词汇学
第一单元英语词汇概说
英语单词的结构
⒈词word: It is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning and
syntactic function. Eg: book, red …..
⒉词条entry: It is a term used by dictionary compilers. It refers to all the information about
word that appears in a dictionary.
It includes the headword, the pronunciation, definition, irregular plural forms, comparative and superlative form, irregular forms of verbs, part of speeches, even derivatives of the headword, etc.
⒊词位lexeme: In linguistic study, every entry (specifically the headword) which are collected
into a dictionary is called a lexeme by linguists. An lexeme is an abstract unit in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. Eg: run, runs, ran, running. 原形大写表示词位，词位相当于词条中的headword.
⒋词形word form: Different forms of a word which are caused by the change of tense, number,
point of view, part of speech, etc. are called word form.
⒌词汇vocabulary/ lexicon: all the words in a language are termed as it. However, vocabulary
can also be used to refer to all the words in a book or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or eben to all the words that a person possesses.
⒍词汇单位lexical unit/ item: is a single word or chain of words that are the basic elements of a
language?s lexicon. Eg: cat, traffic light, take care of, by-the-way, it?s raining cats and dogs. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis(词库).
Ⅱ、classification of English words
By origin: native words 本土词; loan words外来词.
By use frequency: basic word stock基础词; non-basic word stock非基础词.
By the level of usage: common words 常用词；literary words 书面词；colloquial words口语词；
slang words 俚语；technical words 术语.
By notion(function): content words 实义词；function words 功能词.
Ⅲ、
⒈词素morpheme: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or
analyzable into smaller forms. Word is composed of morphemes. 词素是词的组成部分，是语言中语音和词义的最小结合体。单词是由词素构成的。（自由词素可以单独使用）⒉independence of morpheme
⑴自由词素free morpheme：①have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free
grammatical units in sentences.具有完整的词汇意义，能够单独构成一个词独立使用的词根。②The free morpheme is also content morphemes or free roots（自由词根）, simple words. ③all monomorphic word(单词素词) are all constituted by free morpheme. ④those polymorphic words(多词素词) which is wholly made up of free morphemes are called compounds(复合词) .
⑵粘着词素bound morpheme:bound to other morphemes to form words. They do not have
independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning.具有一定意义，但不能单独存在，必须黏附在其他形式上的词素。Include bound roots(粘着词根)and bound affixes.
⒊semantic importance of morpheme 词素的两大类词根与词缀
⑴粘着词根bound root：part of word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. It
is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.不能单独使用，必须与其它词素结合起来才能构成词，属于粘着形式.
⑵词缀affixes: are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or
function.只有语法意义，没有词汇意义或者虽有一定的词汇意义，但在词中只表达次要的意义. It includes inflectional and derivational affix.
①屈折词缀inflectional affix: 只有语法意义，没有词汇意义。-s, -…s, -ed, -er, -est ……
②派生词缀derivational affix: 有一定的语义，也常能决定单词的词性。Decided into prefix
(前缀)and suffix（后缀）.
自由词根……. 自由形式
词根
词素粘着词根
前缀
派生词缀粘附形式
词缀
屈折词缀
⒋词素变体allomorph: is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 同一词素在不同的构词环境中可以有不同的变体。
⒌词根root: is a part of the word when all the affixes are removed.含有明确的词汇语义，在单词中表达主要的意义。
⒍词干stem: is any morpheme or combination of morpheme which an affix can be added. It can be equivalent to a root, and it can also be two or more roots.词干可以是一个root 或派生词或复合词。
第二单元基本构词方法
一、派生法
⒈派生法derivation：the word formation method in which prefixes and suffixes are added to roots or bound root and bound root combine to form new words. 派生词缀和词根结合，后者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法。Derivative 派生词
①Prefix + root + suffix ②bound root + bound root
⒉⑴ a free root based derivative
①prefix + a free root ②a free root + suffix ③prefix + a free root + suffix
④combining form + a free root
⑵ a bound root based derivative
①prefix + a bound root ②a bound root + suffix ③prefix + a bound root +suffix
④combining form + combining form ⑤combining form + suffix
⒊⑴polysemic meaning of prefix and suffix 多义性
⑵synonymous meaning of prefix and suffix 同义性
⑶different productivity of prefix and suffix 构词能力差异(不同的派生词缀在当代英语中构成新词的能力，即构词能力productivity，差异很大。跟无构词能力的粘着词根结合在一起的派生词缀，一般都是没有构词能力。
⒋prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis.
⒌⑴the classification of prefixes⑵the classification of suffixes 看笔记
⒈compounding ( composition ) is word formation method in which more than one free morphemes are combined to form a new word.把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。
⒉复合词compound: the word formed by compounding.
⒊characteristics of compounds
⑴phonological features 读音规则：重音多半落在第一个组成部分上；但是“过去分词+名词”构成复合名词，重音却落在第二个组成部分上。
⑵orthographical features 书写规则：连写，分开，用连字符
⑶grammatical features 语法规则
①复合词有些特殊形式，在自由词组中是不可能有的（1、在名词前有动词作修饰成分2、
将名词和过去分词放在一起3、将形容词和过去分词放在一起）
②复合词是作为一个词来看待的，在句中充当一个成分，所以只能在词尾变化，而不能在
词中间有变化（1、在符合此中作为修饰成分的形容词一般没有比较级或最高级2、复合词的复数一般在后一个成分上表示，但也有例外）
⑷semantic features 语义规则：两个词一旦组成复合词，就引出新语义。
⒋Semantic
⑴在多数情况下，第一部分限定或修饰第二部分，也有例外。第二个词是重点。
⑵受法语语序的影响（president elect当选总统，court-martial军事法庭….）
⑶受动词短语的影响（lighting-up time点灯时间）
⑷不少含有隐喻metaphor，换喻metonymy, 提喻synecdochce.
⒌classification of the compounds详情看书（P42——48）
⑴noun compound ⑵adjective compound ⑶verb compound
⑷Other①复合介词preposition compound （notwithstanding）
②复合连接词conjunction compound (whenever)
③adverb compound复合副词(moreover)
④pronoun compound复合代词(myself)
⑤numberals compound复合数词(twenty-five)
⑤sentence compound句式复合词(that what?s-his-name fellow)
Ⅲ转化法
⒈转化法conversion refers to the word formation method in which the words gain the new meaning by directly converting the part of speech without changing its original form. It is also called functional shift, transmutation, derivation by zero suffix, zero-derivation. 不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词。也叫“零位后缀派生法，零位派生法”.
⒉feature
⑴most of the conversion take place in simple words, and most monosyllabic nouns have the converted verb.大多在简单词中进行
⑵derivations usually do not have converted usages.派生词通常不能转化
⑶compounds can also have converted usages.复合词转化的情况比派生词多
⒊according to the part of speech of converted words, the most frequently used converted words should be converted nouns, verbs and abject.
⒋转化（详情见书P55——64）
第三单元其它构词方法
⒈缩略法shortening/ abbreviation is the word formation method in which some syllables of the
word.
⒉⑴截短法clipping is the process of taking some syllables of the word off. 截短原词的某一（或某些）音节所得的词叫做Clipped word截短词。
①截除词尾apocope ②截除词首aphaeresis ③截除首尾front and back clipping ④截除
词腰syncope (缩约形式contractions是带有省略号的缩略词：gov?t---government…..) 【截短词所指的事物或概念一般与原词一样，但也能变出新的词义；有的截短词与原词同时存在，只是截短词，而原词不常用，甚至是带有书卷气；截短词比原词更有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正式场合；截短词在拼写时有时要稍作改动，以便于读音】
⑵首字母缩略法/词initialism is the process of using the first letters of a word combinations to
form a new word.利用词的第一个字母代表一个词组的缩略词
Structural feature
①in initialism, letters can be used to refer to the whole word combination.字母代表整个词
②letters can also be used to refer to a part of the word combination字母代表一部分
③some initialism can hyphenated with other words 与其它词连用
⑶首字母拼音法/词acronym when the initialism are pronounced into a word, the word of formation method become acronym.把用首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，
⑷拼缀法blending 拼缀词blend a new compound is created by combining two words in which one word lost certain parts or both words lost certain parts. It is a kind of compounds. It is also called 混合词telescopic word or行囊词portmanteau word. 【most are nouns】
①并列coordination ：liger-----lion + tiger
②偏正modification ：slanguage-----slang + language
二、逆生法
⒈逆生法back-formation is the word formation in which a new word is created by taking off the end of a simple word because people mistake the end for a suffix.【most of the word are verb】三、拟声法
⒈拟声法onomatopoeia is the word formation method in which a word is make by sound imitating. 拟声词onomatopoetic word, imitative word, echo word
⒉structural features
⑴single syllable words are used to imitate one sound.一个拟声词代表不同事物，不能随便使用
⑵reduplicative syllables are used to imitate of repetitious sounds or action. These words are
called重叠词reduplicative or ricochet word s.重叠音节模拟多次声音或动作。
⑶in reduplicative, the vowels or consonants may change.
