高中英语人教版：必修一+专项复习+

高考英语六选四专项复习

一、本节内容

（一）六选四体裁

一是描述性结构，主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，因此时间、地点常是出题重点（记叙文）；

二是释意性结果，解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用比喻、类比阐述（说明文）；

三是原因性结构，主要分析事物的成因，有客观的、主观的，也有直接的、间接的（说明文）；

四是比较性结构，把两个人或事物的功能、特点、优缺点进行对比（议论文）；

五是驳斥性结构，主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，再分析其优缺点、危害性，最后阐明自己的观点（议论文）。

（二）选项特点

1.主旨概括句（文章整体内容）

2.过渡性句子（文章结构）

3.注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）

（三）解题步骤

1. 阅读全文，了解大意；

2. 细读各个空的前后句，标记关键词；

在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读四个空的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组），专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。

2. 阅读各个选项，尤其是选项的首句，标记关键词；

3. 比较并匹配上述两类关键词，确定答案；

4. 区分相似项；

该题型选项大致可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释

性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。另外两个多余的干扰项也可以通过这三个特点来排除，例如主旨概括句要么过于宽泛要么以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。

5. 将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。

（四）衔接手段

6选4考查的是语篇的连贯性和一致性，因此就要使用到各种达到连贯目的的各种衔接手段，即：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。

1.若空格句出现在段首，则通常是段落主题句或承接上段的衔接句。

这句往往是对下面整个段落内容的概括和总结，反映整个段落的主旨和大意认真阅。读后文内容，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。关注每段首尾句，了解大意知主题。

2.若空格句在段尾，则多属总结本段内容的总结句或引出下一段内容的过渡句。

A：在选项中看能否找到对前文整段的总结句。如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。

B：与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。分析与前文是转折或是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题。

3.若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。

1：因果关系(Eg: As a result/ thus/therefore/so (such)…)

因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。

2: 转折关系(Eg: However/nevertheless/nonetheless/though/yet/in spite of/on the contrary /in contrast /by contrast/ in comparison/otherwise/not...but)

转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。

3：并列关系(Eg: first/second/third/to begin with/to conclude)

并列关系主要指前后的句子间是平等的关系，可以互换位置。

4：递进关系(Eg: also/ furthermore/ similarly/ moreover/ in addition/what’s more）

递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。

5: 例证关系(Eg:such as /for examples/One of the examples is …)

前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。

1.代词

英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例如it 可指代单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子;these 或those指代前句的复数名词。

2.同义词/反义词

英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这

是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。

3.同一范畴词（上下义词）

上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。你可以在选项中找到与此词汇最接近的词，从而达到快而准。一般来说，上下文中词汇联系越接近，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。

【课堂精讲】

Climate change and the flow of farm chemicals and coastal sediment (沉物) into the waters that wash over one of Australia's most significant nature areas, the Great Barrier Reef (大堡礁), are the biggest threats to its survival, according to a government report to UNESCO(联合国教科文组织) released on December 2.

The report was intended to reassure UNESCO that those risks were well managed and that

the reef should not be placed on an "in danger" list. (67)_________________________

The report also ignores plans by the Queensland State government to allow the development of one of the world's biggest coal mines about 200 miles from the reef, and it denies the possibility that pollutants from the mine could damage the reef. Besides, it doesn't mention that the Queensland Parliament rejected laws to prevent land clearing. (68)_________________________

Meanwhile, scientists reported that the reef had suffered the worst coral bleaching (珊瑚白化) and die-off ever recorded, with stretches of its northern reaches dead after the coral was bathed in warm summer waters. That's why the UNESCO World Heritage Committee (世界遗产委员会) has called for a long-term management plan to ensure the reef maintains the World Heritage status it received in 1981.

The Queensland government commissioned (委托) a study to estimate the costs of achieving water quality targets that would significantly improve the reef's health.

(69)_________________________That figure was sharply higher than the roughly $1.5 billion the state and federal governments said would be spent over the next decade on all measures to protect the reef.

The federal and Queensland governments said the study's overall cost estimate included "some very expensive high-risk actions," like nearly $4.2 billion for measures against erosion in one valley to prevent the flow of sediment into the ocean. Removal of that big-ticket item brought the study's report closer into line financially with the government report to UNESCO.

(70)_________________________ It is likely to draw sharp criticism from environmentalists.

【Keys】BDFA

【解题分析】

1、首先通读全文，了解大意。

这篇文章第一段主要讲的是一份政府报告指出澳大利亚大堡礁生存的最大的威胁。

第二段指出报告的目的。

第三段指出报告的忽视、否认和未提到的内容。

第四段讲科学家报到了大堡礁遭受的严重性，所以世界遗产委员会要求管理计划。

第五段关于政府想知道通过提高水质改善大堡礁健康的花费。

最后一段讲采取措施的花费太高。

2、阅读空格处前后句，标记关键词。（标记处）

3、阅读选项，标记关键词。（划线处）

4、开始做题。

67题位于段尾，所以还需要看下一段的第一句。这里第3段的“also”就是关键词，说明上一句也是跟此句一样讲的是report的消极内容，而空格前一句讲的是report的积极内容，所以在此形成转折关系，A、B都是这方面的内容，但逻辑衔接词只有B是转折，at any rate “不管怎么说”表进一步说明。

68题位于段尾，所以还需要看下一段的第一句。空格前面讲的的report的消极行为，下一段meanwhile提示这里表并列，后面讲的是大堡礁遭受的问题，多以空格处应该也是填问题，故选D。

69题位于段中，根据后面的figure提示此处要填有数字的选项，选项中有2个有数字，后面可以看出要填价钱且比1.5 billion大的数字，故选F。

70题位于段中，根据前面讲花费大，但后面说会引起环保人士的批评，说明没有解决措施，故选A。

专项练习

(1)

Boredom traditionally has a bad reputation. In 2009, a study of 7,524 civil servants found that those with the highest levels of boredom were nearly 40% more likely to have died by the end of the 25-year trial, compared with those who weren’t bored. (1)__________.The authors speculated (推测) that boredom and inactivity 1night drive people to drink more heavily and smoke -- activities not related to long life.

Boredom is often defined as a state of dissatisfaction with the dullness of a situation -- usually with a bit of restlessness and extreme tiredness. So it may seem strange that researchers are suggesting boredom might have benefits and indeed be an evolutionary insurance scheme (保障系统) for making us seek new experiences. A series of studies from the University of Virginia, published in the journal Science in 2014 found that 18 out of 42 students who were left in a room with nothing to do for 15 minutes gave themselves at least one mild shock on the ankle to relieve the boredom. (2)__________. So whatever happened to daydreaming? A study from the University of Central Lancashire links a period of boredom with heightened creativity immediately afterwards. It is not the most forceful study: 40 people copied numbers from a telephone book for 15 minutes and then had to come up with different uses for a pair of cups.

(3)__________. Another group, who read the numbers, were even more creative with the cups than those who wrote them out. (4)__________.

(2)

The more time you spend with your children, the better you will understand their emerging abilities. Those fathers who spend little time with their children frequently either underestimate or overestimate the developmental progress of their sons and daughters. If you underestimate your child’s ability, you won’t provide adequate challenge or stimulation. Your child will be bored. If you overestimate your child’s skills, your unrealistic expectations will prove to be a frustrating and unpleasant experience for him and you. (1)___________.

The more time you spend with your children, the more realistically you will be able to assess their capacities and the more aware you will be of their particular talents and sensibilities.

(2)___________.

Your time is precious to both you and your child. Your willingness to give your time to him sends a message: You are important. (3)___________. And if you, the person your child respects most in the world, believe he is worthy of your undivided attention, your child will feel respected.

Your child is exposed to many influences. And the older he becomes, the n1ore he is likely to

adopt his peer group’s frame of reference. (4)___________. You will, therefore, be in an advantageous position to pass down your positive values and increase the likelihood that they will be accepted.

Don’t waste time blaming yourself for what you have or have not done with your children to this point. It is understandable that, to the extent you have not built a closer relationship with your child, you will perhaps feel helpless now. The good news is that it is not too late.

(3)

As the number of passwords Internet users create increases, people find themselves struggling to follow the advice of security experts. Consider the common password-related advice: Create unique passwords for each site, make each password at least eight characters long, and don’t forget to change those passwords every few months. (1)___________.Thankfully, there is some good advice for creating, memorizing and managing passwords that can help users protect their passwords and their data from hackers.

When it comes to passwords, the longer, the better, as longer ones are harder for hackers and their computers to crack. (2)___________. Including a variety of keyboard characters, numbers and upper-and lower-case letters makes passwords much harder to crack. Typing an eight-character password composed only of lower-case letters and numbers into https://www.360docs.net/doc/5d8039778.html, shows the password could be cracked by a supercomputer in less than a second. But that same computer would need a thousand years to crack a 14-character password composed of upper- and lower-case letters, numbers and special keyboard characters.

