建筑设计论文外文翻译 (2)
设计（论文）外文参考资料及
译文
译文题目：Discussion on The Planning and Design
of Commercial Buildings
学生姓名：XXX学号：09******83
专业：建筑学
所在学院：XX学院
指导教师： XX
职称：副教授
201X年XX月XX日
原文：
Discussion on The Planning and Design
of Commercial Buildings
Abstract: the commercial building in residential buildings has become, most attract sb.'s attention, the largest building is influenced by the type of energy and landscape of the city planning, design of commercial buildings will face more problems. This paper discusses how to carry on planning and design of commercial buildings, the construction of a rational, reasonable, appropriate business building, so as to create a good social and economic benefits. Keywords: construction planning; commercial buildings; architectural design
Preface
Comprehensive is the development trend of modern commercial buildings, architects in the design of commercial buildings and functions are changing, different positioning of planning, business characteristics and local cultural influence commercial building mode, which requires us to continuously improve our project products, create more in line with the business needs of the best plan and design works, and finally let investors and consumers feel a constant value, so that they feel superior combination of spatial continuous operation, let the customer feel shopping pleasure, feel the beauty of life and the world.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/6212862400.html,mercial architectural scheme
Commercial buildings are generally large investment, high risk, long cycle, the successful operation of returns, different commercial patterns determine different commercial building form, and commercial pattern is determined and market positioning, the positioning accuracy of the architect, to commercial building various functions, property, facilities should have full understanding and effective organization, and different commercial construction planning ideas to produce commercial architectural design works are different, economic benefits of investment has great difference. Good architectural planning has decided the success or failure of architectural design.
1.Market survey of commercial building design must be based on the market survey results. Based on the characteristics and trend of foreign consumption, economic conditions, traffic conditions, the surrounding commercial pattern, city infrastructure, city development planning, full market research business situation, on the project itself, choose format, format portfolio, the distribution of industrial chain and area proportion, industry selection, distribution and area ratio to the shops, division, architectural form, area and the floor function, people oriented system, project environment and supporting facilities are set in advance. Provide design basis for the architect to design.
2.Mode demand regardless of commercial building is rental, sale or rental run
combination, the most important is to determine the main format, for commercial buildings, different types of decision model is different, its business scale, function flow, and so on are designed by itself to determine, different formats have different functional requirements, and design the use is required by the business decisions rather than the developer to advocate. The lack of directional design basis, the design appears to be universal, but shoot at random. Once the function with the shop owner conflict, the design must be from the beginning. Language planning can increase the early unnecessary cost and later investment difficulty. Therefore, architects should design according to different formats of different architectural space mode analysis and recommendations.
3.In commercial buildings in the process of planning, commercial real estate is the key to grasp the global experts and architects. Commercial real estate planner requires multidisciplinary personnel coordination ability of organization, according to the project of regional history and culture characteristic, according to local consumer preferences, in particular, the design project of the overall concept, culture orientation and market orientation is determined. At present, the commercial real estate projects generally organized by developers to overall planning, the investment in the project needs and business management experts, business format store managers and retail marketing planner, planner, communication landscape planners, architects, etc. In the implementation of construction plan, still need to urban planner, computer talented person to participate, to form a complete construction plans. Neither side may be arranged to replace, the architectural design is inclusive and absorbing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete architectural planning and design.
4.Sustainable development and the characteristics of commercial building is a public place, with the development of business, commercial buildings in 5-6 years will be to do a decoration, simple and durable quality, less as far as possible need to repair and maintenance, and at the same time, according to the different project environment and commercial content is flexible to adapt and ultimately the value of investors and consumers are continuous. Complete function, rich forms, and space is varied, characteristic, design must be the contemporary tendency of time again at the same time, in all sorts of culture and the differences between s resonate.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/6212862400.html,mercial building design
Commercial building design is for the purpose of the construction project to produce a good and lasting economic benefits, the architect in commercial building design is to realize project to achieve a dynamic model of investment return, is to complete a final acceptance by consumers and continuous use of building products. Prophase planning orientation, investment, operation and management, each situation is very complex, has brought great influence, architecture design is an important link. And architects for commercial architecture design is inclusive and absorbing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete works of architectural design.
