直接引语和间接引语用法讲解
直接引语和间接引语用法讲解
一、概述
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）
从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1、人称的变化
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化。口诀如下：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。“一随主”即把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。“二随宾”即把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。“第三人称不更新”即直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。
一随主：①He said , “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它”。
→He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)
②They said ,”our parents often go shopping with us.”
→They said their parents often go shopping with them.
二随宾: ①He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”
→He said that I had told him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)
②She said to Mary ,”How is your brother now?”
→She asked Mary how her brother was then.
第三人称不更新:①He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”
He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。
（She’s→she had，her不变，your→my）
②Mr White said,”Hand is a good worker.”
→Mr White said Hand was a good worker.
2、时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，
当主句为一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态；当主句为一般过
去时，从句必须为过去时的某个时态。即“主过从过，
情态动词也要变成相应的过去式：
Can—could；may —might；must —must/had to
（1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，
从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表：
①He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。
②He said, “I'm using the knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。”
→He said that he was using the knife.他说他正在用小刀。
③She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。
④He said，“I came to help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”
→He said that he had come to help me.他说他来帮助我。
⑤He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。
⑥Zhou Lan said, “I'll do it after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。
⑦He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他说那时他将正在做作业。
⑧He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。
注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
①The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老师说地球是圆的。
②He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.”他说: “我1965年生于山东。”
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。
③He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”
→He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变
①He says, “I finished the work.”他说：“我做完工作了。”
He says that he finished the work. 他说他做完工作了。
②He will say, “I have watered the flowers.”他会说：“我己经浇花了。”
He will say he has watered the flowers. 他会说他己经浇花了。
3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化见下表：
①He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”
He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。
②He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.”他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。
③Lily said, “I will come back next month.”莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”
→Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。
④He said, “It is nine o'clock now.”他说：“现在九点了。”
→He said that it was nine o'clock then.他说那时九点了。
⑤He said, “I haven't seen her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”
→He said that he hadn't seen her t hat day .他说那天他没有见到她。
⑥She said, “I went there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”
→She said that she had gone there the day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。
⑦She said, “I'll go there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”
→She said that she would go there the next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。
⑧He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”
→He said that his sister had been there three days before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(here→there; ago→before)
⑨She said, “I will come here this evening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”
→She said that she would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（come→go；here→there；this→that）
以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here 就不必改为there, come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。
①Father said,“I am free this afternoon”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。”
→Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父亲说他今天下午有空。
②He said, “I am going there tomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”
He said that he was going there tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。
巧记: 当直接引语为陈述句，主句为过去时，变成间接引语的“顺口溜”是：
去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。
She said ,”My brother doesn’d want to go there.”
→She said that her brother didn’t want to come here.
三、直接引语是疑问句时
直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。
巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。
1、直接引语是一般问句
变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。
①She said, “Is your father an engineer?”她说：“你父亲是工程师吗?”
→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师。
②The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?”老师对李明说：“你做完作业了吗?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老师问李明是否已做完作业了。
2、直接引语是特殊问句
如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how many作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。
巧记：直接去引号，陈述语序莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did，要去掉。