Unfortunately, the features that make passwords strong also make them hard to memorize.

(3)___________. One can make passwords more memorable by using passphrases instead. Passphrases feature strings of words that hold meaning for the user but appear as nonsense to everyone else. For example, sportscarflowermountain will have people scratching their heads while reminding the user of her Hawaiian vacation. To make that passphrase more secure, she could insert random characters between the words. A stronger passphrase would be SportsCar#5FloWer89mouNTain@2, a 29-character password that would theoretically keep a

supercomputer occupied for billions of years!

In addition, several dedicated password management programs are available to remember users’passwords for them. Many, such as LastPass, are free to download and offer password management services such as creating passwords, storing passwords and pointing out weak passwords. Some, such an Dashlane even log in for users and alert them whenever a site they frequently visit has been hacked. (4)___________.

1.DFBA

2.FCEB

3.FACE

强化练习

(4)

If you like filling up your WeChat Moments with selfies (自拍), you might want to change the habit now. A new study suggests that you are probably not as beautiful as you think you are, and posting your face all over the Internet isn’t giving the world the best impression.

The study was conducted by researchers from the University of Toronto. The scientists gathered 198 college students. One hundred of these students were selfie-lovers, while the other 98 were non-selfie-takers. These students were asked to take a selfie fit for social media.

(1)___________. As a result, each participant had a selfie and a standard picture.

With these pictures in hand, the students rated how attractive they thought other people would find them. (2)___________. The result: Both selfie-lovers and non-selfie-takers thought they would be seen as more attractive in their photos than they were seen by the outside group. Besides, the researchers found selfie-lovers were far more likely to be regarded as narcissistic (自恋的). The researcher suggests that not only do people think they are hotter than they actually are, but taking selfies also greatly decreases people's opinions of you.

Then, why do so many people like taking selfies? It comes down to a well-known psychological phenomenon called “self-favouring bias (偏心)”, which states that “people tend to think they are better than others.” (3)___________.

When taking selfies, people have almost all possible control because they can adjust the angle of the shot, the filter (滤镜), when they post them to social media and every other aspect. The study suggests that this causes people to have a more narcissistic personality.

(4)___________. Last year, researchers from Ohio State University said that male selfie-lovers tend to show signs of mental disorder.

Maybe it’s time to cool the craze down. After all, your WeChat friends probably know what your face looks like. There is no need to remind them dozens of times a day.

(5)

Obesity is a problem often associated with North America. However, China is proving that East Asians are having issues battling the problem as well. In fact, it is estimated that there are over 40 million obese people in China. To address weight problems of its students, Nanjing Agricultural University is offering weight reduction classes in which the student who loses the most weight gets the highest mark. (1)__________.

Given the many complications that come with it, it’s not hard to realize that obesity is a problem that needs to be acted upon. It was not long ago that a plus size student in Nanjing University fainted during a 1,000-meter race and died tragically. He was 168 centimeters and 92 kilograms, which was not exactly an ideal shape for competitive racing. (2)__________. In fact, depression and social anxiety often go hand in hand with obesity along with heart and breathing problems.

In terms of motivation, signing up for a course like the one offered in Nanjing Agricultural University is very likely to inspire individuals. It’s like signing a contract for a goal that promises rewards and recognition. (3)__________. Meanwhile, students get college credits for completing

the course by submitting a paper related to weight loss at the end of the semester.

However, there’s also a dark side to offering a course that resembles the plot of a reality television show. While entertaining and possibly inspiring for students, this course could lead to an extreme lifestyle change. As a result, there is no guarantee that students will still keep their new found good habits with respect to eating and exercising after the course is completed.

(4)__________. The goal should be to find out the reasons why people become overweight and change people’s habits in general instead of focusing on the effects.

4.DAEB

5.CADE

Sales Strategies

How can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, sugge stive, or consultive?

The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects on which to call.

The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a posit ion to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.

The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a consumers needs.

More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles (无形资产) such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills.

Sales strategies are classified as narrative, suggestive and consultive. Salespeople use the narrative strategy to promote products with standard presentations. The suggestive approach requires the salesperson to recommend a suitable product after talking with customers. The consultive strategy demands that salespeople acquire information about customers and act as their “consultants”. Nowadays more and more sales teams prefer the consultive approach. (60 words)