【专题复习】2020高考英语一轮第一讲：阅读理解“屠杀”方法论

第一讲：阅读理解“屠杀”方法论

【什么是阅读】

1、阅读理解文章要不要看懂？要！！！！！！

2、阅读理解文章要不要看完？不需要！！

文章= 有效信息+ 干扰信息+ 无效信息

【我们需要啥】

我们需要的是让我们可以不用看完文章但是能够看懂文章、做对题的东西：“阅读理解5+1精读突破法”

（1）单词：认识单词+ 处理生词+ 意会多义词（词本无意，意由境生）（2）句子：读懂长难句（用括号法断句翻译）

（3）段落：抓主题！

（4）篇章：各类篇章的处理方法！

i. 记叙类ii. 介绍类iii. 观点类iv. 找你妹

v. 七选五vi. 任务型阅读vii.阅读表达

（5）题目：形成阅读理解的解题SOP（标准操作流程）

+ 战术纪律性训练

如何读懂一个英语句子？

主干部分直接翻

遇见四长画括号(介词短语)(从句)(非谓语结构)(时间状语)

提着问题往下顺

调字调序写中文

注意1：一旦出现下一括号，就果断把上一括号结束掉，不管上一括号本身结束了没有。注意2：每个括号里的第一个单词，都称为挂钩单词，可以利用每个挂钩来“自问自答”，将一个个括号连接起来。

Passage 1

活单词：一定要记在单词本上！

baseball 棒球

mental 心灵的，精神的

physical 身体的

disabled 残疾的

sense感觉，意义

belong属于

confidence信心

approach接近，方法

field场地，田野，领域

expect 期待

struggle 挣扎

bench长凳

broad宽阔的

score得分v.；分数n.

glove手套

obvious明显的

schedule安排v. 时间表n.

bat球棒

instead作为替换

beyond超过

audience观众

scream尖叫

cream奶油

ice-cream冰淇淋

make it 做得到，办得到，来得了

awkward笨拙地

intention意图

intentionally故意地

oppose相反

cheer欢呼

humanity人性

hug拥抱

surprisingly令人惊讶的是

Shay and his father had walked (past a park)(where some boys)(Shay knew)(were playing baseball). Shay asked, “Do you think they’ll let me play?” Shay’s father knew (that most of the boys would

not want someone) (like Shay) (on their team), but the father also understood (that) (if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed) (to play), (it would give him a much-needed sense) (of belonging) and some confidence. 看到打棒球，S也想去

Shay’s father approached one (of the boys) (on the field) and asked (if Shay could play), (not expecting much). The boy looked around and said, “We’re losing (by six runs) (分) and the game is (in the eighth inning) (局). I guess he can be (on our team) and we’ll try (to put him in) (to bat) (in the final inning). 男孩同意了

Shay struggled over (to the team’s bench) and put on a team shirt (with a broad smile) and his father had a small tear (in his eye) and warmth (in heart). The boys saw the father’s joy (at his son) (being accepted). S 加入，爸爸高兴

(In the bottom) (of the eighth inning), Shay’s team scored a few runs but was still behind (by three). (In the top) (of the final inning), Shay put on a glove and played (in the field). (Even though no hits came his way), he was obviously joyful (just to be) (in the game) and (on the field). (In the bottom) (of the final inning), Shay’s team scored again. Now, Sha y was scheduled (to be next) (at bat). Would they let Shay bat and give away their chance (to win the game)? S上场

Surprisingly, Shay was given the bat. Everyone knew (that a hit was almost impossible). The first pitch (投) came and Shay missed. The pitcher again took a few steps forward (to throw the ball softly) (towards Shay). (As the pitch came in), Shay swung (at the ball) and hit a slow ground ball right back (to the pitcher). S打球

The pitcher could have easily thrown the ball (to the first baseman) and Shay would have been out and (that would have been the end) (of the game). Instead, the pitcher threw the ball right (over the head) (of the first baseman), (beyond the reach) (of all teammates), The audience and the players (from both teams) started screaming,“Shay, run to first! ”Never (in his life) had Shay ever run that far but made it (to first base), (wide-eyed) and (shocked). 大家帮助S成功

Everyone shouted, “Run to second!” Catching his breath, S hay awkwardly ran (towards second). (By the time Shay rounded) (towards second base), the smallest guy (on their team), (who had a chance) (to be the hero) (for his team) (for the first time), could have thrown the ball (to the second baseman), but he understood the pitcher’s intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far (over the third baseman’s head). 大家帮助S继续成功

All were screaming, “Shay, Shay, Shay, all the way Shay.” Shay reached third base (when one opposing player ran) (to help him) and shouted, “Shay, run to third.” (As Shay rounded third), all were (on their feet),

crying, “Shay, run home!” Shay ran (to home), stepped (on the home base) and was cheered (as the hero) (who won the game) (for his team). 大家帮S成为英雄

That day, the boys (from both teams) helped bring a piece (of true love and humanity) (into this world). Shay didn’t make it (to another summer) and died that winter, (having never forgotten) (being the hero) and (making his father so happy) and (coming home) and (seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero) (of the day)! 真爱·人性·难忘

66. Not expecting much, Shay’s father still asked the boy if Shay could play, mainly because the father _________.

A. noticed some of the boys on the field were hesitating

B. guessed his pres ence would affect the boy’s decision

C. learned some of the boys on the field knew Shay well

D. understood Shay did need a feeling of being accepted

67. (In the bottom) (of the final inning) Shay was given the bat because the boys _________.

A. believed they were sure to win the game

B. would like to help Shay enjoy the game

C. found Shay was so eager to be a winner

D. felt forced to give Shay another chance

68. The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head, probably because t hat boy ________.

A. was obviously aware of the pitcher’s purpose

B. looked forward to winning the game for his team

C. failed to throw the ball to the second baseman

D. saw that Shay already reached second base

69. Which of the following has nothing to do with Shay’s becoming the hero for his team?

A. The pitcher did not throw the ball to the first baseman.

B. The audience and the players from both teams cheered for him.

C. The opposing players failed to stop his running to home.

D. One of the opposing players ran to help him.

70. What do you think is the theme of the story?

A. True human nature could be realized in the way we treat each other.

B. Everyone has his own strength even if mentally or physically disabled.

C. Everyone can develop his team spirit in sports and please his parents.

D. The results of the game should not be the only concern of the players.

“5+1”精读突破法：

词：查单词

句：画括号

段：抓主题

篇：串思路

题：SOP

战术纪律性训练：

逐段抄文章，每次抄半句，抄错一词，重抄一段！

作用：熟悉单词，熟悉句子，训练精确思维，少犯低级错误！

注意：务必每次抄一两个括号（感受句子的整体结构），坚决不许一个词一个词地抄（会把句子学“散”）。

Passage 2

Science can’t explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.

Any owner will tell you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife. A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (紧张) levels and blood pressure in people — half of them pet owners — while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic (算术) or held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People with pets did it best. Those tested with their ani mal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most quickly to baseline heart rates. With pets in the room, people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front of other companions. It seems people feel more relaxed (放松) around pe ts, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don’t judge.

A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about 11 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall —mostly with their dogs — and found it worth doing.

67. What does the text mainly discuss?

A. What pets bring to their owners.

B. How pets help people calm down.

C. People’s opinions of keeping pets.

D. Pet’s value in medical research.

68. We learn from the text that a person with heart disease has a better chance of getting well if _________.

A. he has a pet companion

B. he has less stress of work

C. he often does mental arithmetic

D. he is taken care of by his family

69. According to Allen, why did the people do better with pets around when facing stressful tasks?

A. They have lower blood pressure.

B. They become more patient.

C. They are less nervous.

D. They are in higher spirits.

70. The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that _________.

A. people with dogs did more exercise

B. dogs lost the same weight as people did

C. dogs liked exercise much more than people did

D. people without dogs found the program unhelpful

We experience different forms of the Sun’s energy every day. We can see its light and feel its warmth. The Sun is the major source of energy for our planet. It causes the evaporation (蒸发) of water from the oceans and lakes. Sunlight also provides the energy used by green plants to make their own food. These green plants then provide food for all organisms (生物) on the Earth.

Muc h of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere, 30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface. The rema ining 70% warms the surface of the planet, causes water to evaporate, and provides energy for the water cycle and weather. Only a tiny part, approximately 0.023%, is actually used by green plants to produce food.

Many gases found in the atmosphere actuall y reflect heat energy escaping from the Earth’s surface back to the Earth. These gases act like the glass of a greenhouse in that they allow energy from the Sun to enter but prevent energy from leaving. They are therefore called greenhouse gases.

When sunlight strikes an object, some of the energy is absorbed and some is reflected. The amount

reflected depends on the surface. For example, you’ve probably noticed how bright snow is when sunlight falls on it. Snow reflects most of the energy from the Sun, so it contributes to the low temperatures of winter. Dark-colored surfaces, such as dark soil or forest, absorb more energy and help warm the surrounding air.

59. According to the passage, the root cause for weather changes on the Earth is ______.

A. the atmosphere surrounding the Earth

B. water from oceans and lakes

C. energy from the Sun

D. greenhouse gases in the sky

60. Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is ______.

A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere

B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere

C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere

D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes

61. We learn from the passage that ______.

A. all living things on the Earth depend on the Sun for their food

B. a forest looks dark in winter because it absorbs solar energy

C. only 0.023% of the energy from the Sun is made use of on the Earth

D. greenhouse gases allow heat energy to escape from the Earth’s surface

Passage 3

r example, was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2,000 years ago.

Water Beneath the Soil

Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (渗透).

Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.

As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.

Soil pH

Soil can be acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed, and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.

The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gasoline, humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned, gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed, soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil, and also become easily attacked by diseases.

67．The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called .

A．litter B．topsoil C．humus D．subsoil

68．According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.

B．The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil.

C．Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.

D．Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.

69．We can infer from the passage that the water table lies .

A．between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer

B．in the subsoil layer above bedrock

C．between the subsoil layer and bedrock

D．in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil

70．The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are .

A．rushed away into the river

B．cleaned and purified by water

C．destroyed and carried away by water

D．mixed with water and become part of it

Passage 4

It is reported that conservation groups in North America have been arguing about the benefits and dangers of wolves. Some groups believe wolves should be killed. Other people believe wolves must be protected so that they will not disappear from the wilderness (荒野).

For Killing Wolves

In Alaska, the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport. However, laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply.

A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food, they die.

If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer, their prey (猎物) will disappear some day. And the wolves will, too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we killed more wolves, we would save them and their prey from dying out. We'd also save some farm animals.

In another northern state, wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They believe it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small wolf population.

Against Killing Wolves

If you had lived long ago, you would have heard many different stories about the dangerous wolf. According to most stories, hungry wolves often kill people for food. Even today, the stories of the "big bad wolf" will not disappear.

But the fact is wolves are afraid of people, and they seldom travel in areas where there is a human smell.

When wolves eat other animals, they usually kill the very young, or the sick and injured. The strongest survive. No kind of animal would have survived through the centuries if the weak members had lived. That has always been a law of nature.

Although some people say it is good sense to kill wolves, we say it is nonsense! Researchers have found wolves and their prey living in balance. The wolves keep the deer population from becoming too large, and that keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life.

The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people. Even if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves can't always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm. Then there is danger. The "big bad wolf" has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next.

60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the

following reasons EXCEPT that .

A. there are too many wolves

B. they kill large numbers of deer

C. they attack cows and chickens for food

D. they destroy the wilderness plant life

61. Some people are against killing wolves because .

A. wolves help to keep the ecological balance in the wilderness

B. there is too small a wolf population in the wilderness

C. there are too many deer in the wilderness

D. wolves are afraid of people and never attack people

62. According to those against killing wolves, when wolves eat other animals, .

A. they never eat strong and healthy ones

B. they always go against the law of nature

C. they might help this kind of animals survive in nature

D. they disturb the ecological balance in the wilderness

63. The last sentence "And everyone knows what happens next" implies that in such

cases .

A. farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped away

B. wolves will kill people and people will in turn kill them

C. wolves will find enough food sources on farms

D. people will leave the areas where wolves can live

Passage 5

Professor Barry Wellman of the University of Toronto in Canada has invented a term to describe the way many North Americans interact (互动) these days. The term is “networked individualism”. This concept is not easy to understand because the words seem to have opposite meanings. How can we be individuals (个体) and be networked at the same time? You need other people for networks.

Here is what Professor Wellman means. Before the invention of the Internet and e-mail, our social networks included live interactions with relatives, neighbors, and friends. Some of the interaction was by phone, but it was still voice to voice, person to person, in real time.

A recent research study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project showed that for a lot of people, electronic interaction through the computer has replaced this person-to-person interaction. However, a lot of people int erviewed for the Pew study say that’s a good thing. Why?

In the past, many people were worried that the Internet isolated (孤立) us and caused us to spend too much time in the imaginary world of the computer. But the Pew study discovered that the opposite is true. The Internet connects us with more real people than expected—helpful people who can give advice on careers, medical problems, raising children, and choosing a school or college. About 60 million Americans told Pew that the Internet plays an important role in helping them make major life decisions.

Thanks to the computer, we are able to be alone and together with other people—at the same time!

60．The underlined phrase “networked individualism” probably means that by using computers people ________.

A．stick to their own ways no matter what other people say

B．have the rights and freedom to do things of their own interest

C．do things in their own ways and express opinions different from other people

D．are able to keep to themselves but at the same time reach out to other people

61．According to the Pew study, what do many people rely on to make major life decisions?

A．Networks. B．Friends. C．Phones. D．Parents.

62．It can be inferred from the Pew study that _______.

A．people have been separated from each other by using computers

B．the Internet makes people waste a lot of time and feel very lonely

C．the Internet has become a tool for a new kind of social communication

D. a lot of people regard the person-to-person communication as a good thing

63．Which would be the best title for this passage?

A．We’re Alone on the Internet.

B．We’re Communicating on the Internet.

C．We’re Alone Together on the Internet.

D．We’re in the Imaginary World of the Internet.

Passage 6

What time is it? Most people are pretty accurate in their answer. And if you don’t know for sure, it’s very likely that you can find out. There may be a watch on your wrist; there may be a clock on the wall, desk, or computer screen; or maybe you’re riding in a car that has a clock in the dashbo ard (仪表板).

Even if you don’t have a timepiece of some sort nearby, your body keeps its own beat. Humans have an internal clock that regulates (调节) the beating of our heart, the pace of our breathing, the discharge (排出)

of chemicals within our bloodstream, and many other bodily functions.

Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.

By taking control of how you spend your time, you’ll increase your chances of becoming a more successful student. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.

The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we become slaves of a timetable that governs every waking moment of the day. Instead, the aim is to permit us to make informed choices as to how we use our time. Rather than letting the day go by, largely without our awareness, what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.

56. Th e underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ______.

A. your slave and serves you

B. your supporter and helps you

C. under your control and obeys you

D. under your influence and follows you

57. The author intends to tell us that time ______.

A. could be regulated by a timepiece such as a clock or a watch

B. could be managed by the internal clock of human bodies

C. should be well managed for our own interest

D. should be saved for outside interests

58. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you ______.

A. how to keep up with the times

B. how to make up for lost time

C. how to have a good time

D. how to make good use of time