⒊the imitation objects
⑴human ⑵animals ⑶objects, especial by water
⒋the function
⑴most of the words not only imitate the sounds but also refer to the behavior of making the sound, so they are verb
⑵some words not only imitate the sound, but also refer to object which can make the sound.
第四单元词义的组成
Ⅰ、in the triangle of significance, word meaning refers to the concept in human mind which is generalized from people?s sensation, perception and representation.
Meaning(concept) 意义（概念）
词Word
形式Form ………………所指对象Referent
Ⅱ、词的理据the motivation of words
⒈隐性词opaque words: most of words are not motivated; that is to say, the words referent is arbitrarily chosen. The connection between the word and the referent are conventional. 意义与形式之间毫无联系的隐性词
⒉显性词transparent words: there are
Ⅲmotivation of word
⒈in different languages, the words which are used to refer to the same referent may have different motivations.
⒉通俗词源folk etymology: in the use of a word, people intentionally or unintentionally associate the word with those words they are familiar to, which cause the final change of the word in its spelling.
Ⅳ⒈语义成分分析法componential analysis: the meaning of the word is the combination of its semantic components ( 语义特征semantic feature,：区别性特征distinctive feature)
Eg: Man== +human + adult + male
⒉语义场semantic field: the collection of words which can belong to the same part of speech and have very close semantic relations.
⑴according to the distinctive features of the semantic field, it can be classified into:
①complete synonymous semantic field 同义
②comparatively synonymous semantic field 近义
③generic semantic field 类义
④antonymous semantic field 反义
⑵but these semantic fields can not be clearly separated, and there are complicated relations among them.
Ⅴtranslation enlightenment
⒈词汇空缺lexical gaps and translation (豆腐,pudding)
⒉between two languages, there are only a few absolute equivalent完全对应词. Most of the equivalents are only partial equivalent部分对应词.
⒊“false friend” may cause wrong translation.
二、the composition of word meaning
Ⅰ语法意义grammatical meaning of a word refers to the part of the meaning of the word which show the grammatical proper of the word.
Functional words虚词only have grammatical meaning, and content words实词have both grammatical meaning and lexical meaning.
Ⅱ词汇意义lexical
⒈概念意义conceptual meaning (所指意义referential meaning, dictionary meaning)
⑴core of word meaning ⑵comparatively stable ⑶general and concrete
⒉关联意义associative meaning
⑴the attached meaning ⑵it changes with the context
⑶it includes connotative meaning ,stylistic meaning ,affective meaning ,collocative meaning.
Ⅲ⒈内涵意义connotative meaning refers to the associated characteristics of the word. 词的概念意义的属性。Connotative meaning of a word differ in different language because different cultural background. ⑴color word⑵animal word
⒉文体意义stylistic meaning of a word refer to the property of using it in a certain occasion.应用于正确的场合。
⑴neutral style : basic word stock in English and their feature.(适用于各种场合)
⑵particular style : formal, informal; neologism新词语and obsolescence古词语, regional dialect 地区方言and social dialect社会方言(用于特定场合)
①Formal: learned words, technical words.
②Informal：Standard informal words (口语词colloquialism)；
Substandard informal words (俚语slang, 俗语词vulgarism, 行业用语
professionalism, 隐语argot)
⒊情感意义affective meaning
⑴倾向词slanted words或者富有情感意义的词loaded words ：有褒贬意义的词语
以名词和形容词居多
⒋搭配意义collocative meaning. 词语之间的搭配不仅要遵守语法规则，而且必须符合词汇的语义特征，好要受到多种语法因素和语义因素的制约。
第五单元一词多义和同形异义
Ⅰ一词多义polysemy . 除了术语外，单义词monosemic words 是很少的。
⒈meaning relations
⑴原始意义primary vs 引申意义extended
⑵普遍意义general vs 特殊意义special
⑶抽象意义abstract vs 具体意义concrete
⑷字面意义literal vs 比喻意义metaphorical
Ⅱ同形异义homonymy same spelling and(or) pronunciation, different meaning
⒈完全的同形异义absolute homonymy （spelling and pronunciation are same）
⒉同音异义词homophone （same pronunciation）
⒊同形异音异义词homograph/heteronym (same spelling)
Ⅲ、如何区别
惯用的方法是看词的意义之间有无联系。从历史和现状两方面看。
⒈历史方面：一个词经过各种演变的过程，发展成多义词。
词的意义之间如果没有联系，那就是同形异义词。
⒉多义词的不同意义如果在演变过程中词义联系逐渐减弱，乃至完全消失，结果便会出现同形异义词。多义词的解体在更多情况下形成了同源对似词（etymological doublets）即源出同一个词而形式和意义都不相同。
Ⅳ、语境的作用
⒈context refers to the sentence, the paragraph ,the discourse ,the appears.
It includes 语言环境linguistic context and 语言外环境extra-linguistic context.
⒉词汇方面是指词语的搭配（collocation）
语法方面是指一个词所在的句法结构。
Ⅴ歧义和含混
⒈歧义ambiguity指的是某一句子、词组或单词的意义存在两种或两种以上可能的解释。
⑴语法或句子上⑵词汇上的
⒉一方面由于一词多义或同形异义；另一方面由于人们对于词的某种形态变化有不同理解。
⒊含混vaguenes s指的是没有明确的外延概念的语言，词义造成的含混是由于词义的不确定或者指代不明确而造成的。
⑴指称含混referential vagueness ⑵词义不确定indeterminacy of meaning
⑶词义缺乏确指lack of specification ⑷词义的析取disjunction
第六单元词义关系
一、同义关系
Ⅰ同一个意义或概念，可以有一个以上的词来表达，这就是同义现象synonymy,这样的词叫做同义词synonyms
Ⅱ同义词的类型
⒈完全同义词perfect synonyms: 语义上毫无区别，可以在任何上下文中毫无区别地互相替代的等义词
⒉部分同义词partial synonyms:基本意义相同或相似
⒊同义关系还可能存在于成语之间，有些同义成语意义完全相同，只不过使用的比喻不同；有些同义成语表示同一意义的不同程度；有的还有感情、文体上的差别。
Ⅲ同义词的来源
⒈①有一部分是英语本族中固有的，表示各种细微的意义差别；②早在古英语时期，拉丁词语和斯堪的纳维亚各族语词就进入英语；③十四世纪，大量希腊语和拉丁语被引入英语；④法语借词；⑤美国英语；⑥方言；⑦语言现象：短语动词以及由短语动词转化而成的名词；
⑧词的比喻。
⒉特点：①本族语口语化，朴素亲切；②法语借词，希腊语或拉丁语借词一般是书面词，而希腊语、拉丁语借词文言味更浓，显得凝重。
Ⅳ同义词的辨析
⒈①概念意义是词义的核心。分析同义词在概念意义中的细微差别，是同义词辨析的核心。
②同义词群中，经常是其中一个词含义较广泛而且较通俗常用，而其它各个词则含有各种特殊的意义，只用在一定的场合。
⒉同义词在各种关联意义上也有差别。两个同义词在关联意义上的差别往往是有交叉的。
⒊在用法上不同。
Ⅴ词汇变体和误用词语
Ⅰ词汇变体lexical variation:个别词有两个读音和拼写上都稍有不同的形式，它们在词义和用法上毫无区别，完全是一个词，因此称为“词汇变体lexical variant”.
Ⅱ⒈误用词语malapropism:英语的一种用词错误现象，类似汉语里的写错别字和读别音。
⒉英语中这样的用词错误特别多，因为它的词汇量特别大，借词又极其丰富。
⒊有些词不能算作同义词，只能算“容易混淆的词confusable words”
二、反义关系
Ⅰ反义关系antonymy: is the lexical phenomenon in which two words are opposite in meaning. Two words which are opposite in meaning are called反义词antonyms.
