沪教牛津版八年级英语下册语法精讲及练习
语法知识
现在进行时
一.现在进行时表示的意义： 1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如； I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英语书。 She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。 2.表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如： What lessons are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪些课了？ Tom's parents are working in China this year. 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。二.现在进行时的句子结构：现在进行时由“助动词be + 动词的现在分词”构成，be (am, is, are)是助动词，不做联系动词用，不解释“是”。其句子结构为： v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：+ be + 1.肯定句由“主语I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打扫教室。 They are playing the piano.
v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如： + be + not + 2. 否定句由“主语He is not watching TV. 他没在看电视。 They are not writing. 他们没在写东西。v.-ing + 其他？”构成，其肯定答句为“Yes, 主语 + be3. 一般疑问句由“Be + 主语 + ”否定答句为“No, 主语 + be + not”。例如：—Is she listening to the music? 她正在听音乐吗？—Yes, she is. / no, she isn't. 是的，她在听。/ 不，她不在听。—Are they running? 他们正在跑步吗？—Yes, they are. / No, they aren't. 是的，他们在跑。/ 不，他们不在跑。v.-ing + 其他？”构成。例如： + be + 主语 + 4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词What are you doing? 你们正在做什么？ Who is he talking to? 他正在和谁谈话？三.现在分词的构成： 1.直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如： teach—teaching play —playing look—looking go—going 2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如： write—writing take—taking live—
living give—giving
3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：put—putting run—running begin—beginning swim—swimming
四.现在进行时的标志： 1.句中有副词now时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。 2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。 Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。 3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： It's six o'clock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。 4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Don't make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。五.没有进行时态的动词：在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类： 1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如see“看见”，hear“听见”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？你听到飞机的声音了吗？ We see him. 我们看见他了。注意：有些表示感观的动词，如listen to, look at强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可用于现在进行时态中。例如：
They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲课。 2.表示态度和感
情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”，want
“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“认为”，believe“相信”等。例如：
I like dog. 我喜欢狗。 I want to go out for a walk now. 我现在想出
去散步。 3.当have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如： I have a lot of books.
我有许多本书。注意：当have, has 表示“吃饭；开会；玩得痛快”等意
思时，可用于进行时态。例如： We are having a good time. 我们玩得
很愉快。 4. 表示状态的be动词“是”。例如： He is at home. 他在家
里。现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：.六
1.时间状语：
（1）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯
性，通常与always,
often, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短语连用。例如： My
father often reads books after dinner. 我父亲经常饭后看书。
（2）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与now,
these days, at
this time 等时间状语连用。例如： He is playing the piano now. 他
现在正在弹钢琴。 Look! They are watching TV. 看！他们正在看电视。
2.谓语动词：（1）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况：be动词用am,
is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人称单数形式；情态动词 + 动词原形。例如：
My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be动词用is） She doesn't wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称
形式） He can speak English. 他会说英语。（情态动词 + 动词原形）
v.-ing 。例如： 2 （）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) + Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打扫教室吗？ She is eating dinner. 她正在吃饭。
现在进行时专练
II. 用括号中动词的适当形式填空：
1. My parents _______（watch）TV now.
2. Look. Three boys _______（run）.
3. What _______ your mother _______（do）now?
4. _______ your dog _______ now?（sleep）
5. _______ you _______（listen）to music? Yes, I am.
6. Look, Miss Chen _______ football.（play）
7. Tom and his sister _______（wait）for you over there.
8. Now Class 3 and Class 4_______（have）a test.
9. Listen, someone _______（sing）in the classroom.
10. ——Where is Zhang Yan?
——She _______（talk）with her teacher in the teacher's office.
III. 选择填空：
（）1. Who ______ over there now? A. singing B. are sing C.
is singing
（）2. It's nine ten. The students ______ a music class.
A. have
B. having
C. are having
（）3. Listen! The boy _______. A. crying B. is crying C. cries
______. Grandparents here. talk t 'Don4. ）（．
A. sleep
B. is sleeping
C. are sleeping
（）5. Is the man _______ tea or milk? A. drinks B. drink C. drinking
IV. 按要求进行句型转换：
1. Look! Lily is dancing.（改为一般疑问句）
________________________________________________
2. Kate is looking for her watch.（改为否定句）
________________________________________________
3. Mrs White is watching TV.（对划线部分提问）
________________________________________________
4. I am doing homework.（改为否定句）
________________________________________________
5. They are waiting for you at the library.（就划线部分提问）
________________________________________________
V. 根据中文提示完成句子：
1. 小花不是在写作业，她在画画。
Xiao Hua ______ ______ homework. She ______ ______ pictures.
2. 今天李老师穿着一件红色的连衣裙。
Miss Li ______ ______ a red dress today.
3. 你爷爷在看报纸吗？
______ your grandpa ______ the newspaper?
4. Tom和Jim在做什么？
______ ______ Tom and Jim ______?
5. 他们是在打篮球还是在打排球？
______ they ______ basketball ______ volleyball?
孩子们在干什么？他们在唱歌、跳舞。6.
______ ______ the children ______? They ______ ______ and ______.
7. 你喜欢跑步吗？不。
______ you ______ ______? No, ______ ______.
VI. 改错：
1. People like swiming in summer.（）
______________________________________________________
2. He is going to go the park with his mom. （）
______________________________________________________
）listen 3. Are you to me?
（______________________________________________________ ）letter.4. I not writing a （
______________________________________________________
）（still 5. Is she helping Li Ling?
______________________________________________________
语法知识
一.句型 It is + adj. + for sb. (of sb.) to do sth. （对事加以评论 / 对
人加以评论）
不定式短语作主语时,常用形式主语it来代替,而真正的主语放在句子的谓语后面。例如：
It is difficult for you to read through this book a week or so.
对你来说一星期左右看完这本书有困难。
It is useful for you to learn how to use the computer. 学习使用计算机
对你有好处。
It was brave of you to go into the burning building to save the child. 你冲入火场救那个孩子，真勇敢。
It's necessary for us to learn English today. 现在对我们来讲，学英语
非常重要。
二.（a）few 和（a）little 的用法
n..[C]n.[U]之前。例如： (a) little 1. (a) few 用在可数名词用在不可数名
词之前，He took a few biscuits. (a few = several) 他拿了几块饼干。
He took few biscuits. (few = not many) 他拿的饼干不多。
He took a little butter. (a little = some) 他拿了点黄油。
He took little butter. (little = not much) 他拿的黄油不多。
2. few 可由hardly any 或almost no 所替代，含否定的意味。例如：
The composition is well written; it has few mistakes. = The
composition is well
written; it has hardly any mistakes. 这篇作文很好写，几乎没有多少错误。
Few men can solve it. = Almost no men can solve it. 几乎没有人能
解决它。
3. a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。例如：
He has a few friends. = He has some friends. = He has several friends. 他有一些朋友。
4. a little 和little之间的差别，就和a few 和few的差别一样，只是(a) little 修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。例如：
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery. 他病情恶化了，
恢复的希望很小了。
He is not much better, but there is a little hope. 他病情不是那么好，但是有点希望。
三.其它的数量形容词
1. plenty of, a lot of, lots of 都表示许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如：
The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of students. 这个
房间容纳了许多学生。（students是复数名词）
The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of furniture. 这个
房间容纳了许多家具。(furniture 是不可数名词)
2. a great deal of, a good deal of, a large quantity of, a small quantity of, a large
amount of, a small
amount of 均表量，修饰不可数名词。例如：
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)
The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)
3. a number of “许多；一些”；a great number of, a large number of, a good number of
“许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。例如：
A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆的许多书丢失了。The number of books from the library is large. 图书馆的图书数量很大。[the number of + 复数名词 + 单数(be)动词]
The room contained a great / large / good / number of students. （复数
可数名词）
这个房间容纳了许多学生。
相关练习题
If there are ________ people driving, there will be ________ air pollution.
—1.
—Yes, the air will be fresher.
A. less; less
B. less; fewer
C. fewer; fewer
D. fewer; less
2. —Shall we leave now? —Don't hurry. We still have ________ time left.
A. little
B. a little
C. few
D. a few
3. —Would you like some milk in your tea? —Yes, please. But just
________.
A. little
B. a little
C. a few
D. few
4. There's ________ milk at home. We have to buy some this afternoon.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
5. —Oh, dear. We have ________ food left. What should we do? —Don't worry. I'll go and buy some.
A. a few
B. a little
C. few
D. little
语法知识
情态动词的基本用法
1. 情态动词can/ could 的用法
表示“能力；许可；可能性”等，在口语中可以代替may表示许可，而may
比较正式。could
为can的过去式，可以表示语气较委婉，用于否定句中，表示推测，“不可能”之意。例如：Many people can use the computer now, but we couldn't ten years ago.
现在许多人能使用电脑，但十年前我们不能。
2. 情态动词would和should的用法
（1）情态动词would是will的过去式，表示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如：Would you please pass me the salt?
请递给我盐好吗？(表示语气委婉，希望得到对方的肯定回答)
I would like / love to help you. 我愿意帮助你。（表示缓和）
（2）should 表示义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。例如：
You should do what your teacher tells you. 你应该照你老师的话办。
He should do some work, but he doesn't want to. 他应该做些工作，但是他不想做。
用于第一人称疑问句，表示征询意见。例如：
Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗？
3. may 和might的用法
（1）情态动词may是现在时，might 是may的过去式，表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可以”之意时，用may,它的否定形式是may not , 表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思时，常用must not / mustn't 代替may not。例如：You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。
—May I watch TV after super, Mum？妈妈，晚饭后我可以看电视吗？
—Yes ,you may. / No, you mustn't. / No, you may not. / No, you'd better
not.
是的，你可以。不，你不可以。不，你不可以。不，你最好不。We may have a lot of work to do. 我们可能有许多工作要做。
（2）might为may的过去式，它表示“可能”时，其含义更不确定。例如：
He might be ill. 他也许生病了吧。
My brother might come here soon. 我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。
4. must 的用法
must 表示“必须；应该”，否定式为must not / mustn't,表示“不应该；不许可；不准；禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needn't / need not 或don't have to,
表示“不必”，而不用must not / mustn't。例如：
You mustn't speak like this. 你不应该这样说话。
我现在必须呆在这儿吗？Must I stay here now? —．
—Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 是，你必须。不，不必。不，你不一定要去。
情态动词用法的基本练习
1. —May I take my pet dog with me into the cinema? —The rule says no. So you ________.
A. can
B. mustn't
C. may
D. needn't
2. We hope that as many people as possible ________ join us for the charity show tomorrow.
A. need
B. can
C. must
D. should
3. —Must I get up early tomorrow? —No, ________.
A. you mustn't
B. I don't think you have to
C. you can't
D. you need
4. —May I play computer games, mum? —No. You ________ finish your homework first.
A. will
B. can
C. would
D. must
5. —Let's go to the concert tonight, Michael!
—Sorry, I ________ . I have to help my mother with the housework.
A. mustn't
B. may not
C. needn't
D. can't
6. —Can you finish the work in two days? —Sorry, I ________. My computer doesn't work.
A. don't
B. can't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
7. —________ you speak Japanese? —No, I can't.
A. Can
B. Must
C. May
D. Should
8. If the traffic light is red, you ________ cross the road. It's very dangerous.
A. don't
B. mustn't
C. needn't
D. wouldn't
9. —May I use your ruler? —________.
A. Yes, please
B. You are nice
C. It doesn't matter
D. It was a pleasure
情态动词 should 、ought to
ought to是客观的，should是主观的。ought to表示我不做不行，是责任，虽然可能我不想去做但是还要去做。 should是主观想去做。有点像have to和must 的关系。（ought to是两个可加to的情态动词之一，另一个是used to）。ought to do 语气更强，常用于长辈对小辈的用语，或某规则上的要求。而 should do 可用于平辈朋友间，较为客气与口语化。（一）should的用法：should 用作情态动词，三种人称单、复数通用，后面跟动词原形。其否定式为：should not (shouldn't)