句子种类与简单句的基本句型用法详解 史上最小白的讲解与练习
初中英语分类练习
——句子种类与简单句的基本句型
【复习目标】
▲ 掌握什么叫简单句。
▲ 能理解根据句子的功能，把简单句分成 4类。
▲掌握各种类型的句子的结构。
【课前准备】
●要求学生了解简单句与并列句、复合句之间的区别，并在课前进行归类，理解。
【知识要点】
只有一个主语 (或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。
1．根据句子的结构，简单句可分为5种：
(1)S+V
(2)S+V+O
(3)S+V+P
(4)S+V+InO+DO
(5)S+V+O+C
此外，还有 there be句型，这一句型具有就近原则，也即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看接近于be动词的那个名词。
2．根据句子的功能，简单句可分为4类：
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
（一）陈述句
1．肯定式
2．否定式
(1)加not构成的否定句
(2)由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing等构成的否定句。
其中两者的全部否定用 neither或nor,部分否定用both +not.
如： Neither of them knows French.
Both of them don't know French.
三者或三者以上的全部否定用 none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many, every加not 构成
如： None of these answers are right. All these books are not mine.
(3)在某些句子中，按语意应放在that从句中的否定词not被移前到主句的谓语动词中，这种否定提前的情况用于think, believe, suppose等动词，如：I don't believe it will be very cold tomorrow. （二）疑问句
按结构可分为四种
1．一般疑问句：
(1)用Yes,No来回答的疑问句。
(2)往往把be,助动词，情态动词置于句首。
(3)在一般疑问句中，如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向，句中常用非肯定词，如：
Is there anything wrong with your car?
如果提问人对答案有肯定的意向，即希望得到肯定的回答，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词，如： Would you like some drink?因此，在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时，通常用some代替any。
2．特殊疑问句：
用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用Yes,No回答。
(1)疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成份时，用疑问词+一般疑问句，
如： When will you go?
(2)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，与陈述句的顺序相同，
如：
Whose father works in Shanghai?
Who is on duty today?
3．反意疑问句
(1)构成：陈述句+ 简略问句
肯定否定
否定肯定
简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致，只能用人称代词 (there除外)，简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致，如果是否定，一定要用简写。如：
Jim isn't a student, is he?/There are some books in it, aren't there?
(2)陈述部分I'm...结构，疑问部分一般用aren't I,如：
I'm late, aren't I?
(3)陈述句中有little, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等词表示否定时，简略问句用肯定。
(4)陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing, something, anything时，简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的不定代词everyone, no one, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody时，简短问句中用代词he或they，如：Everyone is here, aren't they/isn't he?
(5)陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that等时，疑问部分的主语在形式上与前者不同，但在逻辑上却与前者一致，如：This is very important, isn't it?
(6)陈述部分如果是“I (don't) think (believe, suppose...)+宾语从句”时，疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致，如：I don't believe she knows it, does she?
(7)含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时，疑问部分与must后面部分一致，不能用mustn't,如：You must be tired, aren't you?当must表示“有必要”时，疑问部分用needn't,如：You must go home right now, needn't you?当mustn't表示禁止时，疑问部分一般用must,如：
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
(8)祈使句的反意疑问句
肯定祈使句 +will you/won't you?
否定祈使句 +will you?
Let's...+shall we?(包括对方)
Let us...+will you?(不包括对方)
(9)感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，并用be的一般现在时，如：
What a lovely girl, isn't she?
(10)前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时，需根据其实际情况，实际情况是肯定的，则用Yes+肯定结构，实际情况是否定的，则用No+否定结构，如：
— You can't speak English, can you?
— Yes, I can(不，我会的)
(11)关于“'d”和“'s”
注意比较：
He'd like a cup of tea, wouldn't he?/You'd better go now, hadn't you?
He's never late for school, is he?/He's never been there, has he?
4．选择疑问句：选择疑问句是用or连接询问的两部分，以供选择，答案必须是完整的句子或其省略形式，不能用Yes或No回答，如：Are you Jim or Tom?I'm Tom.
（三）祈使句
用以表示命令、请求或建议，主语通常省略。
肯定式谓语用动词原形，否定式用“ Don't (Never)+动词原形”，Stand up, please./Don't be afraid.
（四）感叹句
用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的句子称为感叹句。
感叹句有用 how或what开头的两种形式。
1．How开头的感叹句
(1) How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语。如：
How beautiful the flower is!
(2) How修饰动词，句型是“How+主+谓”，如：
How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!
(3) How+形容词(副词)，省略主语和谓语，如：
How interesting(it is)!
2．what开头的感叹句：
(1)What+(a)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语，如：
What a nice horse it is! What fine weather! What good news!
(2)What(a)+名词!
What a pity!
二、句子的成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子的各种成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。
主语句子的主体，发出动作的人或物，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，特殊句型中，在句末，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：
He was born in a small village.他出生在一个小村庄。
谓语说明主语的动作特征状态等，由动词或动词短语构成。如：
She told me about that story.