(1)Formats combination design
The composition of commercial complex is decided by the business itself industry value
chain, what kind of business combination is better for business. Architects should according to the preliminary planning and positioning, the first investment, operation and management of the planning scheme, starting from the basic function and practical application of building, clear the relationship between the function, space, environment, in line with The Times to design not only requires a new breath, also requires a reasonable and clear arrangement of the whole space functional requirements, and actively guide the passenger flow, manufacturing flow, different articles require different forms of space and location, reasonable distribution area, the partition of floor paving segmentation and supporting facilities design can avoid all kinds of goods mixed Chen, mixed traffic situation, the architect should create rich, flexible, comply with the appropriate space to contain different aspects of business combination technology needs. Must do to make it a complex, the industrial chain, industrial chain out after the value chain came out, can produce all kinds of benefits.
(2)Pattern design
Planning, design of commercial building in different commercial real estate development mode, have completely different results. Rent is not only sales, emphasizing on management and value-added shops, if considering concurrently, also consider the preferences and requirements of the buyer shops. Commercial buildings due to the different requirements for merchants function layout is different, also different brands to the layout of the same forms are different. By the limit of commercial buildings, or different development cycle, or running effect is different. Those who do not conform to the business law of commercial building design, although space modeling is rich, has implied the bad management of hidden trouble. Therefore, meet the demand of merchants, digest the negative influence of all kinds of changes, architects in the design of the flexible space combination, providing different pattern design, to the use of a variety of forms do fully consider function of balance and coordination. Commercial building itself the function of the combination is very complex, for commercial, residential, office each mixed complex project, the process will be more difficult. Commercial and apartment part often deployed in a low-end, office and hotel in the high-end. The advantages of this design can facilitate the building line layout; Low-end flat layer in the core tube location is advantageous to the toilet set up; High-end part of the landscape advantage is more advantageous to project high value products. But in the concrete project, but should also fully consider building itself the vertical transportation efficiency of the impact on business. In the design of architectural plane layout, space efficiency will approach combined with architectural form and structure. For example, many senior project adopted the practice of Angle, when the design according to the economy, it can increase economic returns of about 30%, but in the specific project be careful not to damage to the corner form.
(3)The guidance system design
Stream of people, logistics, decision function layout reasonable guidance system is the key to the success of commercial building design. Make sure people line, logistics, inward and outward, channel form, to make the layout of the commercial function, consumer groups have a wide range of interest and today free time, thus providing rich architectural space, integrating shopping, entertainment, leisure and so on need comprehensive shopping mall is their needs. Rich function as much as possible to meet the requirements of the customers, but also satisfy the buyers (pavement investors, business investors) needs to provide convenient
logistics channel. And express more interest in the construction details. And then to create new business environment. Let the consumer feel the pleasure shopping consumption, feel the beauty of life and the world at the same time, create more economic benefits for store operators.
(4)Green building and characteristic
Green building on the one hand can save energy, on the other hand the sustainable of benefits will far outweigh the prophase investment so as to achieve the value of overall implementation, green buildings gives the possibility of ability of sustainable development and alteration, when architects in the design of commercial buildings so there is no need to do best, do it right, and not have to do much more luxurious style reflected is the commercial buildings, stronger in proper. Commercial buildings tend to be the center of the city commercial culture, different cities have different style, therefore, the architects in the use of his style and technique, need deep understanding urban commercial culture characteristics, extract the essence of the regional culture, architectural design make commercial buildings should have cultural features, local feature, more want to highlight the characteristics of the formats, spatial characteristics, cultural characteristics used in commercial buildings, not only can sense the material shell, are showing strong commercial buildings.
3.Conclusion
Modern commercial architecture planning and design major programs, including the investment purpose and the understanding of the business environment for investors, commercial content on the project, the location of the business environment of consumer behavior, commercial buildings, the understanding of the business concept research, commercial building project planning, design process and method of design, for project construction total plane design and auxiliary space design professional design, space form and form design, the project design space and form of management main body,property requirements,facilities and equipment requirements,architectural engineering and construction of the professional requirement.
