高中英语语法系列第一章句子结构

第一章句子结构

一．句子的主要成分

1）主语subject：主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、或主语从句担任。

如；English is very useful in modern times.(名词)

To become a scientist is his dream. （不定式）

What we shall do next is not yet decided.下一步我们做什么还未定下来。（主语从句作主语）

2）谓语predicate：谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的部分。谓语一般由动词或动词短语担任，位置在主语之后。

如：His mother is a doctor.他的妈妈是大夫。（系动词）

We should pay attention to English idioms.我们应注意英语的习语。（动词短语）

3）表语predicative：表语是在连系动词之后表示主语性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句担任，位置在连系动词之后。

如：The football match is on.足球赛正在进行。（副词）

All the pupils are on the playground.学生们现在都在操场上。（介词短语）

He seemed surprised at the new.他对这消息似乎感到吃惊。（分词）

The key question is how we should solve the problem.关键的问题是我们应该如何解决这个问题。（从句）

4）宾语object：宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构但任，位置在及物动词或介词之后。如：Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? 你明天早点来行吗？（动名词）

I don’t know where he has gone.我不知道他去哪了.(从句)

5）补语complement：补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。

宾语补足语：

如：The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.医生建议她卧床休息一周。（动词不定式）They saw her walking into the bookstore.他们看见她进了书店了。（分词）

You should put your books in order.你应该把书摆整齐。（介词短语）

主语补足语：含有宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态时，原宾语和宾语补足语变为主语和主语补足语。

如：we found him working in the office.我们发现他正在办公室工作。

He was found working in the office.他被发现在办公室工作。（分词作主补）

6）定语attributive：定语用于限定或修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。单词作定语一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语或从句作定语放在被修饰语的后面。

如：He is an honest boy.他是一个诚实的男孩。（形容词）

The girl playing the violin is a freshman.拉小提琴的那个女孩是一年级学生。（分词短语）Those who want to go may go.想去的人都可以去。（从句）

7）状语adverbial：状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语通常由副词或与之相当的结构担任。

如：He went to France to learn English.他去法国学英语。（不定式）

He is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.他后天动身去上海。（名词短语）

8）同位语appositive：同位语位于名词或名词性短语之后，说明其内容。同位语通常

名词、名词性短语或从句担任。

如：Then aroused the question where we were to get the machine needed.这时就产生了一个问题：我们到哪里去找需要的机器。（句子）

The future belongs to you young people.未来是属于你们年轻人的。（名词）

We the youngers are the masters of the future.(名词)

二．五种基本句型

1）主语+谓语动词（+状语）

此句型特点：既然该句型中动词后面没有宾语，所以用于这个句型的动词应该是不及物动词。

如：The sun rises and the sun sets.日升日落。

The fire is burning.火在燃烧。

The children are playing.小孩子正在玩耍。

这种句型的谓语动词后往往带有状语：

如：He works hard.他工作很勤奋。

The sun sets in the west.太阳从西面落下

2）主语+系动词+表语

所谓系动词，又叫连系动词。即这种动词并没有具体的动作，只是起连接主语和后边的成分的作用。

如：He looks unhappy.他好像不高兴。

Bread is the staff of life.民以食为天。

Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。

a> be (am is are)

如：She is a hardworking student.

We are Chinese.

b>感官动词see sound feel taste smell

如：I feel well. 我感到身体很好。（well在作形容词时，表身体上的好）

She looks careful. She looks carefully.

The potatoes taste delicious.土豆尝起来味道不错。

This idea sounds good. 这个主意听起来不错。

c> go（成为，变得）come（变得）turn（变得）get（成为，变得）grow(变得) seem

（似乎，好像）keep（保持）become（成为，变得）……

辨析：1.go和come是一对相反的词,它们前面的主语一般是物（后面接adj）。“go+adj”

表令人不愉快的事；“come+adj”表示好的事情。

Since the weather is so hot,milk goes bad quickly.

Don’t give up,things will come right in the end.

注意：当go后面的表语是mad crazy blind lame或是表颜色的词时，主语可以是人。She went mad. Hearing this, she went red.

2.grow接表示人或物特征的静态形容词，也接表示天气 The girl grew thinner

and thinner. Soon the sky grew light

3.get 较为口语化，没有become正式，它们前面既可以加人也可是物。

He becomes(gets) angry.

His coat has become(got) badly torn.

注意：get 可以与比较级连用 The days are getting longer and longer.

Become不用将来时。

4.turn表颜色与天气。侧重变得与以前完全不同。

The man turned blue with tear.

The weather suddenly turned much colder.

3）主语+谓语+宾语

英语中绝大多数的动词都适用于这一句型。

如：Beauty will buy no beef.漂亮不能当饭吃。主谓宾

I have finished reading the book.我已经读完了这本书。主谓宾

4）主语+谓语+双宾语

动词后面接两个宾语：一个指人的宾语，称之为间接宾语；另一个指物的宾语，称之为直接宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语统称为双宾语。

如：He showed the guard his passport.他把护照给门卫看。主谓间接宾语直接宾语

I will buy you a meal. 主谓间宾直宾

根据间接宾语和直接宾语的关系，把动词分成三类：

a)同give一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需要带介词to，表示间接宾语是动作的

接收者。这样的动词：bring, offer, pass, show, take, write等。

如：He showed the guard his passport.

He showed his passport to the guard.

b)同buy一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需要带介词for,这样的动词有：book(预订), choose, find, get, keep, order, prepare等。

如：I am going to buy her a gift.

I am going to buy a gift for her.

c)有个别动词只用于这样的结构：“主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”，不能用介词替换。这样的动词有：charge, cost, bet等。

如：I will bet you ten dollars.我跟你赌十块钱。

The repairman charged me ten dollars.修理工收了我十块钱。

5）主语+谓语+复合宾语

有些动词后面接宾语的时候意思不完整，因此在宾语后面还需要接补充说明宾语的补足语，宾语和宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。

常见的接复合宾语的动词有：appoint, believe, choose, consider, elect, find, keep, let, make, suppose等。

如：They appointed John chairman.他们任命约翰为主席。主谓宾宾补

I believe him to be true.我相信他是诚实的。主谓宾语宾补

注：如何区分双宾语和复合宾语

判断两种宾语的方法：在宾语后面加上be动词，若能构成完整的句子，则是补足语。反之，则是直接宾语。

如：I made John our chairman.我选了约翰为我们的主席。

I made John a cake.我给约翰作了一块蛋糕。

我们可以说：John is our chairman.所以our chairman是宾语补足语。

我们不能说：John is a cake.所以a cake是直接宾语。

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倒装句倒装的两种考法： 1. 放在单项选择题中，考查考生的倒装语法知识是否熟练掌握； 2. 放在完形填空和阅读理解中，设置理解障碍。倒装的两种形式： 1. 完全倒装：将整个谓语动词提到主语前。 2. 部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。一、完全倒装 1】表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off, over, back等标志词放在句首，句子用完全倒装。【翻译句子】 (1)车来了。Here comes the bus. (2)铃响了。There goes the bell. (3)孩子们冲出来了。Out rushed the children. (4)那个男孩离开了。Away went the boy. 【疑难】 Here it is. In she came. Away he went. 【疑难剖析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。 2】地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come, live, lie, go, sit, stand等时用完全倒装。【完成例句】 (5)河的南面有一家小工厂。In south of the river lies a small factory. (6)山谷里传来一声喊叫。From the valley came a cry. 3】such, the following等放句首时，句子要完全倒装。【翻译句子】 (7)Such are the facts. 情况就是如此。 (8)生活就是这样。Such is life. (9)The following is the answer to the question. 这个问题的答案如下。 4】There lie / exist / stand / live ＋主语＋…是there be 句型的变式【翻译句子】 (10)山顶上有一幢高楼。There is a tall building on the top of the mountain. (11)山顶上耸立着一座古塔。There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain. 5】“表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构。【例句观察】 Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests. 出席晚会的有格林先生，还有一些别的宾客。 Seated on the ground are a group of young men. 坐在地上的是一群年轻人。【注意】此时，主语较长，可还原为正常语序即：主＋系动词＋表语。二、部分倒装

人教版高中英语【必修二】[语法讲解

人教版高中英语必修二知识点梳理重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句概念引入： He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上语法点拨什么是定语从句？修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有：关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词：when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出：先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】

高中英语语法-倒装句

倒装句英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。一、完全倒装 1. 用于there be 句型。例：There are many students in the classroom. 原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom. ★2. 表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词，以及stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)。例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如： Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。） Here it comes. 它来了。 ★3. 表示方向的副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。 Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。 Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如： In he comes. 他走了进来。 Down it came. 它掉了下来。 ★4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。如：

1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语

英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语在下面画直线谓语在下面画曲线宾语在下面画双横线定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语： ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 考点5.宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1.His father named him Dongming.

高中英语语法英语句子成分和结构讲解分析划分与练习及答案

句子结构及成分 ①相关概念 1.词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transitive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。) 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”) She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”) 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。) 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1.Most birds can fly.（）考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3.It happened yesterday.（）考点4.My watch stopped.（）考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考点7.Shall I begin at once?（）考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（）考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（）考点10.They left last week. （） 3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：

高中英语语法(全英详细讲解)

必修一语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday. ② Are you coming to the cinema? ③ He is leaving for London in two hours. ④ We are spending next winter in Australia. Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc. 扩展： What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples: “I’m going to play football on Saturday” You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you. “I’m playing football on Saturday” You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you. 语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语) Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways: by repeating the words spoken (direct speech) by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. 1、declarative sentence陈述句 ①Change in pronoun:The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed

高中英语语法系列 第一章 句子结构