药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.
1.origin ['?rid?in] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统.
2.Synonymous [s?'n?n?m?s]adj.同义的，类义的.
3.i.e. [,a?'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之.
4.candidate ['k?ndidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物.
有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。过去，人们常常向自然母亲寻求帮助，并且找到了分子结构独特的药物。在那时，天然产物几乎是药物发现的同义词。天然产物在现代药物发现和开发过程中也发挥着重要的作用，即作为天然活性化合物（通过各种生物检定方法）的来源，而天然活性化合物或者其结构类似物可能是很好的候选药物。
Natural products have been enormous source of drugs and drug leads. It is estimated that 61 percent of the 877 small-molecular new chemical entities introduced as drugs worldwide during 1981-2002 can be traced back to or were developed from natural products. These include natural products (6 percent), natural product derivatives (27 percent), and synthetic compounds with natural-product-derived pharmacophores (5 percent) and synthetic compounds designed on the basis of knowledge gained from a natural product, i.e. a natural product mimic (23 percent). In some therapeutic areas, the contribution of natural products is even greater, e.g. about 78 percent of antibacterials and 74 percent of anticancer drug candidates are natural products or structural analogues of natural products. In 2000, approximately 60 percent of all drugs in clinical trials for the multiplicity of cancers were of natural origins. In 2001, eight (simvastatin, pravastatin, amoxycillin, clavulanic acid,
clarithromycin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cyclosporin and paclitaxel) of 30 top selling medicines were natural products or derived from natural products, and despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, these eight drugs together totaled $16 billion in sales.
1. entity ['entiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物.
2. derivative [di'riv?tiv]
n.派生物, 引出物，衍生物adj.模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的
3. pharmacophore ['fɑ:m?k?f?:] n.药效基团
4. multiplicity [,m?lti'plisiti] n.多样性
天然产物已经成为药物或先导化合物的重要来源。据统计，在1981年至2002年间新发现的、在全世界广泛应用的877种小分子药物中，有61%与天然产物有关或者源于天然产物。其中直接来自于天然产物的占6%；天然产物的衍生物占27%；根据天然产物药效团合成的化合物占5%；基于对天然产物的认识设计、合成的化合物，即模拟天然产物的合成化合物，占23%。甚至于在某些治疗领域天然产物的贡献更大，例如78%的抗生素类候选药物和74%抗癌类候选药物是天然产物或其结构类似物。在2000年，进行到临床试验阶段的用于治疗多重癌的药物中，大约有60%是天然来源的。在2001年，药品销售额前30强中，源于天然产物的药物或天然产物类似物就占了8席（辛伐他汀、帕伐他汀、阿莫西林、克拉维酸、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢曲松、环孢菌素和紫杉醇）。尽管制药公司对这一点的认识尚有不足，但是这8种药物的销售总额已经达到了160亿美元。
Despite the impressive record and statistics regarding the success of natural products in drug discovery, "natural product drug discovery" has been neglected by many big pharmaceutical companies in the recent past. The declining popularity of natural products as a source of new drugs began in the 1990s, because of some practical factors, e.g. the apparent lack of compatibility of natural products with the modern high throughput screening (HTS) programs, where significant degrees of automation, robotics and computers are used, the complexity in the isolation and identification of natural products and the cost and time involved in the natural product "lead" discovery process. Complexity in the chemistry of natural products, especially in the case of novel structural types, also became the rate-determining step in drug discovery programs. Attempts to discover new drug "leads" from natural sources has never stopped, despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, but
continued in academia and some semi-academic research traditional approaches to natural product drug discovery have been applied.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/5a17335943.html,patibility [k?m,p?t?'b?l?t?]
n.①适合，一致;互换性；通用性，兼容性②和睦相处；并存；相容
2. isolation [,a?s?'le???n]n.隔离, 与世隔绝
3. academia [,?k?'di:mj?] n.学术界,学术环境
尽管统计数据表明从天然产物中发现药物这种方法非常成功，但是在刚刚过去的一些年里，这种方法还是没有引起制药业巨头的足够重视。受到一些现实原因的制约，例如天然产物的分离和鉴别是很复杂的过程，天然产物的生物活性筛选需要投入大量时间和资金，天然产物、特别是新发现的各类天然产物的化学结构的复杂性，这些显然无法与电脑程控的高度机械化、自动化的，快速的高通量筛选方式相适应，因而从20世纪90年代开始，天然来源的新药所占比例有所下降。尽管制药企业对从天然产物中发现新药的方法的重视不足，这项工作却从未停止过，科研院所和许多半学术研究团体仍在进行这项工作。
Neglected for years, natural product drug discovery appears to be drawing attention and immense interest again, and is on the verge of a comeback in the mainstream of drug discovery ventures. In recent years, a significant revival of interests in natural products as a potential source for new medicines has been observed among academics as well as several pharmaceutical companies. This extraordinary comeback of natural products in drug discovery research is mainly due to the following factors: combinatorial chemistry's promise to fill drug development pipelines with de novo synthetic small-molecular drug candidates is somewhat unsuccessful; the practical difficulties of natural product drug discovery are being overcome by advances in separation and identification technologies and in the speed and sensitivity of structure elucidation and, finally, the unique and incomparable chemical diversity that natural products have to offer. Moreover, only a small fraction of the world's biodiversity has ever been investigated for bioactivity to date. For example, there are at least 250 000 species of higher plants that exist on this planet, but merely five to ten percent of these terrestrial plants have been investigated so far. In addition, re-investigation of previously investigated plants has continued to produce new bioactive compounds that have the potential for being developed as drugs. While several biologically active compounds have been found in marine
organisms, e.g. antimicrobial compound cephalosporin C from marine organisms (Cephalosporium acremonium and Streptomyces spp.) and antiviral compounds such as avarol and avarone from marine sponges, e.g. Dysidea avara,research in this area is still at the starting point. The following notes are the summary of the traditional as well as the modern drug discovery processes involving natural products.
1. revival [r?'va?v?l] n.复活, 再生;复兴, 再流行
2. extraordinary [iks'tr?:dn?ri]
adj.非常奇怪的；非同寻常的, 特别的；额外安排,临时的
3. de novo [di: 'n?uv?u] n.重新,更始
4. terrestrial [t?'restri:?l]
adj.地球的；陆地的;陆上的;陆栖的;陆生的；人间的;尘世的；
n.地球人;陆地生物
5. marine [m?'ri:n]
adj.海的, 海产的, 海生的；海军的；海事的, 海运的
n.水兵; 海军陆战队士兵
6. organism ['?:ɡ?niz?m] n.有机物, 有机体; 生物；有机体系
7. cephalosporin C [,sef?l?u'sp?:rin] n.头孢菌素C
沉寂了数年之后，从天然产物中发现药物的方法重新得到了人们的极大重视，并且有了回归药物发现领域主流的趋势。近年来，从天然产物中发现新药的方法再一次得到了学术界以及许多制药企业的高度重视。天然产物在药物发现领域能够出人意料的重获重视主要有以下几个原因：人们曾对组合化学能给药物研发领域提供全合成的小分子候选药寄予厚望，但是结果不甚理想；天然产物的分离和鉴别技术的进步以及天然产物的结构确证速度和灵敏度的提升解决了天然产物中发现药物时遇到的难题；天然产物化学结构的独特性和多样性无以伦比。而且，迄今为止，在全世界的多种多样的生物中，科研人员仅对其中的一小部分进行了生物活性研究。例如，全球至少有25万中高等植物，但目前为止，仅对其中的5%－10%进行了研究。此外，对于已研究过的植物进行重新研究，往往也能发现可能被开发成药物的生物活性物质。尽管现已从海洋生物中发现了多种生物活性物质，例如从海洋生物中发现的抗生素，头孢菌素C，以及从海绵，例如贪婪倔海绵，中发现的诸如阿瓦醇和阿瓦醌这样的具有抗病毒活性的化合物，这方面的研究还处于起步阶段。下面简要介绍一下从天然产物中发现药物的传统方法和现代方法。
Natural Product Drug Discovery: the Traditional Way
In the traditional, rather more academic, method of drug discovery from natural products, drug targets are exposed to crude extracts, and in the case of a hit 1 , i.e. any evidence of activity, the extract is fractionated and the active compound is isolated and identified. Every step of fractionation and isolation is usually guided by bioassays, and the process is called bioassay-guided isolation. The following scheme presents an overview of a bioassay-guided traditional natural product drug discovery process.