中文译文：
浅谈商业建筑规划设计
摘要：商业建筑现已成为除居住建筑以外，最引人注目的，对城市活力和景观影响最大的建筑类型，商业建筑规划设计将面临更广泛的问题。本文论述了如何对商业建筑进行规划设计，建设出合理、合情、合适的商业建筑，从而创造良好的社会和经济效益。关键词：建筑规划；商业建筑；建筑设计
前言
综合性是现代商业建筑的发展趋势，建筑师在设计商业建筑的方式和功能都在发生着改变，不同的策划定位、商业特色和地方人文都影响着商业建筑的模式，这就需要我们不断改进我们的项目产品，打造更加符合商业需求的最佳策划方案和设计作品，最终让投资者和消费者感到持续的价值，让商户感受到持续经营的优越组合空间，让客户感受到购物消费的愉悦，感受到生活和世界的美丽。
一、商业建筑策划
商业建筑一般投资规模大，风险大，周期长，经营成功的回报也大，不同商业形态决定不同商业建筑的形式，而商业形态又取决与市场的定位，而定位的准确性，建筑师才能对商业建筑各种功能、物业、设施要求有充分了解和有效组织，而且不同的商业建筑策划思路产生不同的商业建筑设计作品，投资产生的经济效益差异较大。好的建筑策划已经决定建筑设计的成功或失败。
1.市场调查商业建筑设计必须依据市场调查得出定位结论。对外通过对消费特点和趋势，经济条件，交通状况，周边商业格局，城市基础设施，城市发展规划，商业现状进行充分的市场研究，对内通过对项目本身的业态选择、业态组合、产业链分布和面积占比例，业种选择、分布和面积占比，对商铺划分、建筑形态、区域和楼层功能、人流导向系统、项目环境及配套设施等进行预先设定。为建筑师设计提供充分的设计依据。
2.模式需求不管商业建筑是出租、出售或租售兼营组合，最重要的是确定主力业态，对于商业建筑来说，不同业态决定模式的不同，其业态规模、功能流程、设计等都是由它自己来确定，不同业态有自己不同的功能要求，这些使用要求与设计是由商家决定而非发展商自行主张。缺乏定向设计的依据，所做设计看似通用性强，实则无的放矢。一旦功能与店家冲突，设计必然从头推翻。言目的规划设计只能增加前期不必要成本和后期的招商难度。因此建筑师应根据不同业态设计不同的建筑空问模式来分析和建议。
3.在进行商业建筑策划的过程中，商业地产专家与建筑师是把握全局的关键人物。商业地产策划师要具备多学科人才协同组织能力，根据项目所处区域历史文化特点，特别是根据当地消费者偏好，设计项目开发的总体理念，确定文化定位与市场定位。当前，商业地产项目一般由发展商组织总体策划，在投资立项中需要与商业经营专家、商业业态店经理人员、商铺营销策划师、建筑规划师、景观规划师、建筑师等进行沟通。在实施建筑策划时，还需城市规划师、计算机人才共同参与，才能形成完整的建筑策划方案。任何一方都不可能包办代替，建筑设计就是包容和消化这些意见、方案和专业价值的物化劳动，才能形成完整的建筑策划和设计方案。
4.可持续发展和特色商业建筑是公共场所，随着商业的发展，商业建筑一般在5-6 年就要重新做一次装修，简洁和耐久的品质，尽可能地少需要维修与保养，而同时，根
据不同的项目环境和商业内容进行了灵活的适应，最终让投资者和消费者感到持续的价值。功能齐全、业态丰富、空间多姿、特色鲜明，设计必须富有时代感，同时又需超越时代趋势，在各种文化和不同年代间引起共鸣。
二、商业建筑设计
商业建筑设计的目的是让建筑项目产生良好的、持久的经济效益，建筑师在商业建筑设计里面是要实现项目达成一套动态的投资回报模式，是完成一件被消费者最终接受和持续使用的建筑产品。前期的规划定位，招商，经营管理，每种情况都是非常复杂，都带来很大的影响，建筑设计是一个重要的环节。而建筑师进行商业建筑设计就是包容和消化这些意见、方案和专业价值的物化劳动，才能形成完整的建筑设计作品。
（一）业态组合设计
商业综合体的构成是由商业本身产业的价值链决定的，什么样的业态组合更有利于经营。首先建筑师应根据前期的规划定位，招商，经营管理的策划方案，从建筑的基本功能和实际应用出发，明确功能、空间、环境之间的关系，设计不仅要求符合时代新气息，还要求合理、清晰地安排整个空间功能需求，主动地引导客流、制造客流，不同商品需要不同的空间和位置，合理的分布面积，楼层的分区铺面分割及配套设施设计能避免各类商品混陈，人流混杂的情况，建筑师应创造丰富，灵活多变，符合业态组合的合适空间来包容不同层面技术的需求。要做成一个综合体，一定要做产业链，产业链出来之后，价值链就出来了，就能产生各种效益。
（二）模式设计
商业建筑的策划、设计在不同的商业地产开发模式下，有着截然不同的结果。只出租不销售，重点考虑经营与商铺增值就可以了，如果考虑兼营时，还要考虑商铺购买者的偏好与要求。商业建筑因招商要求不同而功能布局不同，同种业态也因品牌不同而布局不同。受此限定的商业建筑，或开发周期不同，或经营效果不同。那些不符合商业规律的商业建筑设计，虽然空间造型丰富，却已隐含了不良经营的隐患。因此，满足商家需求，消化各种变化带来的不利影响，建筑师在设计中采用灵活的空间组合，提供不同的模式设计作品，要对多种业态使用功能的平衡与协调做充分的考虑。商业建筑本身的功能组合十分复杂，对于商业、居住、办公相互混合的综合体项目，处理的难度会更大。商业及公寓部分经常布置于建筑低端，办公和酒店放在高端。这种设计的好处可以便于楼体管线的布置；低端平层中让出的核心筒位置有利于卫生间的设置；高端部分的景观优势更有利于项目高价值的产品。但在具体项目中，还应充分考虑建筑本身的竖向交通效率对商业产生的影响。在建筑平面布局的设计中，空间的使用效率也要同建筑形式、结构做法相结合。例如很多高层项目在设计时采用了转角的做法，按照经济性的测算，这种做法可以增加大约 30% 的经济回报，但在具体的项目中要注意不要对街角形成破坏。