Ⅱ类型
⒈绝对反义词absolute antonyms:词义完全相互排斥，相互否定。又称：矛盾词contradictory terms, 二元反义词binary antonyms，互补词complementaries. 是不可分级的反义词。
⒉可分级反义词gradable antonyms:又称“相反词contrary terms”，两级反义词。
Eg: hot-----warm-----cool-----cold
⒊关系反义词relational opposites:具有一种相对的对立关系，也就是说两个反义词方向相对。又称“对立词”Eg: parent-----child; husband-----wife; up----down
⒋多项不相容词semantic incompatibles:一组多项不相容的词，几个词之间对立，体现了一种多元对立关系。Eg: spring/summer/autumn/winter; 表示的都是对比关系constrastingness Ⅲ特点
⒈一个词往往有许多反义词，但是一个词的反义词并不能跟这个词的所有的同义词构成反义词，因为每个词的语义场范围和深度不相同。
⒉由于一词多义现象的存在，一个词在不同的词义上可能有不同的反义词
⒊英语中有时同一个词义也可以有两个反义词，一个是完全否定的，一个是意义对立的
⒋反义词往往是一个是无标记的unmarked，一个是有标记的marked.以形式标记而论，通常以前缀和后缀来表示。
⒌有的反义关系却没有反义词来表示。
Ⅳ应用
矛盾修饰法oxymoron: 将两个意义互相矛盾或互不调和的反义词巧妙地置于一处构成修饰语，与被修饰语在实质上，性质上或特征上互相对立又协调统一的一种修辞法。
三、下义关系和分类关系
Ⅰ⒈下义关系hyponymy: is the sense relation between a general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. It is the relation of inclusion.. Those specific words are called 下义词hyponyms.英语中有些词在意义、性质、特征、类别等方面下属于另一个表示较大的范畴的词，这些词就叫做下义词。A group of hyponyms of a super ordinate are called co-hyponyms.（一组下义词的统称）
⒉下义关系体现了逻辑学里的包含关系relationship of inclusion
⒊下义关系体现的是包含关系，有时容易与同义关系混淆。
Ⅱ⒈分类关系taxonomy :根据事物的同和异把事物集合分类。
⒉在分类关系这种意义关系中，表示小类的词项叫分类词taxonyms;表示上一层次的大类的词项的叫上类词super ordinate (The general word is called super ordinate);同样层次的词项叫共类词co-taxonyms;它们之间的关系是共类关系co-taxonymy
⒊特点
⑴分类关系是一种类属关系①名词所指称的事物有清楚的外延，所以名词之间可以存在表示类属的分类关系。②共类词之间是不相容关系，它们的地位在大多数情况下是平等的。
⑵分类关系是一种不超过五个层次的意义关系
⑶分类关系是有空缺的意义关系
⒋类型
⑴绝对分类关系perfect taxonymy:符合分类穷尽性和排他性原则的分类结构所体现的意义关系
⑵相对分类关系non-perfect taxonnymy: ①有空词项的分类结构②准分类结构
词汇学试题(1)
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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析
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大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
《现代英语词汇学概论》
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英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
《英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案
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张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一书的读后感
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一书的读后感 摘要语言学 关键词词汇词义语义词的构成 正文 《现代英语词汇学概论》一书共有12章,可以分为四部分.第一部分即ChapterⅠ是英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary),第二部分即Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ的英语词汇的形态结构和构词法(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )，第三部分即ChapterⅤ到ChapterⅨ的词义及其语义关系(Word meaning and sense relations)，第四部分是Chapter Ⅹ到Chapter ⅩⅡ的英语习语，美国英语，英语词典的使用和选择（English idioms,American English , choice and use of English dictionaries ）. 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一)词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成
《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us
词汇学期末复习题(附参考答案)
名词解释（10选5，一个4分） 词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy is a relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning ?9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning ?9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change ?9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning ―a little tail‖ or ―a fine brush‖, like our Chinese ―pen‖毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a ―pencil‖. atom==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally ―an particle too small to be divided‖. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. B.Social cause 社会原因 Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change. Some technical words have lost their specialized meaning and have come to be used in more general senses. Eg. feedback (Electr.) =means ―response‖ in common use ,as in ―The teacher likes to have feedback from his students‖; allergic(Med.)=means ―being unusually sensitive to the action of particular foods, pollens, insect-bites ,etc.‖ *A specific environment may add a fresh and highly technical sense to a word of general use . Eg. energy=(Phys.) ability of matter or radiation to do work decline=(Gram.) inflect, state the case-forms of C.Foreign influences 外来文化影响 A particularly important cause . eg. -pig ,sheep ,ox(cow)denote the names of both the animals and their meat in the Old English period ,but since the meat was called pork ,mutton and beef respectively among the Norman conquerors, the original terms are now used only as the names of the animals. -dream meant ―joy‖ in OE, it gets its modern sense from the related Scandinavian word draumr.
英语词汇学(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
Test 1 I. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar