托福写作技巧精讲

写作技巧第一讲

——七个句子成分

一、主语

1. 句子要说明的人或事物。

2. 名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、what从句、that从句、how从句等

3. 动词原形不能做主语。

练习：主语成分

1.Some towns, cities, regions(区域) and countries seem to have better education than others.

2. Fifty years ago in the UK, getting good grades and scoring high on tests were important but not critical(至关重要的) to life chances.

3. It is important to keep calm and carry on while working under pressure.(主语后置)

4. It is certainly true that scientists are gaining a clearer understanding of the outer space, thanks to many years of research and better data.(主语后置)

5. It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school.

二、谓语

1. 说明主语的动作、状态或特征。

2.永远只能由动词构成。

练习：谓语成分

1.Today many local and national newspapers carry advertisements and information about holidays.

2.Spending time with other children and sharing experiences can make children more sociable(喜欢社交的).

三、宾语

1.宾语表示动作行为的对象。

2.跟在及物动词之后。

3.名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、that从句、what从句、how从句等。

4.当动词是be (am, is, are) 动词时，be动词后面的名词或形容词也可以做表语。

练习：宾语成分

1.Some adults use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends.

2.A good writer does not just concentrate on the words, phrases and grammar that he/she uses, but his/her thoughts as well.

3.The world inside the school walls is different from the world outside those walls. (形容词做表语)

4.The main concern is the type of computer activities that attract children.

四、定语

1.修饰名词的成分。

2.最常用的是形容词。

3.句子来修饰名词=定语从句。

练习：找出定语成分

1.Employees need to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work.

2.In addition, the government should fund the parental(家长的) support.

3.They are more important to our well-being and our future than the stars who earn their fortunes so quickly.(定语从句)

五、状语

1.修饰动词、形容词或全句。

2.副词、介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式。

3.状语提前。

练习：找出状语成分

1.The majority of stars do not hold their top positions long.

2.They are generally more confident than children who stay at home with their parents.

六、补语

1.主要是宾补。

2.V. + n. + n. / adj. 中的n. / adj.部分。

3.常见：find/ make/ render

练习：找出补语成分

1.Many people find their rewards(回报)unfair, especially when comparing these salaries with those of top surgeons(外科医生) or research scientists.

2.The recent graduates found the job market frustrating because of the economic recession(经济衰退).

3.Some individuals are concerned the Internet will make/ render international tourism obsolete(过时的).

七、同位语

1.常常是一个名词后跟一个短语，解释说明这个名词。

1.Social sciences, the sciences that deal with human life, came into being (形成) in Europe in the early nineteenth century.

2.Job satisfaction, a very important part of an employee's sense of wellbeing, can be promoted in most jobs.

写作技巧第二讲

——三种句子

一、简单句

1.主谓宾

2.主+ 谓（谓语是不及物动词，不能接宾语）

例句：

Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.

The value of experiments is not limited to sciences.

二、并列句

1.主谓宾+ 主谓宾

2.中间用and / or / but串联

例句：

Today most work is done by teams of people and all of them have different strengths and weakness.

Schools are the main formal institutions of society but their structure are designed

only for self-development.

Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are responsible for this.

Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labor relations may be poor and lead to insecurity rather than job satisfaction.

三、复杂句

1.主谓宾+ 主谓宾

2.开头或中间的连词更复杂。

3.主句、从句

写作技巧第三讲

——状语提前，跌宕起伏

1.构成：把由副词、介词、现在分词、动词不定式形成的小短语放在句首。

2.效果：为长句铺垫短状语，跌宕起伏。

例文分析：

1.Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.

2. Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.

3. Unfortunately, professionals from other

fields who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement.

4. In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.

5. In addition to/ apart from the financial benefits, some jobs bring intellectually rewards.

6. There are not many job opportunities available. Accordingly, the competition for jobs is increasingly fierce.

7. Oddly enough / strange enough, most people seem to enjoy saying which ones are bad, and then say some are slightly better.

8. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves.

9.Interestingly, a reasonable amount of pressure seems to make the majority of employees more productive.

10. The consumption of food and clothing came down after 1980. Similarly, fuel prices

fell quite considerably.

11. Specifically, some laws prohibit acts of this kind.

12. In terms of technology, their adult world will be changing constantly.

13. Just like the movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.

14. Like self-awareness, this is also difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.

15. In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology.

16. In some cases, an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.

17. As a result of media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities.

18. Struggling in poverty, people in these countries believe international aid is essential

and should be continued.

19. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive.

20. Without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means pointless to try to keep traditions alive with technology.

常见的还有：traditionally/ historically/ essentially/ In essence等

写作技巧第四讲

——抑扬顿挫的插入语

一、例文分析：

Eggs --Reader's Digest

As architecture

Why surrealist artist Salvador Dalf chose to crown his self-designed shrine, the Dalf Theatre-Museum in Figueres, Spain, with 19 jumbo fiberglass eggs is a mystery. But it's no secret that eggs, traditionally a symbol of hope and rebirth, were a major motif in the artist's work, say Montse Aguer, director of Spain's Centre for Dalinian Studies.

二、技巧讲述

1.插入语：

成分：常是某个名词（something, someplace, someone）的同位语；

作用：对同位语的特征等进一步补充说明。效果：省略谓语动词，避免了重复，使文章简洁紧凑、有节奏感，亦可强调。

用法：1 名词+逗号+插入语+逗号N , ___ , V...

2 介宾短语:With/ without+N/ -ing,

S V...可在句首或句中

3 各种修饰谓语动作的状语（目的、时间、方式、让步、条件、...）

as+V..., 可在句首或句中e.g. as she expected, as my mum said, as it goes..

-ing, / To verb, SV / 介宾短语

4 表强调的副词或短语：，of course，/ ,with no doubt, / , in my opinion,

,for the first time,/ ,once and for all...

三、课堂练习

1. 我离开哈佛的时候，没有真正意识到这个世界是多么的不平等。

2. 要将关心转变为行动，我们需要找到问题，解决方法，还要评估其影响力。

3. 总的目标，毫无疑问是消灭这种疾病。

4. 在发现问题和找到解决方法之后，就是最后一步——评估工作结果。

5. 这个时代涌现出的革新——生物技术，计算机，互联网——它们给了我们一个从未有过的机会，去终结那些极端的贫穷和非恶性疾病的所致的死亡。

6. 此刻在这间屋子里的所有人，总有这样或那样的时刻，曾目睹让人心碎的人类的悲剧。

Answers

1. I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world.

2. To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact.

3. The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease.

4. The final step –after seeing the problem and finding an approach –is to measure the impact of your work.

5. The ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the Internet –give us a chance we've never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.

6. All of us here in this room, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts,

写作技巧第五讲

——六种从句，逻辑条理

结构：连词+ 主谓宾+连词+ 主谓宾

一、因果关系（cause and effect）

1、标志词

原因

A. As, since (因为)：跟从句不跟名词

B. Due to, owing to（因为）：只能跟名词

结果

A. Hence, thus, therefore(因此)：句首或句中

B. As a consequence, as a result, consequently, so that(作为结果)

目的

A. Thereby(以此达到...的目的)：不能在句首，正式英语中后面加动名词

2、例句

1. It is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.

2. In many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small it is.

3. Feelings about one's job must reflect how an individual feel about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed important to the wellbeing of that person.

4. In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children.

5. We forget that this is a source pollution and difficult to dispose of; therefore, governments needs to raise this awareness in the general public.

6. As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities.