博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献

博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献
博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献

第一篇:

航空博物馆与航空展示公园

巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基

飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素,并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展,如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机,生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成,却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透,向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面,使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性,并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。

新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区,并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重,旧的道路得到了完善,朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台,为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器,如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。

The first passage:

Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park

Bartiomiej Kislelewski

The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and

arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset floor layers generate a spatial continuum of varying insights and outlooks, to focal points within the building and to exhibition areas outside.

The design of the new aviation park links the eight buildings of the museum and open-air exhibition areas in a joint historical experience. Former view axes and paths are respected, old alleys are completed and spaces towards the airfield and taxiway are defined. Each building exhibits one topic or episode of aviation, with a large base platform extending around it giving spaces for open-air exhibition of the particular themes. The museum contains more than 150 planes, engines, aviation artefacts, sets of technical construction documents and historical pictures. A special feature is the collection of aircraft from the beginning of aviation, such as the Jatho 1903, the Grade 1909, a Wright Brothers model from 1909, and the Etrivh Taube from 1911.

第二篇:

华沙现代艺术博物馆

克里斯蒂安·克雷兹

此建筑正逐步向综合性展览与多功能空间的方向发展。建筑东侧的画廊空间由街道层开始,就在力求营造艺术的可见性与可及性。展厅容纳的功能定位于更广泛的大众----波兰和国际艺术界的“知名人士”将在这里展示他们的作品。

首层空间服务于多种功能----一个大型报告厅和电影院将设置在这里,同时还有一个大型书店、南向观景餐厅、中心广场、以及一个名为“华沙画廊”的附加展示空间----目的是要将当地艺术的气氛、各项目间有趣的互动纳入外界视觉艺术的构架。

博物馆的主要门厅朝向Marszalkowska大街和未来的中心广场,并与博物馆上面各层相连。巨大的、如圆形剧场般的楼梯将参观者引导上来,宽敞的接待大厅将整个楼层分两个部分:巨大的东侧展厅和西侧的画廊。展厅高达16m,具有大教堂般的空间体验,并将容纳大尺度的雕塑类和放置特定的展览项目。

建筑西翼将容纳博物馆的核心部分,即永久展厅,是按照20世纪与21世纪波兰与国际艺术发展史分区设置的展览。附加空间用于对艺术档案与文件的探索与研究。正如开幕展上博物馆临时馆长所说的,“我一睁开眼睛,就会看到一部电

影,是那些1960年代、1970年代前南斯拉夫的实验艺术。”在博物馆系列画廊后面是图书馆和阅览室,通过独立的楼梯和街道层入口与首层相连。

通过整合两个楼层的功能、人性化的展览布局、教育区与娱乐区,以及将结构与立面结合的屋顶构件理念,这些措施使该项目达到了最大程度的和谐与统一的效果。

The second passage:

Museum of modern art in warsaw

Christian Kerez

The building is gradually evolving towards the full integration of exhibition and multi-function spaces. The art will be visible- and reachable- from the street level at the gallery space in the east wing of the building .That exhibition hall will host a program aimed at the wide public –“big names” in both Polish and international art will be shown here.

The spaces on the ground floor will offer a varied program-both the large auditorium and the cinema hall will be located here, together with a large bookshop, restaurant overlooking the southern, central plaza, and an additional exhibition space, called “The Warsaw Gallery” –aimed at the local artistic milieu, interesting debuts as well interdisciplinary projects, reaching outside the visual arts framework.

The main lobby of the Museum will be opened towards both Marszalkowska street and the future central plaza, and it will also connect to the upper floor of the Museum. Wide, amphitheatre-like stairs will lead visitors up, where a roomy reception lobby bisects the whole floor, dividing the vast east exhibition room, reaching 16 meters in height, will give a cathedral-like experience and will host large-scale sculptural and site specific projects.

The western wing will house the core of the Museum, i.e. its permanent collection halls, followed by rooms for historical exhibitions of Polish and international art of the 20th and 21st centuries. Additional space will host research projects, aimed at exploration of artistic archives and documentation, such as the inaugural exhibition “As soon as I

open my eyes, I see a film. Experiment in the art of Yugoslavia in the 1960’s and 1970’s.” held at Museum temporary HQ. Behind that set of galleries the museum library and reading rooms will be located, connected to the ground floor through independent staircases and entrance from the street level.

