation (54)
4.5 Handle Questions (56)
4.5.1 Admit Ignorance (58)
4.5.2 Maintain Control (59)
4.5.3 Motivate Questions (59)
4.6 An Example of How to Make a Business Presentation with the Five-step
Approach (60)
Conclusion (67)
Bibliograph y (69)
Acknowledgements
In writing this thesis I owe a host of debts to many people. Their devotion of time, effort and talent to every aspect of the paper is a model for me to learn from perpetually. So I would like to take advantage of this opportunity to express my thanks to them.
First and foremost, I would like to extend my heart-felt thanks to my dear tutor, Professor Wu Yundi, for her enthusiastic support and sagacious suggestions during the process of my writing and revising this thesis. Also, she has offered a great deal of precious advice concerning my academic pursuit in the past two and a half years of
my postgraduate study here.
My acknowledgements also go to all the dedicated teachers of Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade who have spared no efforts to enrich my knowledge in the past years.
In addition, I feel deeply grateful to my good friends, Miss Liu Qian, Lu Yao, Ma Yanyan, who generously provided many valuable reference materials and enlightening ideas.
Finally, my sincere gratitude is reserved for my beloved family for their tender love, consistent encouragement and generous support over the years.
Abstract
Effective interpersonal communication has always been essential for business success, as we are judged by the way we interact every day. In the daily business activity, a business person may need to present a report about a program, introduce new products and solutions to the customers, or present training programs to his employees;all of these communications are called business presentations. With more complexity of business and greater vigor of communication, the business presentation is playing an increasingly important role in the business world.
Unlike general speeches, business presentations are quite clear in their aims. They usually deal with a project, a solution, a product or a strategy. The purpose for making presentations is to explain ideas, state opinions, or put forward solutions, so they need not be expounded in a way which involves extensive examples with a variety of stylistic devices. In addition, because business presentations call for explicit and accurate statistics and facts to support the key points, there are not many emotional or exciting elements in the presentations.Since business presentations are becoming an integral part in the business world, it is a
fact that good presentation skills are the single most common characteristic of successful business people. Therefore, this thesis mainly aims at discussing the techniques of effective business presentations and putting forward the five-step approach in business presentations..
This thesis falls into four parts:
Chapter One is devoted to the general concept of business presentations, which consists of definition, classification and structure of business presentations.
Chapter Two offers a general view on the language features of business presentations.
In Chapter Three, a set of techniques aimed at achieving a successful business presentation is analyzed.
Chapter Four, which is the most important part of the thesis, puts forward a five-step approach in effective business presentations including preparing, organizing, developing and delivering presentations and handling questions, followed by a specific example on the application of the five-step approach.
Key words: business presentation, techniques, five-step approach
内容摘要
在商务活动中，出色的商务演讲能力对现代企业的各级管理人员都是十分重要的。向上级做项目汇报、向顾客介绍产品或者给员工进行业务培训，这些都称为商务演讲。商务演讲在内容上非常明确，可以是一个项目、一个方案、一个产品或是一个策略。演讲的内容只限于将事情说清楚，表明观点，提出问题和解决方法，不需要旁征博引，借古喻今，洋洋洒洒。其次，商务演讲要用详实客观的数据和事实作支撑，不需要有太多感情的色彩和煽情的成分。这是因为商务演讲的目的是传达信息，用事实和数据说服听众。有鉴于此，本文分析了商务演讲的语言特点，研究了成功商务演讲的一系列技巧，并且提出了进行商务演讲的五个基本步骤。
本论文共分为四章：
第一章主要论述了商务演讲的基本概念，包括其定义、分类和结构。
第二章从词汇和句法结构等方面对商务演讲中的语言特点进行了分析。
第三章研究了成功商务演讲中的一系列技巧，分别从演讲前、演讲中及演讲后三个方面进行了阐释，重点探讨了演讲中技巧的应用。
第四章是本文的重点，提出了商务演讲的五个基本步骤，即：筹划、设计、组织、陈述演讲和回答问题。
关键词：商务演讲，技巧，五个基本步骤
Introduction
Business presentation is becoming a way of life for business people and it is an integral part of the business career. One extensive survey of scientific, technological and managerial presentations indicated that more than two thirds of professionals “frequently” or “very frequently” gave presentations. When further explaining the nature of these presentations, professionals noted that the majority of the presentations were intended to share information, instruct, or persuade. Therefore, the importance of oral presentation in the business world should not be underestimated. Presentations
are good chances for business people to demonstrate their knowledge, competence, and composure.
