初中英语语法专题讲座04名词

初中英语语法专题讲座04名词
初中英语语法专题讲座04名词

初中英语语法专题讲座——名词

【复习要点】

英语名词可以分为两大类:普通名词和专有名词。学习英语名词,通常要掌握名词的数(单数、复数)、格(主要是所有格)等几个语法概念。

一、普通名词:

普通名词根据其意义又可以分为四种:个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

1、个体名词:

个体名词可以指具体的人或物,也可以指一类人或物。例如:desk 课桌,book 书,student 学生,bird 鸟,house 房子。个体名词有单数和复数之分。我们在使用个体名词时,不能“拿来就用”,而应当考虑到与限定其词义的各种限定词连用。例如:Have you found the [your] child? 你找到[你的]孩子了吗?There are many [some / about ten / no] birds in the tree. 树上有许多[有一些/有大约10只/没有]鸟。

2、集体名词:

集体名词是指由个体组成的集合体,使用时视为复数名词。family 家庭,team 团队,police 警方,people 人民。例如:There are a lot of people on the playground. 操场上有许多人。The police have caught the head of the gang. 警察抓住了团伙的头目。

有时,一个名词可以用作个体名词,也可用作集体名词,视具体情况而定。例如: His family is not poor any more. 他家再也不穷了。I hope your family are quite well. 我希望你的家人身体都很好。

3、物质名词:物质名词是指那些不能分成个体的物质,例如:water 水,bread 面包,metal 金属,cotton 棉花,silk (蚕)丝,rain 雨,air 空气。使用物质名词,不可以和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用,也不可能有复数形式。例如:我们不能说:There is a bread [are two breads] on the plate.我们只能说:There is some [a little / two pieces of] bread on the plate.

如果要给物质名词计数,就要使用量词。例如:a piece of bread 一块面包two bottles of orange 两瓶橘子汁three bags of rice 三袋大米

4、抽象名词:

抽象名词是指那些抽象概念的名称,例如:work 工作,pleasure 乐趣,feeling 感觉,health 健康,duty 责任,weather 天气。一般情况下,抽象名词不能和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用,也不可能有复数形式。例如:We had great fun playing with our good friends. 我们和好朋友在一起玩,很开心。(不能说:a great fun)What is the weather like in your country? 你们国家的天气怎样?

有时,抽象名词如果被一个形容词修饰,就具有了特定的性质,这时,可以用不定冠词来限定其意义。例如:There was a heavy rain last night. 昨天夜里下了一场大雨。

二、专有名词:

专有名词是指人名、地名、团体、机构等的名称,月份、星期、节日等名称也是专有名词。专有名词的开头字母要大写。例如:

⑴人名:John, Green, Mr. Wang等。

⑵民族名:Chinese, English, French, Australian等。

⑶团体、机构名称:the United Nations 联合国,UNESCO或Unesco 联合国教科文组织,WTO 世界贸易组织,等。

⑷地名:Beijing, London, China, England, Yellow River, Wall Street等。

⑸月份、星期、节日名称:January, Saturday, Christmas Day等。

⑹对家人的称呼:Dad, Mom / Mum, Auntie, Granny, Uncle John等。

三、可数名词复数:

英语名词有可数与不可数之分,可数名词通常是个体名词和集体名词,可以计数,例如:tree —trees, child – children, family—families, class – classes。

不可数名词通常是物质名词和抽象名词,不可以计数,在句中视为单数,例如:water, paper, work, health。

可数名词复数规则:

1.一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog—dogs。

2.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:watch—watches。请注意:stomach —stomachs

3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country--countries。请注意:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。如:monkey--monkeys。

4.以o结尾的名词:zero,zoo,radio,photo,piano无生命的词变复数时,加-s,tomato,potato,hero,Negro(黑人)等有生命的词变复数时加-es。

5.以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife—knives。

6.单复数形式相同的词:sheep—sheep,fish—fish Chinese—Chinese,Japanese —Japanese

7.特殊变化的单词有:

tooth—teeth,foot—feetchild—children mouse—mice man—men,woman—women,policeman—policemen, Frenchman—Frenchmen请注意:German(德国人)—Germans

8.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。例如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours.

9.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理)

10. how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any, a number of 等来修饰可数名词复数。

11.复合名词的复数形式:

①.将最后部分变为复数形式,例如:afternoon → afternoons 下午,policewoman →policewomen 女警察,girl-friend →girl-friends女朋友,schoolboy →schoolboys 男生,school teacher → school teachers 中小学教师。

②.将两个部分都变为复数形式,只限于man, woman为第一部分的复合名词。例如:man doctor → men doctors 男医生,woman singer → women singers 女歌手。

四、名词的所有格:

名词的所有格有三种形式:’s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格。

1、‘s所有格:

‘s所有格通过在名词后加’s构成,主要用于表示人或有生命的东西的名词后。例如:John’s father 约翰的父亲,the teacher’s desk 老师的办公桌,the dog’s food 狗的食物。

有时,也用在表示时间、距离、国家等的名词后,例如:New Year’s Day 元旦,China’s future 中国的未来。

请比较以下两个短语的不同意思:Jack and Jane’s mother杰克和琼(两人)的母亲Jack’s and Jane’s mothers杰克和琼(各自)的母亲

‘s所有格有时可以独立使用(即它的后面不跟名词),表示商店、诊所、家宅等。例如:Mrs. Smith went to the doctor’s yesterday afternoon. (= the doctor’s clinic) 史密斯夫人昨天下午去看医生了。Where are you going? —I’m going to my uncle’s. (= my uncle’s house)你去哪里?我去我叔叔家。

2 、of所有格:

of所有格用of短语表示,主要用于表示无生命物品的名词以及名词化的形容词。例如:the cover of the dictionary 词典的封面,the life of the poor 穷人们的生活,the name of the student (= the student’s name) 这个学生的姓名。

3、双重所有格:

双重所有格的结构是:of + ~’s。例如:a book of Tom’s (= one of Tom’s books) 汤姆的一本书。双重所有格主要用来表示全体中的一部分,例如:a book of my

brother’s我哥哥的一本书(许多书中的一本)two coats of my friend’s我朋友的两件外衣(许多外衣中的两件)

请比较以下两组短语的意思:

a friend of my father’s(强调我父亲不只有一位朋友)a friend of my father (强调对我父亲友好)

a picture of Mr. Wang’s(王先生许多照片中的一张)a picture of Mr. Wang (王先生本人的肖像)

【考题分析】

1.— Would you like some _____?

—Thank you, but I’m not thirsty.

A. sandwiches

B. mooncakes

C. oranges

D. orange

分析:本题既考了名词的可数与不可数,又考了词义。从题目上看,I’m not thirsty一句是关键。thirsty意为“口渴的”,与饮料有关。候选项中的oranges(橘子)是可数名词(复数),而orange(橘子汁)是不可数名词,正好可选。答案:D

2.—How far is your school from here?

—It’s about twenty ____ walk.

A. minute’s

B. minutes

C. minutes’

D. minute

分析:“二十分钟的行走(路程)”的英语说法既要考虑到复数形式,又要考虑使用名词的所有格。应当选用候选项中的(twenty) minutes’(该词已以s结尾,不可再加s)。答案:C 再如:

We will have a _______ holiday after the exam.

A. two month

B. two-month

C. two month’s

D. two-months答案: B

3.Have you ____ your new classmates yet?

A. had friends with

B. made friend with

C. got friend to

D. made friends with

分析:本题四个选项虽然是动词短语,但是其中有一个名词复数的问题。“与某人交朋友”的英语说法是make friends with sb。其中的friends一定要用复数形式,表示相互关系。答案:D

4. – What can I do for you? –I’d like two _______.

A. box of apple

B. boxes of apples

C. box of apples

D. boxes of apple 分析:box 和apple都是可数名词,应用复数。答案: B.

5. Help yourself to _________.

A. some chickens

B. a chicken

C. some chicken

D. any chicken

分析:chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数,故不能选A,B 答案: C

6.________ it is today!

A. What fine weather

B. What a fine weather

C. How a fine weather

D. How fine a weather

答案: A.选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.)

7. Which is the way to the __________?

A. shoe factory

B. shoes factory

C. shoe’s factory

D. shoes’ factory

答案: A.选择C,D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等. 例如:

误:Please tell me where the shoes shop is?正:Please tell me where the shoe shop is.分析:在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时,这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式,如:a shoe shop 鞋店a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局a bus stop

汽车站

8. This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them.

A. are studying

B. is studying

C. be studying

D. studying

答案: A.选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当“人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等

9. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.

A. earth and stone, millions of

B. earths and stones, millions

C. the earth and stone, million of

D. the earths and stones, millions

解析:earth 是不可数名词,因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。

10. —“Would you like _________?” —“______, please.”

A. drink, Three coffees

B. a cup of drink, Coffees

C. a drink, A coffee

D. a drink, Three cups of coffees

解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用…of来表示数量, 例如, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示“一杯”.因此选C。

11. They got much _____ from those new books.

A. ideas

B. photos

C. news

D. stories

解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.

12. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.

A. orange, orange

B. oranges, oranges

C. oranges, orange

D. orange, oranges

解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选C。

13. The team ________ having a meeting.

A. is

B. are

C. am

D. be

解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。

14. An old _______ wants to see you.

A. people

B. person

C. the people

D. the person

解析: person 与people 都有”人”的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用“a person”,“两个人”用“two persons”; people 泛指“人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指“人民”, a people 指“一个民族”. 应选B。

15. Help yourself to __________.

A. chickens and apples

B. chickens and apple

C. chicken and apple

D. chicken and apples

解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。

16. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.

A. room’s number

B. rooms’ number

C. room numbers

D. rooms’ numbers

解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有my physics teacher,two bus drivers 等. 应选C。

17. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second ________.

A. family

B. house

C. home

D. room 解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.

18. ____ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .

A. Mary and Peter’s

B. Mary and P eter

C. Mary’s and Peter

D. Mary’s and Peter’s

解析: 此句中“mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。

19. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.

A. her uncle

B. her uncle’s

C. her uncles

D. aunt’s

解析: 此句意为“李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。

20. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.

A. many experiences

B. much experience

C. an experience

D. a lot experience

解析: experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词, 作“经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为“经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。

21. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.

A. you

B. your

C. your sister

D. your sister’s

解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。

22. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________.

A. Frenchmen, Germans

B. Germans, Frenchmans

C. Frenchmans, Germen

D. Germen, Frenchmen

解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.

【巩固练习】

一、写出下列名词的复数形式。

1.bag _______ 2.orange __________ 3.family __________ 4.wish __________ 5.leaf __________ 6.knife _______ 7.key __________ 8.baby __________ 9.tooth __________ 10.foot ___________ 11.woman _______ 12.sheep _______

13.Indian _________ 14.Japanese _______ 15.potato ________16.radio _______ 17.child _______ 18.fish ______ 19.Frenchman ______ 20.man doctor _______

二、根据句意填入适当的名词(首字母已给出):

1. They live in Paris and speak F__________.

2. They will go on a p_____. Please tell them not to forget to take water with them.

3. We Chinese use c__________ when we have meals.

4. China has larger p__________ than any other country in the world.

5. Their class won the g________ 400-metre relay race at the s_________ meeting.

三、选择填空:

1. We now don’t write letters on _____. We send emails.

A. papers

B. computer

C. paper

D. the computer

2.What ______ is it today? — It is Sunday.

A. days

B. day’s

C. date

D. day

3. Ther e are two ______ in my class. Who is the one you’re going to talk to?

A. Mary

B. Mary

C. Maries

D. Marys

4. They will not walk there. Most of them have decided to go there ______.

A. in the bus

B. by bus

C. on bus

D. by the bus

5. Tom works hard and spends ______ in the library.

A. much time

B. many time

C. many times

D. a lot of times

6.I was told that two ___ teachers would teach us English and chemistry next term.

A. woman’s

B. women

C. women’s

D. woman

7. He decided to travel round the earth and return in ______.

A. two year time

B. two years long

C. two year’s time

D. two years’ time

8. I don’t know that man, but I think he is ______ father.

A. Lucy and Lily’s

B. Lucy’s and Lily

C. Lucy’s and Lily’s

D. Lucy and Lily

9. What ______ we have today!

A. a nice weather

B. a fine day

C. nice a day

D. the nice weather

10. I’m hungry. Please give me ______, please.

A. a bread

B. some breads

C. a piece of bread

D. two piece of breads 11. The day before yesterday she told me _______ news.

A.a good B.such a good C.so good a D.a piece of good

12. I won't go there with you,for I have a lot of _______ to do.

A. works

B. job

C. work

D. working

13. Li Lei is a friend of _______.

A. I sister

B. my sister's

C. me sister

D. my sister of

14. In our school there are fifty-five _______ .

A. women teachers

B. woman teachers

C. women teacher

D. woman 's teacher 15.The cat caught two _______ last night.

A. mouses

B. mice

C. mouse

D.mices

四、将下列短语译成英语。(名词所有格的用法)

1.吉姆的自行车______________

2.王叔叔的自行车____________________

3.教师节_____________________

4.吉姆和凯特的父亲______________

5.我父亲的一个朋友____________

6.五分钟的路程_____________________

7.儿童节_____________________

8.中国地图___________________

9.床头___________________10.今天的作业_____________________

11.孩子们的故事书______________12.在我姑姑家_____________________ 13.在医务室____________________14.几年的时间____________________ 15.我姐姐的朋友的书_____________________

五、将下列句子译成英文:

1.房间里有几位女医生和女警察。

There are some ________ _________ and policewomen in the room.

2.史密斯先生是迈克父亲的一位朋友。

Mr. Smith is _____ ______ ________ _________ ________.

3.中国的人口为世界最多。

China has ______ _________________________ in the world.

4.看,床底下有一双新鞋。

Look! There is ________________________ under the bed.

5.格林一家已经搬到另一处去了。

________________ have moved to another place.

参考答案:

一、1.bags 2. oranges 3. Families4. wishes5.leaves6.knives 7.keys 8.babies

9.teeth10.feet 11.women 12.sheep 13. Indians类似的还有:Russians,Canadians,Australians,Germans14.Japanese15.potatoes 16.radios 17.children 18. fish/fishes (fish的复数可以是fish,也可以是fishes。fishes指“不同种类的鱼。”fish作“鱼肉”解是不可数名词) 19.Frenchmen 20.men doctors

二、1. French 2. picnic 3. chopsticks 4. population 5. girls’ sports

三、1—5 CDDBA 6—10 BDABC 11—15 DCBAB

四、1.Jim's bike 2.Uncle Wang's bike 3.Teachers’ Day 4.Jim and Kate's father 5.A friend of my father's 6.five minutes’ walk 7.Children's Day 8.A map ofChina9.the end of a bed 10.today's homework 11.children's storybooks 12.at my aunt's 13.at the doctor's 14.a few years’ time 15.my sister's friend's book 五、1. women doctors 2. a friend of Mike’s father’s 3. the largest population 4. a new pair of shoes 5. The Greens / The Green family

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