翻译的第三次作业最后
Translation Methods for Long Sentences in the Graduate English Test
Name：Hu Xiaoli ( 胡晓丽)
Student Number: 200703501073
Class: 071-3
Translation Methods for Long Sentences in the Graduate English Test
Hu Xiaoli
(Department of English, School of Foreign Languages,200703501073）
Abstract To get a higher mark, we need to correctly understand and translated those long sentences in the Graduate English Test. This paper offers some useful translation methods for long sentences in the Graduate English Test .It concerns with the general features of long sentences, features of Chinese long sentences and English long sentences, the analyzing process of long sentences, main methods and skills on translation and practical implication.
Key Words: translation methods, long sentences, features, analyzing process, main methods and skills
1.Introduction
English long sentence‘s translation is a big difficulty for students to get a good mark in the Graduate English Test. We should know the general features of long sentence and try to find a way to translate it. As there are many differences between English and Chinese, we should pay more attention to them when we are translating. After
analyzing some long sentences, we are able to figure out some ways to translate these long sentences.
2.The General Features of Long Sentences
Even though there are many general features of the long sentences in the comprehensive passages of English, I took the five major features as follows:
2.1 Long and complicated sentences
Usually the sentences are very long and complicated with many
Sentences and phrases attached .Sometimes, the sentences is cut by many parts which make it more difficult to understand.
2.2 Many parallel components
There are parallel subjects, parallel objects, parallel attributives, etc. Sometimes, even components of different functions will form into a parallel structure.
2.3Many parallel sentences and clauses
Sentences and clauses appear in group and in different structures, making the long sentence an intricate web difficult to figure out where is the key point of the whole sentence.
2.4 A lot of attached components
Attributives, non-infinite components, past participles, and clauses are attached to the main sentence, which puzzle our mind.
2.5Complex logical relations
So much modifying, sentences, clauses words, etc, are weaved together, that it is difficult to make the logical order clearly in a short time.
However, in the Graduate English Test, the long sentences have many other features. For example, they are involved in politics, economy, society, science, anthropology, literature, entertainment, and so on. Therefore, to prepare for the Test, students have to read as many overall background materials, like popular news papers and magazines, home and abroad, as possible.
3.Different Features between Chinese long sentences and English long
sentences
Long sentence refers to a sentence with many words, complex structure and several stratifications of meaning( 吕瑞昌, 1983:146 ). It exists many different features between Chinese long-sentence and English long-sentence.
In Chinese, there are two kinds of long sentences from its inner structure: one has
several component parts and the contents of this kind of sentence are plentiful and delicate; the other is a sentence of two or more clauses, which can show logical relations among things clearly. For example, (1)
虽然我的篱笆直径达二十五码, 然而这些树却很快地把它完全遮起来,
使它成为一个绿叶成荫的地方, 在旱季里住在底下, 非常合适.( 方原,
1959: 93)
However, English long sentence is usually extended sentence which bases on basic structure, namely, subject + predicate. We can extend sentences by adding modifier, compound sentence, using phrase and clause as component. Besides, English focuses on shape similarities. Subject and predicate compound part are the outline of whole sentence while other parts are usually connected to subject-predicate part by using preposition, conjunction, and pronoun and so on. For example, (2)
―They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every
Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down
their lives."( 张培基, 1980：131)
4. The Analyzing Process of Long Sentences
There are many modifier components, especially clauses or phrases in English long sentences. So before translating, we need to analyze sentence structure. First, find out subject, predicate, object. Second, discern modifier and modified parts and get relations among each components or clauses. After getting the general meaning, we should adjust collocation following the habit of Chinese language. For example, (3) ―Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment
where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for
appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual
development.‖(http:// https://www.360docs.net/doc/6014151695.html,/a/2005 0815/)
Analyze: we know that ―Behaviorists‖ is subject ―suggest‖ is predicate, and object is a clause. There are five predicate structures, and their predicates are ―suggest‖, ―is raised‖, ―are develop‖, a nd ―experience‖. Relations among these predicate structures: ―Behaviorists suggest that-clause‖; ―who is raised in ……‖ is attribute clause to modify ―child ―; ―where there are many……‖ is attribute clause to modify ―environment‖; ―which develop……‖is attribute clause to modify ―stimuli‖.
After analyzing, we have a clearly understanding. So we get the following translation:行为主义认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些刺激因素又有利于其适应反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
Generally speaking, the translation process of analysis can be divided into two part-s:
understanding and expressing, which run through translation thinking.
5. Main methods and skills on translation and practical implication
5.1 Embedding
Embedding is such a translation way that puts post—modifier parts (Including variety phrases or clauses) before centre word. The pre—position of modifier is Chinese normal word order. This method can make translation more compact and make structure as a whole. For example, (4)
―The General Assembly may call the attention of the
security council to situations which are likely to endanger
international peace and security.”(张培基，1980：151)
Here , ―situation”is modified word. We can put “which—clause “before the modified word with Embedding. So we get the translation: 大会对于足以危及国际和平与安全之情势，得请安全理事会注意。
Embedding may make translation more compact and coherent. If Embedding part is too long and complex so as to make translated sentence pleonastic, we?d better take other methods.
5.2Cutting
Cutting, translates English long sentence into Chinese short sentences, has two advantages: first, it can keep English word order on the whole and fluently translate the whole sentence, too, reducing careless mistakes. Second, it can conform to modern Chinese syntax rhetoric principle that is short –long sentences alternate and simple –complex clauses alternate. Short sentences are easy to make stratification clearly and tone coherent. The Cutting point may be at related pronoun, related adverbial, and subject---predicate joint or follow sense groups.
5.2.1Cutting at subject-predicate joint
For example, (5),
―The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters
brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the
provisions of Article 11 and 12.‖
We know ?The proceedings of…Article‖ is subject part. So we get translation as following:
大会关于按照本条所提请注意事项之进行步骤，应遵守第11条及12条之规定。
5.2.2Cutting at parataxis or transition joint
For example, (6),
―That the international economic order must be changed or
the gap between developed and developing countries would
continue to widen.‖
声明宣称国际经济秩序必须改变，否则发达国家与发展中国家之间的差距继续扩大。
5.2.3. Cutting before clauses
For example, (7)，
―A small unit was set up in the Association to prepare
for an international conference on the problems already
mentioned, which is to take place in Rome, in September
1981.‖
This sentence is cut before attribute clause.
本协会曾成立与一个小组以便筹备一次国际会议讨论上述各项问题，会议拟于1981年9月在罗马召开。
5.3Reversing
Reversing in translating long and complex English sentences refers to adjusting the sequence of a given sentence so as to make it conform to Chinese usage. A sentence element of pre-position may be placed at the end of the whole text, and on the other hand, an end-position element may be placed at the beginning. For example, (8)，"Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are
pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive
with wonder anything you can catch". （张培基, 1980：152 ）
version:当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好
奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是
过得很快的。（张培基, 1980：152 ）
We know "time" is subject, and "goes" is predicate. The main sentence is "time goes fast". " who has a sense of beauty" is to modify " one ".And " you can catch" is to modify" anything ". " when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything" is a clause, which is to modify the main sentence.
After analyzing, we have a clearly understanding. The logical relations and expression of long sentence is contrary to those of Chinese. The expressed order of some English long sentences is different from Chinese expression of them or even totally opposite, which makes us begin to translate from the back of the original text.
5. 4 Splitting
Spitting is such a way that splits some parts (sentences, phrases, words) from long
sentences and then puts these splitted parts in other appropriate positions, which is good for the whole arrangement. Some parts are hard to translate by cutting or embedding, so the possible way is to split them.
5.4.1. Splitting words
For example,(9)，
―An outsider‘s success could even curiously help the two
parties to get the agreement they want.‖说来奇怪，一个局外
人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。
In this example, we split ?curiously‘from sentence and place it at the beginning, which make translation, sounds smoothly.
5.4.2. Splitting phrases
For example,(10)，
―At the opening banquet, Nixon seemed to have paraphrased his
host‘s position by saying: ―There are of course some who believe
that the mere act of saying a statement of principles or a diplomatic
conf erence will bring lasted peace. This is naive.‖
尼克松在欢迎宴会上说：“当然，有些人认为只要发表一项原则声明或举行一次外交会议就能带来持久和平，这是天真的想法，”尼克松这番话似乎是在阐述东道国的立场。
5.4.3. Splitting clauses
If attribute clauses loosely relate to main clause, pr put before modified word may be tedious, we can split them. For example, (11)，
―The saga of the white star liner titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1500 passengers to their deaths, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song.”（古今明，1997：227）
白星公司的班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1500多名乘客遇难。此后关于它的种种传说便成为各种刊物，电影以及诗歌，歌曲的内容而广为流传。
In the original sentence ?The saga……has been celebrated‘ and ?whic h struck an iceberg and sank……‘ are loosely related. So we translate the parts into two sentences. All these form a smooth joint and transition.
5.5Inserting
By inserting here we mean putting some additional punctuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc. in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. So far as idiomatic Chinese is concerned, the inserting part should be restricted in length (within 20 Chinese characters or so), otherwise, it
would be incongruous with Chinese usage
.5.5.1Inserting a dash
For example, (12)，
" The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice
is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the
valley.‖
雪, 在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上, 撒在田野里, 撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底---- 没有一条岩缝墙隙里不落满雪花。
5.5.2 Inserting a parenthesis
For example,(13)，
―When I went to Yenan in the summer of 1946, the
Anti-Japanese War, and the Second World War of which it
was a part, had been over for just a year.‖
我在1946年夏天去延安的时侯, 抗日战争和第二次世界大战(抗日战争是二战的组成部分) 结束了刚刚一年。
5.6Recasting
The so-called recasting is a way that rearranges sentences according to the usually narration and reasoning way of Chinese language after completely understanding meaning and structure of original sentences. Recasting basically changes stratifications and structural arrangements, so it is easy to make translation fluent and nature.
Some sentences are long and complex, especially with many clauses mingling together, so it is not at ease to get their relations. In addition, passive voice and subjunctive mood often set obstacle in translating. Furthermore, inserting, inversion and omission are difficult to deal with. All these make us to take recasting method. For example: （14），
―What the New Yorker would find missing is wh at many
outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York-its
rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness; the
vigor of its judgments; and the congested democratic
presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their
own world.‖
纽约的粗犷，紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性；它的是非观念之严酷无情；纽约市的那种各种人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局；这一切都使那些纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又本是纽约人所眷恋的。
6.Conclusion
Translating English long sentences into Chinese needs to master various translation Skills. It is very important to be successful in the Graduate English Test, and also in learning language. We should acquire all those translation methods with great concentration and do more exercises. Of course, while translating, we should freely use these skills depending on different circumstances.
References
【1】Daniel Defoe.Robinson Crusoe[M]. Shanghai: World Librarial Company, 2003.
【2】吕瑞昌等．《汉英翻译教程》[M].陕西：陕西人民出版社，1983.
【3】张培基等．《英汉翻译教程》[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.
翻译作业2及答案
The UN General Assembly, the central political forum, is composed of 193 members, including virtually all the world’s nation-states. Two thirds of its members are developing countries, which account for about three-quarters of the world’s population. Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus（一致）. As a result, important agreements are often held hostage （持有人质）by narrow special interests, and most agreements are reached only by reducing them to their lowest common denominators（共同特性，分母）. But the real question is whether the major countries of the world will allow democracy（民主（政治））to function at the highest level. The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security, deals with issues of the greatest political importance. The Council has only 15 members so it can meet frequently and deal with crises. Once impotence（无效）due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter. 联合国大会是最重要的政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括了世界上所有的国家。其中三分之二为发展中国家，这些国家的人口占了全球总人口的四分之三。 大会做出决议并非易事，因为按照惯例所有的协议都必须在成员国之间达成共识。结果，一些重要协议往往因为少数国家的特殊利益而面临被否决的可能，
英文翻译练习作业
英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.
翻译实验室扩建申报书
年度实验室建设项目申请书 单位名称：外国语学院 实验室名称：翻译训练室（扩建） 项目类别（教学、科研）：教学
一、基本情况 （一）项目申请单位基本情况 单位名称：外国语学院 （二）项目负责人基本情况 （三）项目主要内容 CAT机辅笔译实验室：系外语翻译理论与实践的专业教学实验室，是具备大型机器辅助翻译功能的实用系统，本实验室由教学子系统、教研子系统、实训子系统三部分组成，其中包含78个专业1200万条语料的语料库。该实验室建设，对提高我院英语专业硕士生及英语本科专业学生的翻译技能，是培养实践型、应用型、复合型的高素质人才重要基地。 CAT实验室可以实现机辅形式的作业练习，术语提示、记忆句提示、自动翻译、在线求助、在线答疑、单词用法查询等功能。 CAT实验室可对学生作业上载标准译文，教师评改时可以参照标准译文，对照标准译文学生自评和学生互评互改。 CAT实验室的实训系统，为学生模拟真实的工作环境，包括销售、总控、项目经理、译员、外部译员、审校、财务管理、人力管理、语料管理等多种角色，实现多种角色的功能。 CAT实验室能够为教师进行教研活动提供网络技术支撑，提供学生作业内容的分析，掌控学生翻译的情况，实时把握学生的学习动态以及教学质量。 CAT实验室提供丰富的专业语料数据库辅助翻译，支持多专业词典库，如法学、新闻、经贸、电子IT、金融、机电、军事等，可以根据需要挂接多个不同的专业库。 （四）项目预期目标及效益
机辅笔译(CAT)实验室的建立将直接有利于翻译理论与实践的教学；加强学校外语教学实验环境建设，提升对外形象，增强竞争力；利用雅信机辅笔译教学系统，高校可以建立高校的特色资源，有助于教学和学习资源的收集；雅信辅助翻译教学系统也具有项目管理的功能，尤其是译前管理是重中之重。译前管理一般包括项目的建立、项目的整体评估、专业词汇表的生成和预翻译、项目的拆分等。在教学中融入项目管理的思想，使学生掌握基本的翻译项目流程和管理理念、方法，提高学生翻译技能；翻译实训让学生尽早了解翻译流程，接触翻译实践，让学生尽早了解翻译流程，接触翻译实践，体会到团队合作的重要性，在未来的工作岗位中，注重团队的合作精神，一个项目中项目经理，译员、审校等不同的角色分配，通过任务分配、翻译预处理、提取术语、项目推进等各个环节的流转才能提交出一个高效率，高质量的完美项目。有助于提高毕业生的市场适应能力，增强高校毕业生就业优势，并为社会培养实践型、应用型、复合型的高素质人才等。各学校根据自己学校本身特色，结合翻译专业语言基础，如：成都电子科技大学建设了机械类翻译专业，对外经贸大学建设了商务英语翻译专业。我校可结合自身外事专业优势，建立多语种的经贸、商务等翻译专业，突出我校翻译专业特色，扩大学生就业竞争力，增加报考亮点。 （五）项目购置设备资金预算表 表1 项目购置设备资金预算表（可续表） 二、必要性与可行性 自2008年教育部审批通过第一批MTI（翻译硕士）专业以来，翻译专业顺应社会需求及学科发展，在硕士及本科的外语专业领域蓬勃发展。2012年6月教育部又将翻译本科专业设为基础学科，由各学校自行审批兴建，并在学科建设内容中明确了专业实验室配备的指导性意见，这也意味着教育部对外语专业领域
江苏省南通市2019届高三第四次模拟考试语文试题教师稿
江苏省南通市2019届高三第四次模拟考试语文试题 一、语言文字运用（12 分） 1.在下面一段话的空缺处依次填入词语，最恰当的一组是（3 分）( A ) 中国文学具有源远流长、▲的特点。若论文学的悠久，只有古希腊文学、古印度文学可以与中国文学比肩；若论文学传统的绵延不断，任何别的国家和民 族的文学都不能与中国文学▲。中国文学一直以丰富的作品、持久的魅 力▲着全世界。 A．博大精深相提并论滋养 B．博古通今齐头并进滋养 C．博古通今相提并论滋补 D．博大精深齐头并进滋补 2.在下面一段文字横线处填入语句，衔接最恰当的一项是（3 分）( C ) 理解词的意义有两种方法：一种是通过别的词给它下定义，另一种是通过实物指认。 ▲，▲。▲，▲，▲。▲。一个经常看到毛毛细雨的小孩子和一个只见过热带倾盆大雨的小孩子对于“雨”字的意义会有不同的理解。 ①因为他们无法凭借自己的词汇量下定义 ②成年人可以通过定义懂得五边形是具有五条边的平面图形 ③他们只能通过成年人指认实物识别五边形 ④显然小孩子只能通过实物指认理解词义 ⑤所以理解词义常受个人经验影响 ⑥可是小孩子并不懂这样的定义 A．①④②⑥⑤③ B.①⑥④②③⑤ C．④①②⑥③⑤ D.④⑥①③⑤② 3．下列各句中，没．有使用比喻手法的一项是（3 分）( C ) A.最后我看见一个港，一座铁桥黑虹一般架在港上，对着海的大歌剧院蚌壳一 般张着复瓣的白屋顶，像在听珊瑚海人鱼的歌吟。 B.那青黛色螺丝状一样卷着的茶丝儿，放于杯中，用开水沏后便舒展开来，那 状如鸟舌的茶片儿直立漂浮，杯子里便盛满了春天。 C.我一眼认出了胡杨，他挺立在荒漠里，无所畏惧的姿态，无以撼动的坚韧， 崇山峻岭一般的崔巍，仿佛饱含了日月精华，傲然挺立。 D.从高及云端的山顶上，一幅巨大的银帘奔涌而下，气势之雄和长江黄河一样。
1484745756第一次句子翻译作业 (1)
第一次作业 1.翻译下面的句子 1). 在家工作的人可以灵活安排时间。 2). 政府应该审查媒体的内容。(用基础的主谓宾句型来翻译) 3). 应该有政府对媒体内容的审查。(用there be句型来翻译) 4). 政府对媒体内容的审查是非常有必要的。(用主系表句型翻译) 5). 燃烧化石燃料的汽车是空气污染的主要来源。 6). 通过参加社区服务，青少年能培养宽泛的能力。(介词短语) 7). 当孩子们读书的时候，他们会尝试理解每个单词，这能增加他们的词汇量。(状语从句) 8).不应该禁止孩子看电视，家长应该建议他们看什么和看多久。(用Instead of在句首的句型翻译)
9). 有很多的争论关于孩子应该被送去寄宿还是走读学校。(用there be句型翻译) 10). 然而，这并不意味着所有的幸福都来源于金钱。 11). 一方面，有人认为大学课程应该由专家来制定因为他们更了解学生需要哪些知识和技能。(状语从句) 12). 另一方面，支持学生自己选择课程的人们认为这能增加他们学习的动力。(定语从句的考察) 13). 学生们可以通过艺术课程来提高自己的表达能力。(注意中文惯性翻译错误问题，不要直接字面翻译) 14). 有一个大幅的增长在老年人比例上，从1990年的13%增长到了2010年的37%。(用there be句型来翻译，注意时态) 15). 上寄宿学校的孩子比走读学校的孩子更加独立，因为他们有更多机会自己来解决问题。 16). 政府应该做的是对电影和游戏进行分级。(用what….的主语从句来翻译)
17). 体重的增加可以由如下原因来解释。(用被动句，主语用抽象名词短语) 18). 有更多的耐心是一个主要原因为什么小学里有更多女老师。 19). 不可否认金钱和幸福之间有紧密的联系。(It is 句型翻译) 20). 学生的学习能力有很大的差别。(用there be句型翻译) 21). 我认为虽然孩子们可以从电脑游戏里得到很多好处，但是他们花在这些游戏上的时间应该被合理控制。(用although的从句来翻译)
句子翻译作业2
进阶翻译练习1 1. 人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。 2. 许多学生没有意识到考试作弊的后果 3. 随着其他领域改革的进行，中国高等教育也在经历着巨大的变化。 4. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。 5. 一个人的实际能力才是企业所真正看重的。 6. 我们希望我们的政府采取更强硬的措施来防止传染病，比如艾滋。 7. 尽管经济危机，当局还是应该投放大量的预算去帮助有需要的人。 8. 环境中的化学废弃物会严重危害人们的健康。比如，河流中的化学排放物会疾病，基因变易甚至死亡。 9. 说句公道话，严肃性的课堂教学可以使我们学到很多知识。但用这种方式上课，学生们经常无法积极参与课堂活动。 10. 此外，大家庭也给我们提供了好的机会来培养我们的各种能力和性格。比如：合作，团队精神，独立，平等和关心他人。 11. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 12. 一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。正如那句老话：只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。 13. 当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。 14. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 15. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 16. 考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。 17. 给学生评定成绩的时候，应该把他的出席情况和课堂表现考虑在内。 18. 那些赞成“竞争教育法”的人认为，要想孩子在将来的社会中生存，必须从小就灌输竞争精神。 19. 现在，之所以会有如此多的包装纸是因为我们每天消耗的比过去的家庭要多得多。 20. 我认为我们发明一种新的语言来取代英语是没有必要的. 21. 环境保护是一个如今为人们广为讨论的一个话题。 22. 笔记本电脑流行的主要原因是它操作简单。 23. 没有人能否人这一事实：教育是人生最重要的一方面。 24. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。 25. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 26. 我们必须承认，那些反对此观点的人们也有一定的道理。 27. 人们往往会和观念与自己相近的人交朋友。 28. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 29. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 30. 众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。 31. 值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。 32. 例如，一些孩子花很多时间在电视机前，忽视他们的学习，户外活动甚至家庭。父母们
英语翻译作业
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。
以项目为依托的计算机辅助翻译教学模式及其效果初探共5页
以项目为依托的计算机辅助翻译教学模式及其效果初探 上世纪七〇年代以降，重视能力培养、工学结合的项目化教学成为教学改革的主要思路。项目化教学是以工作任务为核心，行为导向为方法，能力培养为目标，旨在把课堂教学与工作情境有机地结合起来，让学生融入有意义的工作任务中，通过完成任务，让学生自主学习、自我提高，实现知识的积累、能力的提高和素质的培养。《计算机辅助翻译》是翻译专业的核心课程之一，同时还是一门综合性的、交叉性的课程。课程涉及的知识面较宽广，且具较强的理论性及实践性。 一、项目化教学特点 项目化教学并不是让学生简单地按照教师的安排和思路去获得结果；而是在课程教师的协助和指导下，通过自身及与其他同学的共同探索、讨论、学习，去寻找解决问题的方法和途径，并且最终完成该项目的学习，最终获得成绩。该教学法的突出特点是，学生各种能力在项目实施的过程中得到了锻炼。总之，项目化教学是“以教师为主导，以学生为主体，以教学项目为中心”的探究性学习模式。 二、项目化教学的设计 项目化教学设计是一个自由度大的、极富创新的和灵活的过程，必须充分发挥教师的主导性和学生的主体性，项目化课程开发、创新、应用才能达到实效，而项目化教学的设计对教学效果有着决定性的影响。在设计项目实施的方面，务必考虑：是否能利用学生既有的知识；是否能衔接新旧知识；是否存在知识结构上的脱节或断层；是否能调动学生搜集项目相关资料，激发学生的主动性；是否能培养团队合作意识；是否能让学生将
所学的知识与实际应用联系起来；以及是否有助于激发学生的自信心等内容。根据教学计划，教师选定教学项目，并对该项目进行分解，结合相关的实际应用进行讲解；根据教学项目的特点组建项目小组。要坚持互助互补原则，全面考虑学生的分析能力、学习能力、自身特点等，致力于让每组成为有机的、合作的、进取的小组；首先，在项目实施的过程中，课程教师必须引导学生以小组的形式对该项目中的词汇、句型、语篇、结构、要点、格式等进行讨论。让学生通过自己的思考和小组合作总结出各个层面的特点；其次，必须引导学生通过文本分析，整理出该项目材料翻译的难点，并指导学生如何通过查阅相关的词典、书刊、网络资源等方法和途径来解决这些难点，并尝试性地探索解决的原则和技巧；再次，在各小组深入讨论并完成相关任务之后，教师可安排学生逐一展示各自的作业或小组之间相互检查各自的优点和缺点。在此过程中，其他小组的成员可提出问题，教师也可提出问题，以深化讨论的效果；各个小组完成相关的探讨任务后，教师要根据各个小组在项目完成过程中出现的问题进行适时的点评；对于在探讨分析过程中，各个小组所忽视的共性问题要及时地提出，并进行相应的讲解以补充课本上没有的知识，拓展知识面。笔者认为，判断一个项目教学法课程做得是否成功，其先决条件就是看项目的选择是否合理。我们的项目教学实施设计是完全模仿一家中等规模的专业翻译公司的业务操作流程设计的。译前计划：技术组成员搜集相关术语，建立初期术语库；技术组成员转换PDF到Word格式，排版原稿以便适用于Trados 翻译软件；技术组成员给翻译组成员和审校组成员集体培训Trados相关教程；翻译组成员、审校组成员与质检组成员找好对应的搭档，共4对；
翻译作业2
SZ170420117 环境一班任云帆 Peter Newmark: The first traces of translation date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions i n two languages have been found. 最早的翻译的痕迹来自公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。 It became a significant factor in the West in 300 BC, when the Romans took over wholesale many elements of Greek culture, including the whole religious apparatus. 一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。In the twelfth century, the West came into contact with Islam in Moorish Sp ain. 在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。 The situation favoured the two essential conditions for large-scale translation (Storig, 1963): 这样的情景下推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是： a qualitative difference in culture (the West was inferior but scientifically acquisitive and receptive to new ideas) and continuous contact between two languages. 文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言简的持续交流 When the Moorish supremacy collapsed in Spain, the Toledo school of translato rs translated Arabic versions of Greek scientific and philosophical classics. 当摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。Luther’s Bible translation in 1522 laid the foundations of modern German and King James’s Bible (1611) had a seminal influence on English language and literature. 卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。 Significant periods of translation preceded Shakespeare and his contemporaries, French classicism and the Romantic Movements. 莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期 全文： 最早的翻译的踪迹公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。这样的情景下，推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是：文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言的持续交流。摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解后，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期。
英语翻译基础的一些高校的真题
英语翻译基础的一些高校的真题 本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献 【天津大学】 翻译基础 一、词条翻译（1分×30＝30分） 福利彩票 welfare lottery 连环恐怖袭击案 series of terrorist attacks 零团费 no charge tour 按揭贷款 mortgage loan mortgage finance 一带一路 the belt and road 扶贫 supporting the poor 微商 micro business 西藏高原Tibet plateau 真人秀 reality show true man show 增值税 added value tax 餐桌污染 table pollution 九二共识；1992 consensus 保险索赔 insurance claim insurance indemnity 命运共同体 community with a common future 探月工程 moon probe project lunar exploration program moon exploration project CAT computer aid translation 计算机辅助翻译 HIV human immunodeficiency virus CPA certificated public accountant 注册会计师 civilian property agent 民间财产代理人 DOJ department of justice 司法部 modern pentathlon 现代五项运动 transit-trade 过境贸易转口贸易 graffito pollution 涂写污染 credit-card fraud 信用卡诈骗 animated feature 最佳动画长片 campus entrepreneurship 校园创业 inter-city commuter 城际列车 social media whiz 社交媒体专家 binge-watch煲剧刷剧。 二、翻译 英译汉（ 60分） The living windmill is not only beautiful but romantic too: a willing, man-serving creature, yoked to the elements, a whirling monster, often a thing of terror. No one can stand very near the crashing sweeps of a windmill in half of a gale without
137英汉翻译第一次作业
《英汉翻译》第一次作业 一、Phrase Translation（词语翻译） A．Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese(将下列词语译成汉语)．1．credit cards ( ) 2．National People’s Congress ( ) 3．Consumer Rights Day ( ) 4．money bill ( ) 5．anatomy of a sale ( ) 6．commercial advertising ( ) 7．a nuclear family ( ) 8．panic purchasing ( ) 9．brain shrinkage ( ) 10．a documentary film ( ) B．Directions：Put the following phrases into English．(将下列词语译成英语) 1．国际货币基金组织( ) 2．美联社( ) 3．钢铁工业( ) 4．田径运动( ) 5．广告代理人( ) 6．时装表演( ) 7．海峡两岸关系( ) 8．种族隔离( ) 9．风险投资( ) 10．西部大开发( ) 二、T ranslation Theories (理论常识)
A. Directions: Fill the following blanks (填空) 1．从内容来看，翻译的种类可分为( )翻译、政治翻译、( )翻译和事务性函电翻译。 2．汉译英时，比较普遍的现象是汉语的( )词转换为英语的 ( )词。3．汉语里，状语通常放在( )之后，( )之前。 4．汉语的“把”字句，在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将 ( )引出,放在( )之前而成一种汉语特有的句型。 5．汉语拟声词多半带有形容词性质，在句中可作定语、状语或谓语；而英语拟声词多半属于( )词或 ( )词，在句中可作谓语、主语或宾语。 B．Directions: Choose the right sentences. （下列各组每组有两个句子，请选择正确的句子） 6. [A]英译汉时，忠实是指内容，通顺是指语言。 [B]英译汉时，忠实是指语言，通顺是指内容。( ) 7. [A]英语代词比汉语用的多。 [B]英语代词比汉语用的少。( ) 8. [A]鸠摩罗什的译文倾向于直译。 [B]玄奘的译文倾向于直译。( ) 9. [A]我国近代翻译中最有影响的要算傅雷提出的“信”、“达”、“雅”了。 [B]我国近代翻译中最有影响的要算严复提出的“信”、“达”、“雅”了。( ) 10. [A]Essay on the Principles of Translation is written by Cicero． [B]Essay on the Principles of Translation is written by Tytler．( ) 三、Multiple Choice Questions. Directions：This part consists of fifteen sentences，each followed by several different translations．Choose the one that is the most equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. （选择。从下列每组译文中，选择正确的译文。） 1．我喜欢哲学，更喜欢文学.( ) A．I like literature better than philosophy. B．I like literature more than philosophy. 2．他的一切希望都破灭了.( )
翻译作业 2
Translation Task 2 I Translate the underlining part into Chinese. The Thanks We Give Editorial of The New York Times It's not the turkey alone we're grateful for. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers --- friends of friends, cousins of in-laws --- and some are almost desperately familiar, faces we live and work with every day. In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people--- the cooking and serving and cleaning --- a chore. But today it doesn't feel that way. The host---perhaps it's you--- stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we're thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives to what lies behind them. In incompatible with the gratitude- not to mention the abundance --- that Thanksgiving summons. It's tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another, except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn't true. This is always a feast about where we are now. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion of the year we're in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions. II Correct the inappropriate part in the following sentences. 1. We discovered this long ago but were never able to successfully solve the problem. 2. I hope you will sit down together to carefully study and discuss this question. 3. China is of special importance to the world and is related to the stability and security of the international situation. 4. We must continue to strengthen basic research and increase scientific and technological strength and staying power for future development. 5. In areas that are suitable for the production of grain, a good job must be done in grain production and efforts be made to raise per-unit yield, increase variety, and improve quality.
英语翻译作业1
一、改译 宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers) 自学self learn(study on one’s self) 彩票colorful tickets(lottery) 救火save a fire(Firefighting) (电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash) 吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen) 风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark) 太平门safe door(emergency exit) 三角债triangle debts(chain debts) 扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on) 文化程度cultural degree(education level) 抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up) 来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads) 提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English) 胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译 大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean 猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse 嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog 挥金如土Spend money like water 易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand 打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake 呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken 千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step 瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest . 跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple 三、重点翻译 她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非 She always makes mischief between neighbors. 她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师 She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school. 正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭 True friend is who provides you timely help. 我要有个三长两短，你给我娘捎个话 If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage. 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. 你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙 他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已 His promise to you just a blank check. 我喜欢那套房子，但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远 I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.
MTI计算机辅助翻译实验室技术要求
MTI计算机辅助翻译实验室技术要求 1建设目标 秉承可靠、安全、合理、适用的原则，建设稳定耐用、符合实际教学需求的MTI计算机辅助翻译实验室。实验室既要满足MTI计算机辅助翻译的软硬件要求，又要兼顾视听说、口译教学的实际需要，同时还要具备网络考试功能。为帮助学生提高翻译技能，实验室主要用于教学培训，同时兼顾大型笔译实践项目。MTI 计算机辅助翻译实验室的硬件与辅助教学软件必须达到国内领先水平，软件界面简单大方，系统必须稳定可靠。 2实验室配 2.1设备配置清单 结合MTI计算机辅助翻译、视听说教学以及托福考试要求，实验室采用8行8列64个学生座位的布局，配置64台学生电脑，另外配置教师电脑1台、备用教师电脑（托福考试缓存）1台、外接笔记本（托福考试管理站）1台。 分类序 号 需求内容数量 性能要求 （投标方需提供品牌型号） 备注 政府采购1 台式计算机66 型号、配置由投标方推荐甲供 2 笔记本电脑 1 型号、配置由投标方推荐甲供 3 网络交换机 3 型号、配置由投标方推荐甲供 4 投影机 1 型号、配置由投标方推荐甲供 5 电子白板 1 型号、配置由投标方推荐甲供 多媒体1 音箱 2 2路5单元配置； 最大输入：450 W； 额定阻抗：80； 频率范围：40Hz-20KHz； 灵敏度： 90dB/W/m 2 功放 1 尺寸约： 430×80×325mm 额定功率：70W*2/8欧姆 信噪比：≥80dB
失真度：<0.8％ 3 网络监控 3 300W像素，支持海康威视 4 耳机话筒组80 可靠耐用，话筒柄可内外弯曲调整，耳机线可伸缩，应带音量调节，支持双声道； 耳机阻抗：32Ω±15%； 耳机灵敏度：110dB±3dB at 1KHz；耳机频率响应：20-20,000Hz； 麦克阻抗：2200Ω±15%； 麦克灵敏度：-60dB±2dB； 麦克频率响应：30-16,000Hz； 5 有线话筒 1 一个防手机干扰鹅颈式话筒；设备支持热插拔；有话筒开关，对应有指示灯。 6 机柜 1 标准机柜>=24英寸 7 数字音频矩阵 1 支持8进4出 布线工程1 网络、多媒体 布线工程 1 采用六类成品网线，48口配线架 含辅助设 备及耗材2 监控探头 3 支持科达网上巡考系统 教学软件 1 语言教学软件 1 1个教师端和64套学生端，详见语 言教学软件功能要求 2 电子教室软件 1 实现教师机对学生机的广播、监 控、屏幕录制、屏幕回放、文件收 发等操作 ★以上设备投标方应提供不少于3年的免费质保服务。2.2语言教学软件功能要求 1.★采用纯软件技术，所有教师机、学生机无需任何外置终端或插卡。软件支 持多语言界面切换（不少于5种常用语言界面，含中文、英语、日语）。软件满足语言教学所需要的“听、说、读、写、译”等教学需求，拥有音频广播、视频广播、分组会话、示范教学、录音等教学功能。软件基于IP实时音视频网络数据传输,占用CPU的资源小于等于25%，系统运行稳定，启动成率>99%，有效防止因CPU负载过高而造成的死机现象，软件支持Win 7以上操作系统（教师机不得安装Windows Server服务器操作系统）。