The integration of the functional program on two floors, visitor-friendly layout of exhibition, educational and leisure areas, as well as the architectonic concept of the roof which combines both the construction and fa?ade of the building-all those steps lead towards a maximum of coherence and unity of the project.

第三篇:

波兰犹太人历史博物馆

拉赫戴尔玛马赫兰姆基

2005年春举办了波兰犹太历史博物馆的国际设计竞赛。这座博物馆将作为多功能中心,用于研究与发展犹太人的历史传统。教育和文化。2005年夏。拉和戴尔玛、马赫拉姆基建筑师事务所提交的方案被宣布成为中标方案。2007年6月26日,在华沙举行了博物馆奠基仪式,比计划于2001年底完工。

这里主要的固定展览设置在主厅下一个5000平方米的巨大展览空间。特定的内在氛围将展现波兰犹太人的历史哦不同侧面。主要的展览任务是展现犹太人文化从中世纪发展到今天的不同阶段与形式----大屠杀只是展览主厅之一。

二战前,华沙曾经是犹太人最重要的聚集城市之一,有50万犹太人居住在这里。博物馆基地位于威力。勃兰特公园内,距战后重建的华沙老城区仅1千米。这座公园在战争时期是犹太的一部分,饱经沧桑。

博物馆旁边是纪念华沙犹太人聚居区反对纳粹的起义纪念碑。这座纪念碑已经成为博物馆建筑的最重要元素。博物馆和纪念碑前面广场的比例经过慎重的推敲。博物馆的外形呈矩形,立面覆盖玻璃和铜质面板。

建筑物的名称暗示出建筑的主要展厅。空间的设计灵感来自旧约的传说。同时,展厅的形态暗示着自然中普遍而抽象的现象。主展厅是建筑物中最重要的元素。这个纯净而寂静的空间将博物馆展现在参观者面前。

The third passage:

Museum of the history of polish

Lahdelma Mahlamaki

An international architectural competition for the Museum of the History of Polish Jews was organised in spring 2005 .the museum will function as a multifunctional centre for the research and exhibition of Jewish heritage, education and culture .the proposal by Lahdelma &Mahlamaki Architects was declared winner in summer 2005. the groundbreaking ceremony of the Museum was held on site in Warsaw the 26th of June,2007 . The building is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2011.

The main permanent exhibition takes place under the main hall in a large exhibition space of 5000㎡.special built-in milieus will present the different aspects of the history of the Polish Jews .The main task of the exhibition is to present different phases and forms of Jewish culture starting form medieval times to Present day-the holocaust is only one of the main themes of the exhibition.

Warsaw has been one of the most important cities for Jews;before the Second World War there were half a million Jewish inhabitants in the city. The site of the new museum is located in the Willy Brandt Park, one kilometre from the old city centre of Warsaw, which was rebuilt after the war . The history of the park is tragic as it was part of the Jewish ghetto during the war.

Adjacent to the new museum is the memorial of the uprising in the Jewish ghetto the memorial of the uprising in the Jewish ghetto. The memorial has been an import element in the architecture of the museum . the proportions of the plaza in front the memorial and the museum have been carefully considered. The shape of the museum building is rectangular .the facades will be covered with glass and copper panels.

The name of the building symbolically refers to the architecture of the main hall . the inspiration for the space has been the legends of the hall refer to the universal and abstract phenomena of nature . the main hall is the most important element in the architecture of the building; a pure and silent space introducing the museum to the visitors.

第四篇:

湖北省博物馆

湖北省博物馆是湖北唯一的省级综合性博物馆,位于江城武汉东湖之滨,主要承担着全省文物的收藏、保管、保护、陈列展览及藏品的研究工作。馆舍占地122亩,建筑面积4万余平方米。馆舍由编钟馆、楚文化馆、综合陈列楼(在建)组成,目前本馆已拥有专业人员200余人(其中研究馆员9人,副研究馆员21人),设有办公室、陈列部、保管部、社教部、协调部、考古部、文保中心等业务部门。隶属于湖北省文化厅。

湖北省博物馆筹建于1953年,湖北省博物馆的“前身”是建国之初成立的湖北省人民科学馆,1953年3月16日经省人民政府批准,在原科学馆的基础上,成立湖北省博物馆(筹备处),并与湖北省文物管理委员会合署办公。1957年正式成立省博物馆。

该馆现已拥有馆藏文物26万余件,其中国家一级品812件,国宝级文物16件。湖北省博物馆收藏的文物既富地方特色,又具有时代特征,基本反映着湖北地区古代文化的面貌。并且,一部分器物即使在中国古代文化发展史上也居有举足轻重的地位。馆藏文物品类丰富,器类齐全,主要有陶、瓷器、青铜器、漆木器、金玉器、字画等。改写世界音乐史的世界最大青铜乐器——曾侯乙编钟、天下第一剑——越王勾践剑等为该馆的镇馆之宝。

具浓郁楚风,呈一主两翼、中轴对称的展馆现陈列着《曾侯乙墓出土文物》、《楚文化展》。

编钟馆作为湖北省博物馆展馆的一翼,于1999年1月开馆。主要展出曾侯乙墓出土的一万余件文物中包括曾侯乙编钟在内的不同类别文物的精品,基本上是一部形象地反映公元前5世纪长江中游地区的百科全书。编钟馆还专设编钟演奏厅,以曾侯乙墓出土的编钟、编磬等乐器的复制品进行演奏。

楚文化馆作为湖北省博物馆展馆的另一翼,于2005年12月开馆,陈列着《楚文化展》。楚文化作为先秦时期的一个区域文化,独具一格、自成一体、博大精深,是构成先秦华夏文明的重要组成部分。该展览分为八个部分,集中地展出湖北地区出土的楚文物精华,力求全面展示楚文化的辉煌。展品中有越王勾践剑、吴王夫差矛,还有复原的2002年在湖北枣阳九连墩发掘的楚国车马坑中的部分车马。

湖北省博物馆还有着较强的研究力量,历年来出版了一系列研究著作,主要有《云梦睡虎地秦墓》、《睡虎地秦简文字编》,《曾侯乙墓》、《曾侯乙编钟研究》、《曾侯乙墓文物艺术》、《中国文物考古之美--地下乐宫》、《中国湖北出土文

物》、《湖北省博物馆》等。在文物保护的研究方面也较为突出,如饱水竹简脱水处理、饱水漆器脱水处于国内领先水平。

The fourth passage:

Museum of the Hunan

The Hubei Province museum is the Hubei only provincial level comprehensive museum, shore of located at the Jiangcheng Wuhan East Lake, is mainly undertaking the entire province cultural relic collection, the storage, the protection, the exhibition display and the holding research work. The dwelling occupies a land area of 122 Chinese acres, the floor space 40,000 square meters. The dwelling by the chime hall, the Chu cultural building, the synthesis exhibition building (is constructing) is composed, at present this hall had the specialists 200 people (research librarian 9 people, vice-research librarian 21 people), are equipped with the office, the exhibition department, the storage department, society the ministry of education, the association to transfer to another department, the archaeology department, the article to guarantee Business agencies and so on center. Subordinates in the Hubei Province cultural department. the Hubei Province museum construction in 1953, the Hubei Province museum “the predecessor” was the Hubei Province people science building which at the beginning of the founding of the nation established, on 1953 March 16 authorized Japan economy (stock) the Provincial people's government, in the original science building's foundation, established the Hubei Province museum (preparatory office), and was managed together the work with the Hubei Province cultural relic Management committee. in 1957 established the province museum officially.

This hall already had collection cultural relic 260,000, national first-level 812, national treasure level cultural relic 16. Hubei Province museum collection cultural relic both rich local characteristics, and has the historical characteristics, was reflecting the Hubei area basically the ancient civilization appearance. And, part of utensils, even if in the ancient civilization history also occupied in China has the pivotal status. The collection cultural relic category is rich, a kind of completeness, mainly has the ceramic, the chinaware, the bronzeware, the paint wooden article, the gold and jade, the calligraphy and painting and so on. Rewriting world music history world biggest bronze

musical instrument - - Zeng Houyi chime, first under heaven sword - - Yuewanggoujian sword and so on for this hall treasure of town hall. has the rich Chu wind, assumes main two wings, the axial symmetry exhibition hall presently to exhibit "Zeng Houyi Grave Archaeological finds", "the Chu Cultural exhibition".