（三）引导系统设计
人流、物流决定功能布局合理的引导系统是商业建筑设计成功的关键。先确定人线，物流，出入口，通道形式，再作商业功能的布局，今天消费群体有着广泛的兴趣和自由支配的时间，因此提供丰富多姿的建筑空间，集购物、娱乐、休闲等需要为一体的综合商场是他们的需求。尽可能丰富功能来满足这类顾客的要求时，同时还要满足购房者（铺面投资者、商业投资者）的需求为他们提供便捷的物流通道。并在建筑细节上表达更多趣味。进而创造新的商业环境。让消费群体感受到购物消费的愉悦，感受到生活和世界的美丽同时，为商场经营者创造更多的经济效益。
（四）绿色建筑和特色
绿色建筑一方面可以节约能源，另一方面其带来的的可持续收益将远远大于前期的
投入从而达到整体的价值实现，绿色建筑赋予建筑可持续发展的能力和更换改造的可能性，所以建筑师在设计商业建筑时没有必要做得最好，要做得合适，并不是要做的多豪华多气派才能体现是商业建筑，要强在恰到好处。商业建筑往往是城市商业文化的中心，不同城市有不同的风格，因此，建筑师在使用自己建筑风格和手法的时候，需要深入了解城市商业文化特征，提炼地域文化的精华，建筑设计使商业建筑要有文化特色，地方特色，更要突出业态特色，空间特色，人文特色在商业建筑中使用，不仅有着可以感知的物质外壳，也表现出强烈商业建筑风采。
三、结语
现代商业建筑规划设计的主要程序，包括对投资者投资目的和商业环境的理解，对项目商业内容、消费者的商业环境行为、商业建筑选址、商业项目概念研究、商业建筑策划的理解，设计的构思过程与方法，对项目建筑总平面设计及辅助空间设计的专业设计，对项目空间形态及形式设计，对经营主体物业要求、设施和设备要求、建筑工程及结构的专业要求等。
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
建筑设计参考文献综述
文献综述 建筑设计参考文献综述： [1]《房屋建筑学》，邢双军主编 建筑学作为一门内容广泛的综合性学科，它沙及到建筑功能、工程技术、建筑经济、建筑艺术以及环境规划等许多方面的问题。般说来，建筑物既是物质产品，又具有一定的艺术形象，它必然随着社会生产生活方式的发展变化而发展变化，并且总是受科学技术、政治经济和文化传统的深刻影响*建筑物—一作为人们亲手创造的人为环境的重要组成部分，需要耗用大量的人力和物力。它除了具行满足物质功能的使用要求外，其空间组合和建筑形象又常会赋予人们以精神上的感受。 [2]《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006） 1.0.1 为了防止和减少建筑火灾危害，保护人身和财产安全，制定本规范。 1.0.2 本规范适用于下列新建、扩建和改建的建筑： 1 9层及9层以下的居住建筑（包括设置商业服务网点的居住建筑）； 2 建筑高度小于等于24.0m 的公共建筑； 3 建筑高度大于24.0m 的单层公共建筑； 4 地下、半地下建筑（包括建筑附属的地下室、半地下室）； 5 厂房； 6 仓库； 7 甲、乙、丙类液体储罐（区）； 8 可燃、助燃气体储罐（区）； 9 可燃材料堆场； 10 城市交通隧道。 注：1 建筑高度的计算：当为坡屋面时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其檐口的高度；当为平屋面（包括有女儿墙 的平屋面）时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其屋面面层的高度；当同一座建筑物有多种屋面形式时，建筑 高度应按上述方法分别计算后取其中最大值。局部突出屋顶的瞭望塔、冷却塔、水箱间、微波天线间或设 施、电梯机房、排风和排烟机房以及楼梯出口小间等，可不计入建筑高度内。 2 建筑层数的计算：建筑的地下室、半地下室的顶板面高出室外设计地面的高度小于等 于 1.5m 者，建筑底部设置的高度不超过2.2m 的自行车库、储藏室、敞开空间，以及建筑屋顶上突出的局部设备用房、出屋面 的楼梯间等，可不计入建筑层数内。住宅顶部为两层一套的跃层，可按1 层计，其它部位的跃层以及顶部 多于2 层一套的跃层，应计入层数。 1.0.3 本规范不适用于炸药厂房（仓库）、花炮厂房（仓库）的建筑防火设计。 人民防空工程、石油和天然气工程、石油化工企业、火力发电厂与变电站等的建筑防火设计，当有专门的国家现行标准时，宜从其规定。 1.0.4 建筑防火设计应遵循国家的有关方针政策，从全局出发，统筹兼顾，做到安全适用、技术先进、经济合理。 1.0.5 建筑防火设计除应符合本规范的规定外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
