阅读理解之细节题

阅读理解之细节题（一）

一、考查方式：

细节题一般以直接理解题、语义转化题、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等形式出现。提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。

题干常为：

1. When / Where did the story happen?

2. Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

3. Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

4. Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

5. All the statements are true except…

6. The writer mentions all of the following except….

7. From the passage we know that ….

8. In the passage, the author states that….

9. The statement made by the author is based on the evidence/example/fact that….

二、解题思路与应试技巧

◆做题技巧：

1、用题干或选项中的关键词（实体名词、专有名词、数词等）在文中搜索(寻读)找到题眼，迅速锁定范围（相关词句或信息点），这是解题的依据所在。

2、对锁定的内容研读，对照选项，与之最接近的选项即是答案。

◆解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。

◆选项特征：

1. 正确选项的特征：

1）再现原文（常见于直接细节题）。

2）对原文进行改写（用近义词等将关键词替换；或改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍）。

3）对原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化。

4) 正话反说。

2. 干扰项的特征：

1）将原文内容扩大或缩小。

2）把未然当已然。（改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。）

3）无中生有。（根据读者主观想象或推测得出结论，而文中无涉及。）4）偷梁换柱（换词，改变原意）

5）文不对题（是原文，但与题干要求不符）

三、细节题出现的形式：

1.直接信息题：

直接信息题主要是问考生直接在文中明确给出的信息，不需要进行推断。通常这类问题不会涉及到全文的主旨问题，而一般都考察某一两句话的相关信息，定义判断常以这种形式出现。

[考例] He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination. （2013广东，A）

What do we know about Tom?

A.He was seriously ill.

B. He was a dishonest boy.

C. He was crazy about magic.

D. He was Dr. Epstein’s patient.

解析：A 直接信息题。从“He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.”可以直接找到答案。

[考例] The future of hitchhiking most likely lies with car-sharing organized over the Internet, via sites such as hitchhikers. org. (2011广州一模C)

According to the author, future hitchhikers are more likely to .

A．visit websites and find people to share cars with

B．stand by roads with their thumbs sticking out

C．stick out signs with their destinations written on

D．wait for some kind people to pick them up

解析：A 直接信息题。从“The future of hitchhiking most likely lies with car-sharing organized over the Internet”可以直接找到答案。

2. 间接信息题

做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。

[考例] Ho wever, it wasn’t all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission. （2011广东，A）

Some cats and dogs may fight when ______.

A. they are cold to each other

B. they look away from each other

C. they misunderstood each other’s signals

D. they are introduced at an early age

解析：C 间接信息题。由第2段第2—4句可知。他们打架的原因之一是他们的身体信号(身势语)是相反的，如猫将头偏开意味着要进攻，而狗将头偏开则意味着投降。由此推知，两者会因身势语不同产生误会，结果就会打起来。(细节推断)

3.数字计算题

这类题型要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算，得出正确结论。这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，确定计算方法。

[考例] Tuition Fees (学费)

Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui @ waikato．ac．nz.

Accommodation (住宿)

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A. $5,250

B. $8,000

C. $9,000

D. $11,000

解析：B 根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知，一年的学费最低为5,000美元，再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知，除学费外，还有住宿费(每月100美元)和生活费(每月150美元)，即一年大约共3,000美元，所以在WaiKato大学读书一年至少要花费5,000+3,000=8,000美元，故答案为B。

4.排列顺序题

排列顺序题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的先后顺序。常见的提问方式是：What is the right order of…?解答这类试题时，可采用“首尾

定位法”，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而选出正确答案。[考例] Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs. Then he operated on them. He made the monkeys’ blood go through a machine. The machine cooled the blood. Then the machine sent the blood back to the monkeys’ brains. When the brain temperature was 10 degrees. Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back. He warmed the blood again. After their operations, the monkeys were like what they had been were before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them. （2008 全国卷）

What is the right order of the steps in the operations?

a.send the blood back to the brain

b. stop the blood to the brain

c. have the blood cooled down

d. operate on the brain

A.a, b, c, d

B. c, a, b, d

C. c, b, d, a

D. b, c, d, a

解析：B 由“First he taught them to do different jobs. Then he operated on them.”可知道实施手术前要进行一系列工作。过程为：冷却血液——将冷却的血液输送到大脑——停止供血——实施脑部手术。

5. 图表图画题

在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。

[考例] If there are two of you, you go into different corners, standing diagonally (对角线地) across from each other to create distance.

When a third person enters, you will unconsciously form a triangle. And when there is a fourth person it becomes a square, with someone in every corner. A fifth person is probably going to have to stand in the middle. (“十校”联考) Which of the following describes how people usually stand when there are at least two people in an elevator?

解析：C 细节题。由文中的“standing diagonally”, “form a triangle”, “a square”等细节可以得出答案。

【实战演练】 A

A newly-published study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another, like a disease.

Researchers used information from the Framingham Study, which began in 1948. The Framingham Study gathers information about physical and mental health, personal behavior and diet. At first, the study involved about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts. Now, more than 12,000 individuals are taking part.

Information from the Framingham Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from

person to person. So can behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking.

University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo led the recent study. He and other researchers attempted to show how often people felt lonely. They found that the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.

Having a social connection with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely. In fact, a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. A friend of that person was 25% more likely. The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someone’s loneliness.

The effect was strongest among friends. Neighbors were the second most affected group. The effect was weaker on husbands and wives, and brothers and sisters. The researchers also found that loneliness spread more easily among women than men.

The New York Times newspaper reports that, on average, people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. It also found that every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent, or two and a half fewer lonely days.

Loneliness has been linked to health problems like depression and sleeping difficulties. The researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help in reducing it.

The study suggests that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness. They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness. The result can be helpful to the whole social group.

▲1. What is true about the Framingham Study?

A. It was only conducted in 1948.

B. It involves more than 12,000 participants.

C. It was led by John Cacioppo.

D. It showed that any behavior could spread.

2. From the passage, we can learn that ________.

A. the habit of littering doesn’t spread

B. a lonely person won’t have friends

C. everyone may be affected by others’ loneliness

D. lonely people don’t know the cause of their loneliness

▲3. Which statement about the spread of loneliness is true?

A. The spreading effect was the second strongest among friends.

B. No spreading effect was found on husbands and wives.

C. Women are more likely to be affected than men.

D. Brothers are more easily affected than neighbors.

▲4. If you make 10 more friends in a year, the days of your feeling loneliness will be reduced by ________.

A. 48 days

B. 25 days

C. 20 days

D. 15 days

5. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Actions should be taken to help lonely people.

B. People feel lonely for many reasons.

C. Ways to fight against loneliness.

D. Lonely people can affect others.

B

People in the United States honor their parents with two special days: Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June.

Mother’s Day was proclaimed a day for national observance by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. Ann Jarvis from Grafton, West Virginia, had started the idea to have a day to honor mothers. She was the one who chose the second Sunday in May and also began the custom of wearing a carnation.

In 1909, Mrs. Dodd from Spokane, Washington, thought of the idea of a day to honor fathers. She

wanted to honor her own father, William Smart. After her mother died, he had the responsibility of raising a family of five sons and a daughter. In 1910, the first Father’s Day was observed in Spokane. Senator Margaret Chase Smith helped to established Father’s Day as a national commemorative day, in 1972.

These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care.

These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead．Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery. On these days families get together at home, as well as in res taurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.

▲6．According to the passage, which of the following about the second Sunday in May is not true ?

A．It is a day to show love to mothers

B．It is a day to wear carnations

C．It is a day for people to visit the cemetery

D．It is a day for many people to attend religious services

▲7．Choose the right time order of the following events.

a. The first Father’s Day was observed

b. Mother’s Day was p roclaimed a day for national observance

c. Father’s Day became a day for national observance.

d. The idea of honoring fathers was bought up

A．a b c d B．d a b c C．b a c d D．d a c b

8．Who plays the most important role in Father’s Day becomi ng a national commemorative day? A．Mrs. Do B．Margaret Chase Smith

C．Ann Jarvis D．Woodrow Wilson

9．From the passage, we know in the U.S ________________.

A．one should wear a red carnation if one’s mother pass away

B．on Mother’s Day, families often go out to have barbecues

C．on Father’s Day, people often stay at home to celebrate the special day.

D．The purpose to have these two special days is to show love to parents

10．The author’s purpose of writing this passage i s to __________

A．call on people to love and respect their parents.

B．introduce Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.

C．tell the difference between Mother’s Day and Father’s Day

D．show how important fathers and mothers are

C

Bicycle Safety

Operation Always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus(校园). Obey rules and regulations. Watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use your lights in dark conditions.

Theft Prevention Always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack---even if you are only away for a minute. Register your bike with the University Department of Public Safety. It’s fast,

easy, and free. Registration permanently records your serial number, which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen.

Equipment

Brakes Make sure that they are in good working order and adjusted properly.

Helmet A necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fit properly.

Lights Always have a front headlight---visible at least 500 feet in front of the bike. A taillight is a good idea.

Rules of the Road

Riding on Campus As a bicycle rider, you have a responsibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. Riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15mph, unless otherwise posted. Always give the right of ways to walkers. If you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appropriate aid, call the Department of Public Safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go.

Bicycle Parking Only park in areas reserved for bikes. Trees, handrails, hallways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such posts can result in a fine.

If Things Go Wrong

If you break the rules, you will be fined. Besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for:

No bicycle registration---------------------------------------------------$25

Bicycle parking banned--------------------------------------------------$30

Blocking path with bicycle ---------------------------------------------$40

Violation of bicycle equipment requirement -------------------------$35

▲11. Registration of your bicycle may help you _____________.

A. find y our stolen bicycle

B. get your serial number

C. receive free repair services

D. settle conflicts with walkers

12. According to the passage, what bike equipment is a free choice for bicycle riders?

A. Brakes.

B. A helmt

C. A headlight.

D.A taillight.

13. When you ride a bicycle on the campus, ___________.

A. ride on posted bicycle paths and sidewalks

B. cycle at a speed of over 15 mph

C. put the walkers’ right of way first

D. call the police before leaving in a case of accident

▲14. If you lock your bicycle to a tree on the campus, you could be fined _________.

A. $25

B. $30

C. $35

D. $40

15. What is the passage mainly about?

A. A guide for safe bicycling on campus.

B. Directions for bicycle tour on campus.

C. Regulations of bicycle race on campus.

D. Rules for riding motor vehicles on campus.