The chime hall takes the Hubei Province museum exhibition hall a wing, opened in January, 1999. Mainly displays in the Zeng Houyi grave unearthed 10,000 cultural relic including the Zeng Houyi chime's different category cultural relic high-quality goods, basically was an image reflects the 5th century B.C. Yangtze River middle reaches area the encyclopedia. The chime hall also specially supposes the chime concert hall, by Zeng Houyi musical instrument's and so on grave unearthed chime, Bianqing replica carries on the performance. the Chu cultural building takes the Hubei Province museum exhibition hall another wing, opens in December, 2005, is exhibiting "the Chu Cultural exhibition". 第五篇:

苏州博物馆

苏州博物馆是中国地方历史艺术性博物馆。位于江苏省苏州市东北街。1960年建立,2006年10月建成新馆,设计者为著名的建筑设计大师贝聿铭。馆址为太平天国忠王李秀成王府遗址。面积8000多平方米,分东、西、中3路,中路立体建筑为殿堂型式,梁坊满饰苏式彩绘,入口处侧门,有文征明手植紫藤,内部东侧有太平天国古典舞台等,是全国重点文物保护单位。

这座投资达3.39亿元的新馆建筑和相伴的忠王府古建筑交相辉映,总建筑面积26500平方米,其中忠王府建筑面积7500平方米,地面一层为主,局部二层;新馆建筑面积19000平方米,为充分尊重所在街区的历史风貌,博物馆新馆采用地下一层,地面也是以一层为主,主体建筑檐口高度控制在6米之内;中央大厅和西部展厅安排了局部二层,高度16米。“修旧如旧”的忠王府古建筑作为苏州博物馆新馆的一个组成部分,与新馆建筑珠联璧合,从而使苏州博物馆新馆成为一座集现代化

馆舍建筑、古建筑与创新山水园林三位一体的综合性博物馆。

在整体布局上,新馆巧妙地借助水面,与紧邻的拙政园、忠王府融会贯通,成为其建筑风苏州博物馆格的延伸。新馆建筑群坐北朝南,被分成三大块:中央部分为入口、中央大厅和主庭院;西部为博物馆主展区;东部为次展区和行政办公区。这种以中轴线对称的东、中、西三路布局,和东侧的忠王府格局相互映衬,十分和谐。新馆与原有拙政园的建筑环境既浑然一体,相互借景、相互辉映,符合历史建筑环境要求,又有其本身的独立性,以中轴线及园林、庭园空间将两者结合起来,无论空间布局和城市机理都恰到好处。

The fifth passage:

Museum of the Suzhou

Suzhou museum is China's local history museum of art. Located in suzhou northeast street. Established in 1960, October 2006, the designer to build new architectural design of famous master applied. Is granted for the taiping heavenly kingdom zhong king li xiu-chen wangfu sites. Area of more than 8,000 square meters, east and west, in the middle road, building three-dimensional edifice, liang fang for full adorn su coloured drawing or pattern, at the entrance to the side, wen levy goes, the east has instituted inside the taiping heavenly kingdom, the classic stage is the key units to be protected.

The investment of 3.39 million yuan li brary buildings and the concomitant

inter-shining ancient palace, with a total construction area of 26500 square meters, construction area of wang zhong 7,500 square meters, ground layer, local floor, Li brary buildings area 19,000 m2, fully respect the historical block, where the new museum by underground, the ground is in a layer of main building, in 6 meters high control cornice, In western and central hall hall arranged partial height 16 meters. "Instancing the Palace Museum of suzhou ancient as part of a new, and li brary buildings, thus formed a set of suzhou museum new modern library construction, architectural and landscape garden trinity of innovation comprehensive museum. In the overall layout ably, new with water,

and close to the house, loyal, become its mastery of architectural wind suzhou museum. New buildings, is divided into three parts: sits for entry, the central part: central hall and the courtyard, The western area for museums, East times galleries, and administrative office. This axis symmetric east, middle and west road layout, and the mutual faithful wangfu pattern, very harmonious. New and original zhuozhengyuan architectural environment, which is integrated with history, mutual reflect, architectural and environmental requirements, and has its own independence, with central axis and landscape, garden space will be both Arise, whether spatial layout and cities are proper mechanism.