1. exposed [iks'p?uzd] adj.①裸露的,暴露的,无遮蔽的；②易受攻击（或批评）的;无保护的③风险高的；很可能遭受经济损失的
2. fractionate ['fr?k??neit]
vt.把…分成几部分; (用分馏法等)分解(混合物),分馏, 分级
3. scheme [ski:m] vt. & vi.策划; 图谋n.阴谋, 诡计；计划, 方案
从天然产物中寻找药物的传统的、学术界常用的方法是将药物靶点暴露在粗提物下，如果有所发现，即发现某种生物活性，则将该粗提物分段提取，再从中分离出和鉴别活性化合物。通常情况下，分段提取和分离的每一步都是在生物检定的指导下进行的，这种方法被称为生物检定指导下的分离。下面对这种方法进行简要的图解。
Sometimes, a straightforward natural product isolation route, irrespective of bioactivity, is also applied, which results in the isolation of a number of natural compounds (small compound library) suitable for undergoing any bioactivity screening. However, the process can be slow, ineffectual and labour intensive, and it does not guarantee that a "lead" from screening would be chemically workable or even patentable.
1. irrespective [,?ris'pektiv] adj.不考虑的,不问的,不顾的
2. ineffectual[,?n?'fekt?u:?l] adj.效果不佳的,无效果的,不起作用的
有时，科研人员也会采用在不考虑生物活性的情况下从天然产物中分离化合物的方法，通过这种方法会得到数个天然化合物（小型的化合物数据库），因而适合开展各种生物活性筛选试验。但是，这种方法可能费时、费力，效率不高，而且不能保障通过生物活性筛选一定可以得到活性化合物，更不用说得到可以申请专利的活性化合物。
Natural Product Drug Discovery: the Modern Processes
Modern drug discovery approaches involve HTS, where, applying full automation and robotics, hundreds of molecules can be screened using several assays within a short time, and with very little amounts of compounds. In order to incorporate natural products in the modern HTS programs, a natural product library (a collection of dereplicated natural products) needs to be built. Dereplication is the process by which one can eliminate recurrence or re-isolation of same or similar compounds from various extracts. A number of hyphenated techniques are used for dereplication, e.g. LC-PDA (liquid chromatography-photo-diode-array detector), LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass detector) and LC-NMR (liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy).
1.dereplication [di'repli'kei?n] n.去重复化
2.hyphenated ['haif?neitid] adj.带有连字符的
现代的药物发现过程要用到高通量筛选法，这种高度自动化、机械化的方法可以在短时间内完成针对百上千的化合物的多种生物活性的筛选工作，并且进行筛选仅需极少量的化合物。为使从天然产物中发现药物的方法与高通量筛选程序相适应，需要建立天然产物分子结构数据库（收集各种互不重复的天然产物结构信息的数据库）。去重复化的目的就是为了避免从各种提取物中重复的分离同一结构或者结构类似的天然化合物。去复杂化过程中要用到几种联用技术，例如液相－二极管阵列检测器联用，液相－质谱联用和液相－核磁共振联用技术。
While in the recent past it was extremely difficult, time consuming and labour intensive to build such a library from purified natural products, the situation has improved greatly with the advent of newer and improved technologies related to separation, isolation and identification of natural products. Now, it is possible to build a "high quality" and "chemically diverse" natural product library that can be suitable for any modern HTS programs. Natural product libraries can also be of crude extracts, chromatographic fractions or semi-purified compounds. However, the best result can be obtained from a fully identified pure natural product library as it provides scientists with the opportunity to handle the `lead' rapidly for further developmental work , e.g. total or partial synthesis, dealing with formulation factors, in vivo assays and clinical trials.
1.advent ['?dv?nt] n.出现, 到来
2.chromatographic[kr?um?t?'ɡr?fik] adj.色析法的,层离法的
尽管在刚刚过去的几年中，想要建立一个这样的天然产物分子结构数据库还是一项极为困难的、费时耗力的工作，随着原有的分离、纯化和鉴别技术的进步和新技术的出现，这种情况已大有改观。现在，已有可能建立高质量的、具有化学多样性的、能适应现代高通量筛选需求的数据库。天然产物的数据库也可以是粗提物，不同极性溶剂洗脱得到的色谱分段产物或半纯化化合物的数据库。当然，建立天然单体化合物的数据库对于科学家而言更有价值，因为他们可以更快的对先导化合物开展进一步的研究，例如全合成和半合成，处方研究，体内分析和临床研究。
To continue to exploit natural sources for drug candidates, the focus must be on exploiting newer approaches for natural product drug discovery. These approaches include the application of genomic tools, seeking novel sources of organisms from the environment ，new screening technologies and improved processes of sample preparation for screening samples. In addition, the recent focus on the synthesis of diversity-oriented combinatorial libraries based on natural –product-like compounds is an attempt to enhance the productivity of synthetic chemical libraries.
1.genomic[d??'n?um?k] adj.染色体组的，基因组的
2.productivity[,pr?d?k'tiviti] n.生产率,生产力
继续从自然界中发现候选药物的关键在于探索新的研究方法。这些新方法包括基因组学技术的运用，寻找自然界存在的新颖的、可作为候选药物来源的有机体，新的筛选技术应用和制备供筛选用样品的技术的改进。此外，该领域最近的研究热点是通过采用合成与天然产物结构类似的、具有结构多样性的化合物的方法提高合成法建立数据库的效率。
药学专业英语简历
个人履历 教育背景: 2002-9---2006-02 在医学院药学系学习了所有药学专业的课程。 在医院中药房、西药房、住院药房、门诊药房、药库实习。熟 悉了医院工作环境和规章制度，及相关药事管理方面的工作。 在针剂，片剂和中药车间实习。熟悉了药品生产流程，质量控 制程序等相关方面的工作。使得在销售工作中对客户提出的相 关问题能够给出专业的答案。 2006-3---2006-6 在中药室学习。增加了对药品检验，鉴定等相关实验室知识。 并在此期间完成了毕业论文的设计，获得毕业答辩“优秀论 文”评定。 证书及技能 2004.9全国计算机等级三级证书 2005.12大学英语六级证书 能够熟练使用word,excel,PPT等各种办公软件，有良好的英语基础，但是口语欠佳，平时一直在努力学习spoken english 业务经验： 2007.5 在北京丰台区组织举行产品终端宣传会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共60多家参加，宣传公司的产品， 销售政策及未来市场规划，加强客户对公司品牌的认知以及对我公 司产品市场情况反馈。 2007.7在北京顺义区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议 邀请终端药店，诊所及小医院共88家加，对公司各主要产品进行展 示，并举行了现场订货签单。进一步加强公司产品在北京地区的宣传 和推广。 2007.8 在石家庄和保定组织二级客户终端分销工作，进行了礼品促销；加
强了同二级客户的关系，加深了二级客户对我们的信任。 2007年，全年销量做到2700多万，居普药部门首位。 2008年，开始团队建设，负责北京，唐山，保定和石家庄区域团队协作。加强管理各区域业务员的二级客户分销工作，将分销工作做得更细致，更 深入。 2009．5，在北京平谷区组织举行产品终端宣传订货会议；6月在石家庄组织二级客户终端分销工作。 2010年—至今，依然负责北京及其周边地区的销售工作。 自我评价: ◆乐观、自信、积极向上 ◆很强的学习能力，能快速接受新事物 ◆较强的执行能力、沟通能力和良好的团队合作精神 求职意向：山西运城，西安或北京地区商务代表 Resume . Certifications and Skills 2004/09 National Computer Rank Examination Certificate. 3 2005/12 College English Test-6 2008/05-2008/07 The purchases/sales License of pharmaceuticals. Skillful in Microsoft Office(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc); Fluently in oral English and skillful in listening、reading、writing. Assignment experience
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
药学英语第五版第三单元
Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules. If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force, but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture, nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,
药学英语
《药学英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程教学目的与任务 开设药学英语旨在从培养高级应用型人才的目标出发，结合药学及相关专业学生毕业后的工作实际，力求为他们提供其未来工作岗位所需要的专业英语知识和技能。通过教学，提高学生借助辞典和其他工具书籍，阅读国外文献的能力，并为将来我国执业药师与国际接轨做准备。 二、理论教学的基本要求 学完该课程后，在知识、技能和能力上分别应达到的以下程度： 了解英文药学文献的写作特点和格式，学习如何分析和理解英语长句。英国药典和美国药典的背景知识和使用方法，了解FDA的职责和功能；理解各章节PartA部分课文意思及PartB部分药品说明书中的常见例句；掌握掌握药品说明书必须书写的10个项目及其常用词汇，能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀；能用所学知识书写简单的英语药品说明书。 三、实践教学的基本要求 本课程实践学时全部以课堂对话形式进行，无单独实验项目。 四、教学学时分配
五、教学内容 Unit1 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习，理解课文意思；掌握药品说明书的作用、项目；能够归纳出一些常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 教学重点：常用专业单词，如Pharmaceutical等的用法。 教学难点：文章翻译；常见的化学基团的英文词缀。 主要内容：PartAForeign Investment in Chinese Pharmaceutical Sector；PartB第1节药品名称；PartCChina—from self-sufficiency to World Leadership。 Unit 2 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握常用专业单词，如supervision等的用法；掌握描述药物性状的常见句型；掌握药物性状的常用表达方式。 教学重点：常见的药物性状。 教学难点：常见描述药物性状的单词或短语。 主要内容：PartAFDA: Policeman or Teacher；PartB第2节药物性状；PartC Data Required for Drug Approval。 Unit 3 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型，常用专业单词，如临床药理(Clinical Pharmacology)、药效(Potency)、毒性(Toxicity)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写适应症的常见描短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Pharmacological Tablet；PartB第2节药物性状。 Unit 4 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生理解课文意思；掌握英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中常见描写适应症、禁忌症的短语或句型。 教学难点：文章翻译。 主要内容：PartA Chemistry and Matter；PartB第4节适应症、第5节禁忌症。 Unit 5 教学目的和要求：通过本章节学习,使学生掌握英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。常用专业单词，如常用表示剂量的术语平均剂量（average dose）、常用的剂量单位表示法、每次给药次数的表示方法：每隔…小时（every …hours）、每日三次（three times a day /daily)等。 教学重点：英文药品说明书中描写用法用量及不良反应的常见短语或句型。