Hence, effective business presentations are vital to the success of the business career. Many books about business communication have expounded on the techniques and procedures in making successful business presentations. Moreover, there have appeared many training centers of business presentations because they are becoming increasingly important. Like many other things, business presentations have undergone changes in the content and form with the development of the times. Accordingly, it?s not surprising that new techniques should be devised in order to make the business presentations more successful and effective.
Additionally, a business presentation is not only about the transfer of information, but about getting into the audience?s shoes and making the speaker?s message so fascinating that his audience will want to get into his shoes! We might not all be born with the gift of the gab, however, each of us has the ability to be top notch communicators, selling ourselves, our concepts, products and services by mastering the art of effective business presentations.
A business presentation refers to the oral communication in the business world and it is an important means of obtaining and exchanging information for decision-making and policy development. Yet making a good presentation is not just a good delivery: It also involves developing a strategy that fits the audience and purpose, having good content, and organizing material effectively. Giving a presentation is, in many ways, very similar to writing a message as a speaker makes plans for analyzing the audience, developing reader benefits, doing research, and analyzing data, etc.. However, to give a presentation requires not only writing the speech but also considering what clothes a presenter wears or how he uses his body language, which visual aids should be used. The presentation is a challenging and tough communication task, the success of which lies with one?s ability of using a set of techniques to offer a message to be understood, accepted and remembered.
Based on these ideas, the general concept of business presentation is illustrated at the very beginning of the thesis, and the second part analyzes the language features of
business presentations. This thesis is mainly devoted to the third and fourth parts. In the third part, a set of techniques is elaborated on how to achieve an effective business presentation. The fourth part puts forward a five-step approach in making an effective business presentation consisting of planning, organizing, developing, delivering the presentation and handling questions, followed with an example of how to make a business presentation with the five-step approach.
Chapter One General Concept of Business
Presentations
1.1 Definition of Business Presentation
People communicate every day. Communication is not a static phenomenon, but a dynamic, ongoing and continuous process. Gerald Miller, a noted communication scholar, has said that communication “refers to a way of perceiving and responding to the world in which we live. The …universe? is in constant flux.”1[1]Business presentation, in its broadest sense, is any presentation of factual information and its interpretation using the spoken word. By this definition, business presentations include much of the information and analyses exchanged daily in the conduct of business. On the other hand, business presentations cover highly formal and proper presentations.
Business presentations may be primarily informative, offering data without recommendations; or may be analytical, offering investigation and recommendations for solving a problem. No matter what kind of presentation it is, the presenter is responsible for showing relationships between his research findings and management objectives. Whenever a person plans, prepares, and creates a message to deliver to others, he makes a presentation. During these presentations, speakers may often need to convince the listeners that their findings are pertinent, valid, reliable, and useful to
1[1] G.R. Miller, An Introduction to Speech Communication, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972), p.33
the organization and to the people they serve.
Business presentations vary greatly according to the degree of formality, but all of them are purposeful communication aimed at achieving a specific aim in business. For instance, Alan gives presentation when he explains service department bills to his auto repair customers. He explains what work has done, why it was done, and how much it cost. Michelle Harker serves on a quality committee for her company. The committee needs her advice on purchasing cleaning suppliers. As a custodial crewmember, Michelle shares her expertise and recommends the best supplies for the company?s needs. Michelle makes presentation. In fact, job interviews, meetings, conferences, and group discussions are all forms of business presentations. Many business people spend a lot of time offering information and ideas to others. So they make business presentations frequently. Because the more informal presentations are little more than routine conversations, this thesis lays emphasis on the more formal ones that demand most care and skill and are most deserving of study. Usually, the formal presentation is the quickest way to impart necessary information to the decision-makers.
1.2 Classification of Business Presentation
Business presentation can be classified according to different criteria. In terms of purpose, there are four kinds of business presentations, that is, informative presentation, persuasive presentation, motivational presentation and goodwill presentation.