指导教师意见:

指导教师:

年月日

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而,它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业,而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初,罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量,生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时,新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑,引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下,本文试图提出一个框架,以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点,来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角:国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念,尽管有争议,难以捉摸,但现在已经得到认可,并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止,为提高国际竞争力已采取措施,都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利,2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务,以满足国际市场的考验,并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会,2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功,所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特,1990),对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持,并更好的是,扩大其全球市场份额,增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖,1998, 经济合作与发展组织,1993)。 因此,虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关

的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此,一个国家国际竞争力的性质,效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔,2000,克鲁格曼,1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力,是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加,或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加,他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔,2000)。 贸易理论表示,经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功,这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此,在国际上,竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策,影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上,一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫,1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是,事实上,是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能,知识,创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面,为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家,它的经济更强大。因此,它更有能力在全球市场竞争,以吸引具有较高的知识,技能,水平人们去购买新技术等,

土木工程外文翻译

转型衰退时期的土木工程研究 Sergios Lambropoulosa[1], John-Paris Pantouvakisb, Marina Marinellic 摘要 最近的全球经济和金融危机导致许多国家的经济陷入衰退,特别是在欧盟的周边。这些国家目前面临的民用建筑基础设施的公共投资和私人投资显著收缩,导致在民事特别是在民用建筑方向的失业。因此,在所有国家在经济衰退的专业发展对于土木工程应届毕业生来说是努力和资历的不相称的研究,因为他们很少有机会在实践中积累经验和知识,这些逐渐成为过时的经验和知识。在这种情况下,对于技术性大学在国家经济衰退的计划和实施的土木工程研究大纲的一个实质性的改革势在必行。目的是使毕业生拓宽他们的专业活动的范围,提高他们的就业能力。 在本文中,提出了土木工程研究课程的不断扩大,特别是在发展的光毕业生的潜在的项目,计划和投资组合管理。在这个方向上,一个全面的文献回顾,包括ASCE体为第二十一世纪,IPMA的能力的基础知识,建议在其他:显著增加所提供的模块和项目管理在战略管理中添加新的模块,领导行为,配送管理,组织和环境等;提供足够的专业训练五年的大学的研究;并由专业机构促进应届大学生认证。建议通过改革教学大纲为土木工程研究目前由国家技术提供了例证雅典大学。 1引言 土木工程研究(CES)蓬勃发展,是在第二次世界大战后。土木工程师的出现最初是由重建被摧毁的巨大需求所致,目的是更多和更好的社会追求。但是很快,这种演变一个长期的趋势,因为政府为了努力实现经济发展,采取了全世界的凯恩斯主义的理论,即公共基础设施投资作为动力。首先积极的结果导致公民为了更好的生活条件(住房,旅游等)和增加私人投资基础设施而创造机会。这些现象再国家的发展中尤为为明显。虽然前景并不明朗(例如,世界石油危机在70年代),在80年代领先的国家采用新自由主义经济的方法(如里根经济政策),这是最近的金融危机及金融危机造成的后果(即收缩的基础设施投资,在技术部门的高失业率),消除发展前途无限的误区。 技术教育的大学所认可的大量研究土木工程部。旧学校拓展专业并且新的学校建成,并招收许多学生。由于高的职业声望,薪酬,吸引高质量的学校的学生。在工程量的增加和科学技术的发展,导致到极强的专业性,无论是在研究还是工作当中。结构工程师,液压工程师,交通工程师等,都属于土木工程。试图在不同的国家采用专业性的权利,不同的解决方案,,从一个统一的大学学历和广泛的专业化的一般职业许可证。这个问题在许多其他行业成为关键。国际专业协会的专家和机构所确定的国家性检查机构,经过考试后,他们证明不仅是行业的新来者,而且专家通过时间来确定进展情况。尽管在很多情况下,这些证书虽然没有国家接受,他们赞赏和公认的世界。 在试图改革大学研究(不仅在土木工程)更接近市场需求的过程中,欧盟确定了1999博洛尼亚宣言,它引入了一个二能级系统。第一级度(例如,一个三年的学士)是进入

指纹识别系统(文献综述)