主谓一致：主语和谓语必须在人称、数两方面保持一致。主谓一致的关键是判断主语是单数还是复数。1. 一般情况主语的数比较明确如：
His mother works in a office.她妈妈在办公室工作。
2. and 连接的两个或两个以上名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Linda and Susan are from America.琳达和苏珊来自美国。
3. each, either, neither, another做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Neither of us has been to France.我们两个都没去过法国。
4. 由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语用单数。如：
No one knows his phone number.没有人知道他的电话号码。
5. 由either…or…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…构成的合成代词作主语时，谓
语与距离最近的主语保持一致。如：
Not only my friends but also my sister agrees with me.我的朋友和我的妹妹都赞同我。
6. 集合名词people, police等作主语时，位于用复数。如：
The people were surprised to see him dancing in the street.人们很惊讶的看他在街上跳舞。
7. 集合名词family, class等作主语时，如看作整体，谓语用单数。如强调个体，则谓语
用复数。如：
My family has lived here for twenty years. 我们家在这里住了20年了。
His family were watching TV while the phone rang.电话响起时，他们全家在看电视。
8. some, any, none, half 作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式视情况而定。如：
Half of the students are boys. 一半学生是男生。
Half is enough.一半就够了。
9. 时间、距离、重量、数量、价值等名词附属作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Ten years is not a long time.十年不算太久。
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等，位于连系动词后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语及从句等。如：
Is this pen yours? 这笔是你的吗？
宾语是动作的承受者。及物动词及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。名词、代词、动名词、不定式和从句均可作宾语。如：
The little boy waited his mother to buy him hamburgers.这个小男孩想让他妈妈给他买汉堡。
有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人或物（多指人）。后接双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, deny, do, fetch, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, refuse, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write等。间接宾语一般于直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：
She made her son a birthday cake.她给她儿子做了一个生日蛋糕。
They sent me a letter.他们给我寄了一封信。
定语修饰名词或代词的句子成分。可以做定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、动名词、分词短语及从句等。形容词作定语放在名词之前，副词或副词短语时常放在名词后。如：
What a lovely day! 多好的日子啊！
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。
状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的句子成分称为状语。状语用来说明时间、地点、条件、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果等。可用作状语的有副词、不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语及从句等。如：He’s waiting for me in front of the library.他在图书馆前面等我。
They came to see me yesterday.他们昨天来看我了。
初中英语分类练习
——非谓语动词
Ⅰ. 填空
(A) 用括号中的动词适当形式填空
1.We are so glad ________ (hear) the news.
2.I saw him ________ (cross) the road safely and ________ (run) away.
3.You can’t make him ________ (do) what you want.
4.I don’t know where ________ (meet) him.
5.What makes you ________ (think) I’m a farmer?
6.Did you see him ________ (go) upstairs?
7.It is better ________ (put) your money in a bank.
8.It is difficult for the boy ________ (swim) across the river.
9.I let him ________ (go) early as he wanted ________ (meet) his uncle at the station.
10.Will you help me ________ (move) the bed?
11.If he doesn’t know, how ________ (use) the recorder, you’d better ________ (show) him.
12.He is the last one ________ (leave) the office every day.
13.It’s bad manners ________ (shout) in public.
14.The boy is old enough ________ (dress) himself.
15.She is too ill ________ (go) to school.
(B) 填入动名词的适当形式.
1.Can you imagine yourself ______ in a lonely island? (stay)
2.I can't understand your ______ at that poor child.(laugh)
3.She didn't mind _______ overtime.(work)
4.To make a living, he tried _______, ________,and various other things,
but he had failed in all .(write; paint)
5.We are looking forward to Mary's________ . (come) .
6.She was praised for _______ the life of the child.(save)
7.She ought to be praised instead of ______ (criticize).
8.Is there any possibility of our ______ the championship?(win)
9.He came to the party without _______(invite)
10. Don’t keep me __________(wait) for a long time.
11. Knives are used for ______________(cut) things.
12. Can you finish ___________(read) the book in three days?
13. The doctor was busy ____________(operate) on the boy at that time.
14. Stop ___________(talk) and listen to me carefully.
15. Thank you very much for ____________(help) us.
16. Granny is very ill and she doesn’t feel like ___________(eat) anything.
17. The girl enjoys ___________(listen) to light music.
18. Do you remember ___________(buy) me a beautiful skirt on my 13th birthday?
19. We couldn’t help _________(laugh) after we heard the funny story.
20. What about ___________(go) out for a walk?
Ⅱ. 用不定式完成下列句子
1.Have you decided ________（怎样度假）.
2.It is dangerous ________（玩火）.
3.She was the first woman ________（环球飞行的）.
4.The boy was made ________（重复他自己的故事）.
5. The old lady looked at the children ________（穿过马路）.
6.It took me much time ________（算出这些难题）yesterday.
7.The boss made the workers ________（一天工作十小时）.
8.I don’t know ________（在会上说什么）.
9.Can you tell me ________（在哪里能买到这本书）?
10.________（在何时何地召开这会议）hasn’t been decided yet.
Ⅲ．根据句意改写句子