●●Informative Presentations
Many of the business presentations will be informative, and the purpose of this kind of pre sentation is to inform or teach the audience something they don?t know, which includes announcement of new products, introduction of company?s business, declaration of personnel transferences, etc. Training sessions in an organization or a company are mainly informative. It would be boring to just deliver messages or information; therefore, speakers should attach much importance to the arrangement of the content. Though it centers on the message delivered, this kind of presentations is
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英语学术论文写作实践作业 作者 系（院）外国语学院 专业英语 年级2xxx级 学号 写作意向 旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济，中国与世界各国的交流不断增多，例如，加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等，这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。近些年来，越来越多的国家希望了解中国，许多外国朋友纷至沓来。特别是中国旅游风景名胜区，每年接待的外国游客越来越多。为了方便外国友人，我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息，涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。在旅游景区内，游客最为集中，与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比，景点导游词更加引人注目集中，更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求，也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象，进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。因此，对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。 资料的初步整理 对于英语景点导游词，许多中外学者都做出自己的研究，提出自己的观点。以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。 蔡媛媛（2007）《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出，英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。（1）指示性。指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务，没有任何限制或强制在内，同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动，其功能只是指示服务内容。因此，指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。例如：One Way （单行线）、Tickets （售票处）、Department Store （百货商场）。（2）提示性。提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情，同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。这类景点导游词应用非常广泛，通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做，但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性，公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。例如：Caution！Radiation（当心射线）、Watch Your Hand（当心夹手）、Don’t Touch（请勿手扶）。（3）限制性。限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求，希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接，一目了然，但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。例如：Athletes Only （运动员专用通道）、Large Vehicles Keep Right （大型车靠右）。（4）强制性。强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力，要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制，没有任何商量的余地。例如：No Parking （禁止停车）。 上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究，对于翻译，颜莉（2008）《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到，在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前，应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点，这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。代博君（2010）在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出，景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译，也称语用翻译。法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为：运用语用学知识对语用文
实证研究型论文提纲写法Research Paper Outline
Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.
preparationoutline(文稿提纲)
Introduction to the Course --- Public Speaking Outline Specific purpose: To inform the students about the aspects of the course --- Public Speaking Central idea: The four aspects of this course include five purposes of opening the course, the way the course will be conducted and the teaching schedule, 14 requirements to ensure an effective result; and the evaluation and grading. Introduction I. First let me ask you three questions: A. A. Why do you choose this course B.What is a good speech C.What is the greatest obstacle if one wants to deliver a great speech II. As a veteran teacher of English I find Chinese students are reluctant to make a public speech. A.Chinese students are more likely to have stage fright because they are not or less trained. B.Public speech is a compulsory course in most of the American universities. III. For the next 30 minutes or so I’d like to talk about 4 things: the purposes of this course, the way the course will be conducted, the requirements you should meet and grading scheme. (Transition: Let’s start with the purposes of this course.) Body I. There are five main purposes to open this course.
英语论文outline规范范例
My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1
怎样撰写英语的outline
怎样撰写英语的outline 好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ? 比较和对照两个事物。 ? 列出因果 ? 阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ? 列出单个或两者的论证 ? 提供证据并得出结论 ? 列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ? 一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ? 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。
论文提纲范例
论文提纲范例 Sample Outline 编订：JinTai College
论文提纲范例 前言：论文格式就是指进行论文写作时的样式要求，以及写作标准，就是论文达到可公之于众的标准样式和内容要求，论文常用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果文章。本文档根据论文格式内容要求和特点展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。 论文提纲范例一 题目：主标题网络教学形式新思维 副标题 ------基于网络环境的协作学习研究 关键词：网络环境协作学习 目录： 摘要：本文简要介绍了网络环境协作学习的意义，以及网络教学下协作学习的特点，基于网络下学习的自我体会-（100字） 引言------------------------------------------------------（200字） 一、网络教学（1000字）
1.1.网络教学下协作学习-------------------------1. 2.网络教学下协作学习与传统教学的比较分析 1.3.网络教学下协作学习的优势---------------- 二、协作学习的组织形式及其原则（1000字） 2.1.协作学习的组织形式------------------------- 2.2.协作学习的组织原则------------------------- 三、协作学习的基本要素分析（1000字）---- 四、网络教学下协作学习的实现方式（XX字） 4.1.角色扮演------------------------ 4.2.伙伴------------------------------ 4.3.竞争------------------------------ 4.4.协同------------------------------ 4.5.辩论------------------------------ 4.6.问题解决------------------------ 4.7.设计------------------------------ 五、基于网络下学习的自我体会（1000字）
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am ｘｘｘand my supervisor is prof ｘｘｘ. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper. The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the teｘts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction. The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab. This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy. OK, thats all. Thank you ! 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白（2） Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei. Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that. The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
论文写作提纲 格式
Outline of the Thesis （论文提纲） 说明： 1. “写作提纲”（Outline）就是自己的论文写作的详细计划（a practical working plan）。利用这个提纲整体规划全篇论文，分清主要观点、次要观点，先写什么、后写什么，每一章的中心论点是什么，包括多少小节，等等。有了这样的提纲，就有了写作过程的整体意识，保持各章节之间的逻辑联系，以免写作是迷失方向，或者丢三落四，或者详略失当。 2. “写作提纲”（Outline）的实际形式就是一个详尽的论文目录，重在表明你的写作思路和内容。 3.“写作提纲”需要得到指导老师的认可，可以用来向指导老师汇报写作进度或讨 论写作中的问题。 请仿照下面格式拟写论文提纲： （至少每章、每节都应拟定标题或小标题；至于全文分为多少章，每章又分为多少小节，根据自己的论文需要而定。） 1 Introduction(三号字) 1.1 （标题）(小三号字) 1.1.1 (小标题）(四号字) (正文用小四号字) 1.1.2 （小标题） 1.1.3 （小标题） 1.2 （标题）(小三号字) 1.2.1（小标题）(四号字) 1.2.2（小标题） 1.3（标题）(小三号字) 2 (三号字)
2.1（标题）(小三号字) 2.1.1（小标题）(四号字) 2.1.2（小标题） 2.1.3（小标题） ……………………………… 2.2 （标题）(小三号字) 2.2.1（小标题） 2.2.2（小标题） 2.2.3（小标题） ……………………………… 2.3 （标题） …………………………… 3 （标题）(三号字) 3.1 （标题） 3.2 （标题） 3.2.1（小标题） 3.2.2 3.3 （标题） 3.3.1（小标题） 3.3.2 ……………………………… 4 （标题）(三号字) 4.1.（标题） 4.2 4.3 5 Conclusion(三号字) 5.1（标题） 5.2
英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)
撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ?比较和对照两个事物。 ?列出因果 ?阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ?列出单个或两者的论证 ?提供证据并得出结论 ?列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ?一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ?当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。 每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。（比如A、B、C 等等） ?让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米 ?还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号 7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。 如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等） ?为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（i、 ii、 iii、 iv等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、 c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等） ?在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。
高级英语第一册马克吐温课文翻译以及词汇精编版
在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。 在马克?吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。在19世纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。 1857年，少年马克?吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。所有这一切，连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。 蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。从所有这些形形色色的人身上，马克?吐温敏锐地认识了人类，认识了人们的言与行之间的差距。他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时间是他真正接受教育的开端，而且也是最具有深远意义的教育。到了晚年，马克?吐温还声言是密西西比河使他了解了各种各样的人的本性。这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用，然而他描写得最为成功的还是那些密西西比河上的人物。 随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少，而内战的爆发又阻碍了商业贸易的发展。这时，马克?吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。那支队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战。在确信“我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，马克?吐温离开了那支队伍。 他乘驿站马车来到西部，在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。同那只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后，他遭到了失败。在破产和灰心之余，他接受了为弗吉尼亚市
英语正式论文thesis outline范例
Class Four Katherine Topic: Abolition of the death penalty Thesis: The Chinese government should take steps to abolish the death penalty. Ⅰ. Introduction A.Definition of the death penalty B.History of the death penalty in China C.Thesis statement Ⅱ. Necessities of abolishing the death penalty in China A.The global trend 1.Consideration of the human rights 2.Quotations from the celebrities 3.Example of abolishing the death penalty abroad B.Defectiveness of the death penalty 1.Racial inequality 2.Economic inequality 3.Erroneous judgment 4.Ineffective deterrence C.Home Requirement 1.Attitudes of the party concerned 2.The need to build a harmonious society Ⅲ. Necessities of taking steps A.The enormous population and the lack of infrastructure construction B.Economic condition C.Public order condition D.Legislative condition E.Judicial condition F.Social psychology Ⅳ. How to take steps A.Revision of the laws B.Reformation of the judicature C.Promote people’s conception of the death penalty D.Promote leaders’ conception of the death penalty Ⅴ. Conclusion A.Summary of above information B.Restate thesis in different words C.Closing remark
英语学术论文写作课程论文
外国语学院英语系 英语学术论文写作课程论文 题目:The Correlation between English Majors’ English Learning Motivation and Their Learning Strategies 姓名: 学号： 班级：2011级6班 日期: 2013年12月 评 语
成绩 教师签名：
Contents Abstract (i) 摘要 (ii) 1.Introduction (1) 1.1 Background of the Study (1) 1.2 Significance of the Study (2) 1.3 Purpose of the Study (2) 1.4 Overview of the Thesis (2) 2.Literature Review (3) 2.1Research on English Learning Motivation (3) 2.1.1 Definition of ELM (3) 2.1.2 Classification of ELM (4) 2.1.2.1 Integrative Motivation and Instrumental Motivation (4) 2.1.2.2 Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation (5) 2.1.2.3 The Relationship between the Two Motivational Dichotomies.6 2.2 Research on English Learning Strategies (6) 2.2.1 Definition of ELS (7) 2.2.2 Classification of ELS (7) 2.3 Research on the Relationship of English Learning Motivation and English Learning strategies (10) 3. Methodology (11) 3.1Question.... . (11) 3.2 Subjects (12) 3.3 Instruments (12) 3.4 Data Collection (13) 3.5 Data Analysis (13) 4.Results and Discussion (13) 4.1 Results from ELM Questionnaire (13) 4.2 Results from ELS Questionnaire (16)