指纹识别方法的综述 摘 要: 对在指纹的预处理和特征提取、指纹分类、指纹的匹配过程中的方向图、滤波器、神经网络等关 键性原理和技术做了详细的说明,并对在各个过程中用到的方法做了进一步的比较,讨论了各种方法的优越性。 0 引 言 自动指纹识别是上世纪六十年代兴起的,利用计算机取代人工来进行指纹识别的一种方法。近年 来,随着计算机技术的飞速发展,低价位指纹采集仪的出现以及高可靠算法的实现,更使得自动指纹识 别技术越来越多地进入到人们的生活和工作中,自动指纹识别系统的研究和开发正在成为国内外学术 界和商业界的热点。相对于其他生物特征鉴别技术例如语音识别及虹膜识别,指纹识别具有许多独到 的优点,更重要的是它具有很高的实用性和可行性,已经被认为是一种理想的身份认证技术,有着十分 广泛的应用前景,是将来生物特征识别技术的主流。 1 指纹取像 图 1 是一个自动指纹识别系统AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System) 的简单流程。 → → → ↓ ↑ ———— 将一个人的指纹采集下来输入计算机进行处理是指纹自动识别的首要步骤。指纹图像的获取主要利用设备取像,方便实用,比较适合AFIS 。利用设备取像的主要方法又利用光学设备、晶体传感器和超声波来进行。光学取像设备是根据光的全反射原理来设计的。晶体传感器取像是根据谷线和脊线皮肤与传感器之间距离不同而产生的电容不同来设计的。超声波设备取像也是采用光波来取像,但由于超声波波长较短,抗干扰能力较强,所以成像的质量非常好。 2 图像的预处理与特征提取 无论采取哪种方法提取指纹,总会给指纹图像带来各种噪声。预处理的目的就是去除图像中的噪 音,把它变成一幅清晰的点线图,以便于提取正确的指纹特征。预处理是指纹自动识别过程的第一步, 它的好坏直接影响着指纹识别的效果。常用的预处理与特征提取( Image Preprocessing and Feature Ex 2 t raction) 方法的主要步骤包括方向图计算、图像滤波、二值化、细化、提取特征和后处理。当然这些步骤 可以根据系统和应用的具体情况再进行适当变化。文献[ 1 ]提出了基于脊线跟踪的方法能够指纹取像 图像预处理 特征提取 指纹识别 数据库管理

旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译

外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观,公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段:制造业观光事业,工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌,其运作,生产过程,历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌,而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求: (1)功能(对消费者提供解决问题的办法); (2)符号(提供心理欲望满意度); (3)经历(提供感官快乐,品种,认知,刺激) CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌,运作,生产工艺,历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣(或学习更多)。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外,积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止,CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔(2001年)对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外,这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象(米契尔和米契尔,2000年),非营利部门(米契尔和米契尔,2001年b),和整体经济(米契尔等, 2001)。米契尔和米契尔(2002)为学者提出了格式,用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论,但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字

文献出处:Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. (声明:本译文归百度文库所有,完整译文请到百度文库。) 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,

土木工程外文翻译.doc

项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈,工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高,材料价格波动起伏,以及其他种种不确定因素的影响,使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程,它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节,必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视,以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制,指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中,对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支,进行指导、监督、调节和限制,及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内,以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心,施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心,施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时,必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的,在于通过成本管理的各种手段,促进不断降低施工项目成本,以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时,应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力,使可能性变为现实;另一方面要从实际出发,制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理,亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容,包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等,应防止成本控制人人有责,人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行,既不能疏漏,又不能时紧时松,应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的,成本控制应强调项目的中间控制,即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确

虹膜识别外文翻译文献

虹膜识别外文翻译文献 虹膜识别外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文: The first chapter 1.1 The research background of iris recognition Biometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of. Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians through identification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc.. All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate.

旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献

旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

原文: Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】

毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单,可以将服务贸易分为12类:商业性服务,销售服务,金融服务,娱乐服务,通讯服务,教育服务,卫生服务,运输服务,建筑服务,环境服务,旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易,国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义,金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分:所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务(保险除外),其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织(OECD)对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入,或者接受付出的支持,包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益(未分配收益和利息);从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益(得到的和付出的利息和红利);得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见,经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方,而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展,而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨,从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究,国外学者从不同角度出发,有不同的看法。 列为恩(1996)认为,各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能:方便商品和劳务的交易;易于风险管理;加速资源流动;获取信息,评估企业和配置资本;提供公司法人治理。同时,更多的相关文献表示,金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本(戴蒙德1984;威廉森1987)也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安(Moshirian 1994)认为,金融服务贸易和制造业类似,一些基本要素赋予了

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院: 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件:1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重,那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实,较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上,正是因为有了这种宏观的构思,新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展,可能更重要的是:几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈,高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类: 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架,包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙,包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式,同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力,大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且,就较高的建筑物而言,大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展,以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment

相关文档
最新文档