人教版2020版高中英语必修3课文逐句翻译
1.必修三Unit1 Festivals and celebrations节日和庆典 Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. 自古以来，世界各地就有各种各样的节日和庆典。Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. 最古老的节日总是庆祝严寒的结束、春季的种植和秋天的收割。Sometimes celebrate would be held after hunters had caught animals. 有时，在猎人捕获猎物后，也举行庆祝活动。At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. 在那个时代，如果食物难以找到，特别是在寒冷的冬月，人们会挨饿。Today’s festivals have many origins ,some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. 现在的节日有很多由来，一些是宗教上的，一些是季节性的，一些是纪念特殊的人和事件的。 Festivals of the Dead亡灵节 Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. 有些节日，是为了纪念死者，或使祖先得到满足，因为祖先们有可能回到世上（给人们）提供帮助，也有可能带来危害。For the Japanese festival. Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. 在日本的盂兰盆节，人们要扫墓、烧香，以缅怀祖先。They also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth. 他们还点起灯笼，奏响乐曲，因为他们认为这样做可以把祖先引回到世上。In Mexico, people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early November. 在墨西哥，亡灵节是在11月初。On this important feast day, people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with “bones” on them. 在这个重要的节日里，人们会吃制成颅骨形状的食物，和装点有“骨头”的蛋糕。They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. 他们向亡者祭献食物、鲜花和礼品。The Western holiday Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people. 西方节日万圣节也源自人们古老的信念，认为亡者的灵魂会返回人间。It is now a children’s festival, when they can dress up and to their neighbours’ homes to ask for sweets. 万圣节如今成了孩子们的节日，这天他们可以乔装打扮上到邻居家要糖吃。If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. 如果邻居什么糖也不给，那么孩子们就可以捉弄他们了。 Festivals to Honour People纪念名人的节日 Festivals can also be held to honour famous people . 也有纪念名人的节日。The Dragon Boat Festival in China honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Y uan. 中国的端午节（龙舟节），是纪念著名古代诗人屈原的。In the USA Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in New World. 美国的哥伦布日是纪念克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现“新大陆”的日子。India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. 印度在10月2日有个全国性节日，纪念莫汉达斯·甘地，他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。 Harvest Festivals庆丰收的节日 Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. 收获与感恩节是非常喜庆的节日。People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over. 越冬的粮食收集起来了，农活结束了，人们都心怀感激。In European countries, people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and will get together to have meals. 在欧洲国家，人们通常用花果来装饰教堂和市政厅，在一起聚餐。Some people might win awards for their farm produce, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. 有些人还可能因为他们的农产品（参加各种评选）而获奖，比如最大的西瓜或最帅的公鸡。China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and in China, enjoy
药学英语课后翻译
药学英语课后翻译 Organic Chemistry Translation 1.没有化学的帮助，现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。 The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry. 2.既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器，那么，有人体功能的化学知识对医生来说 就显得至关重要了。 Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician. 3.通过植物和动物生产食品涉及到分子中原子的重新排列问题。 The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules. 4.幸运的是，很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry. 5.迄今为止，寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的 东西。 So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people. 6.人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质，并认识到它们都含有碳元素，这样便诞 生了有机化学 Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry. 7.煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧，生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤 和氧的全新物质。 When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen. 8.许多特定的化学反应之所以重要，是由于它们耗用或提供能量。 Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply. 9.在有机化学学习中，学生希望用他们熟悉的符号构成二维或三维空间的分子结构 式。 In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas. 10.从我们吃的食品、穿的衣服，到住的楼房，所有这些都在很大程度上被有机化学 更新了。 From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry. Herbal medicine Translation 1.植物王国曾是人类唯一的药房，但你今天走进现代药店，植物用药已是踪影难寻。 The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.
