语言学Chapter4课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises

1. What is syntax?

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

2. What is phrase structure rule?

The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.

The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ...

VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...

AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...

PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...

We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.

The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)

3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?

Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.

4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?

The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.

It has four important properties:

1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear

prior to the conjunction.

2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.

3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.

4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category

type of the elements being conjoined.

5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?

A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.

The role each element can play:

Head:

Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.

Specifier:

Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.

Complement:

Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.

Modifier:

Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.

6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?

There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).

7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.

Det A N V P Det N Adv

b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.

Det N Adv V P Det N

c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.

Det A N Aux V Det N P Det N

d) This cloth feels quite soft.

Det N V Deg A

8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.

a) rich in minerals

A PP

rich in minerals

b) often read detective stories

Qual V NP

often read detective stories

c) the argument against the proposals

Det N PP

the argument against the proposals d) already above the window

Deg P NP

already above the window

9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.

a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det N PP

P NP

AP N

A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N Pst V PP

A P NP

Det AP N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.

Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V NP AdvP

Det N AdvP Adv

Adv The man examined his car carefully yesterday

d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.

Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N PP Pst V PP

A P NP P NP

Det N Det N

A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm

10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

NP Infl VP

N V NP

Det AP N Con N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

NP Infl VP

N Pst V PP Con V PP

P NP P

Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V AP Con AP

A PP A PP

P NP P NP

N N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics

11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V NP

C S

NP Infl VP

NP N Pre V NP

N You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V NP

Det N CP-

C S

NP Infl VP

NP N Pst V NP

Det AP N

Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam

c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

A CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V NP

N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a

Roll-Royce

d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V PP

P CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Plu V NP

The children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.

Deep Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pst V AP

C S Aux A

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

The essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pst V AP

C S Aux A

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

The essay that he wrote e was excellent

b) Herbert bought a house that she loved.

Deep Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

N Herbert bought a house she loved that

Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

N Herbert bought a house that she loved

c) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.

Deep Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pre V PP

C S P NP

NP Infl VP N

N Pre V NP

The girl he adores whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pre V PP

NP C S P NP

NP Infl VP N

N N Pre V NP

The girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics

13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.

a) Would you come tomorrow?

Deep Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Aux V AdvP

Adv

You would come tomorrow

Surface Structure:CP

C S

Infl NP Infl VP

Aux N Aux V AdvP

Adv

Would You e come tomorrow

b) What did Helen bring to the party?

Deep Structure:

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

N PP

P Det NP

Helen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl NP Infl VP

N Pst N Pst V NP

N PP

P Det NP

N What did Helen e bring e to the party

c) Who broke the window?

Deep Structure:CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N

Who broke the window

Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

Det N Who e broke the window

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A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP

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Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

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树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP

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一填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分）、 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（），右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为（）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现（）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，字母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（明的作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ） ? 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和 [l]是属于（）变体。单项选择题:在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）

影响的语言学流派是（） A. 历史比较语言学 B. 心理语言学 C. 结构主义语言学 D. 社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是（） A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是（） A. 屈折变化 B. 变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D. 异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是（） A. 舌面前高不圆唇 B. 舌面后高不圆唇 C. 舌面前半高不圆唇 D. 舌面前半低不圆唇

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