外文文献翻译中性化服装设计
外文文献原文+译文 原文 The study on the design of neuter clothing H ous e W Abstract Social and economic development, social thought, opening up and the progress of science and technology, men and women style presented the diversified pattern of neuter the fuzzy gender differences in style, from the beginning of non-mainstream des ign till n ow has develop ed i nt o on e of the mains t ream fas hi on d es ign style. Fashion brands have launched in recent years, the neutral flavor of fashion, neuter clothing market share of more and more, neutral fashion, with its broad group of sex leads the urban street fashion. Neutralization of free and open way of life style, gave people a comfortable and enjoyable. K ey words: Neut e r; Cl ot hing; Gender roles; Design 1 Introduction The beginning of the 20th century the rise of the feminist movement, make the neutral clothing as a kind of style into the line of sight of people. In the 90 s, the neutral clothing has used by each big brand clothing as one of the fashionable e lement s, s uc h a s dust coa t w i th a ne ut ral style, s ui ts, t-shirt s and j e ans have bec om e people like everyday clothes. Neuter clothing style is a simple, pure; reject all multifarious mincing, personalized style. As a special kind of clothing style, neuter clothing fashion has been intensified in the social life, so it is necessary for us to study the clothing neutralization phenomenon, to study its causes and the development of sociology. This article mainly from the sociological association as well as the relationship between men and women clothing and gender status in the society, which is based on analyzing the change of the study the social basis of the neutral clothing appear; Again from the social system, economic development, cultural trend and fashion designers to the influence of the neutral clothing style, etc., it is concluded that the neuter clothing phenomenon is the development of social consciousness, the sexual role transformation, the new clothing design trends are affecting the results.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
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