外研社版必修3课文原文及中文翻译
必修3 Book3 Module 1 Europe Great European Cities Paris Paris is the capital and largest city of France, situated on the River Seine. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year. The most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower, the famous symbol of Paris. One of the world?s largest art galleries, the Louvre, is also located in Paris. The city is also famous for its restaurants, cafes and theatres. About two-thirds of France?s arti sts and writers live in Paris. Barcelona Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometers east of the Spanish capital, Madrid. One of Barcelna?s most famous landmarks is the Church of the S agrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. Gaudi worked on the project from 1882 until his death in 1926. The church hasn?t been finished yet! Florence Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years. During the Renaissance, some of the greatest painters of all time lived and worked in Florence. Many of Florence?s most beautiful paintings and sculptures were produce d by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Florence is visited each year by about a million tourists who come to see the art galleries, churches and museums. The Uffiziz Palace is the most famous art gallery in the city. Athens Athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilization. Two thousand four hundred years ago, it was the world?s most powerful city. Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill were built during this period. Greece?s best writer s lived in ancient Athens. Their work has influenced other writers ever since. CULTURAL CORNER The European Union What Is the European Union? The European Union is an organization of European countries. The countries are independent and are governed in different ways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the head of state is a king or queen. In France, on the other hand, the head of state is a president. But each of them sends representatives to the European Parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries. How Did It start? The idea of the European Union began in the 1950s. The first members were France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Italy. Little by little, the number increased during the second half of the twentieth century. By the year 2000, there were 15 member countries. The new countries were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. How Many Countries Belong to It Now? In 2004, the European Union increased to 25 members. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, plus the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta all became members. The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
药学英语第五版原文翻译 (2)(2020年7月整理).pdf
Introduction to Physiology Introduction Physiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases. The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on. Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。 尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的——如基因编码的复制——但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。鉴于此有必要将这门学科分成不同部分研究，如细菌生理学、植物生理学和动物生理学。 要研究一种动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成。要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查，但是实验条件需要精确控制，所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙，兔子，猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时，相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法，我们获得了大量的知识，从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解，为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。 机体的基本组成物质是细胞，细胞结合在一起形成组织。组织的基本类型有上皮组织，结缔组织，神经组织和肌组织，每类组织都有各自的特征。许多结缔组织中细胞量相对较少，但是有大量的细胞外基质。相比而言，光滑的肌组织由大量密密麻麻的肌细胞通过特定的细胞连接组成。各种器官如脑，心脏，肺，小肠和肝等由不同种类的组织聚集而成。这些器官是不同生理系统的组成部分。心脏和血管组成心血管系统；肺，器官，支气管，胸壁和膈肌组成呼吸系统；骨骼和骨骼肌组成骨骼肌系统；大脑，脊髓，自主神经和神经中枢以及