英语语法与写作基础
英语语法与写作基础
Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
英语语法基础
一、词性
1. 名词(noun →n.)：
表示人或物的名称，man, teacher, book, music, time等。
另有专有名词如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。
动名词也是名词，由动词+ing构成，表示某种行为，如：swimming, playing basketball, being short等。
在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位语。如：
I love studying English in my leisure / spare / free time. （主语、宾语）Being short is not a disadvantage. （主语、表语）
The railway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. （定语）
We made him monitor. （宾语补足语）
We Chinese people mean what we say. （同位语）
2. 各种代词(pronoun →pron.)
指代人或物，如人称代词he, she, us, them, 指示代词this, that, these, 不定代词some, any, someone, something, all, each，疑问代词what, which等。
代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾语，少数可以做表语、同位语、定语。
What has happened to him（主语、宾语）
This is my book. Yours is over there. （定语、主语）
They each / all got a birthday present. （同位语。当然，还有主语they也是代词。）
注意：反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语，绝对不能做主语! 例如：
He himself is to blame for the mistake. （同位语）
He isn’t himself / doesn’t look / feel / seem himself today. （表语）
He slipped, but didn’t hurt himself. （宾语）
3. 形容词 (adjective →adj./a.)
形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：
He is said to be a handsome boy. （定语）
He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. （表语）
He fell down to the ground, dead. （主语补足语）
4. 副词 (adverbial →adv./ad.)
副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。He plays the piano well / very well. （修饰动词短语plays the piano，very又修饰副词well）
She is very / really / pretty beautiful. （修饰形容词beautiful）Surprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. （修饰整个句子）
注意一词多义、一词多性现象：
She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. （形容词，“生病的”，句中作表语）
ill effects / discipline / temper / humor（形容词，“不好的；糟糕的；有害的”，只能作前置定语）
ill-equipped / ill-treat / speak ill of sb （副词，“坏地；糟糕地”，做状语）
a cure for all the nation’s ills（名词，“问题；困难”，作宾语。）The book is very good and worth reading a second time. （程度副词，“非常地”，做状语。）
He is the very man for the job. （形容词，“恰恰是；正是”等表示强调的意思，只能做前置定语。）
He played the instrument so well that he won first prize. （副词，“好地”）
He’ll get well soon. （形容词，“身体好的；健康的”，只能作表语。）
We used to get our water from a well. （名词，“井；水井；油井；气井）
With tears well ing in his eyes, she went away. （动词，“（液体）流出；涌出”）
5. 介词 (preposition →prep.)
英语中的介词不能单独使用，通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，一起做句子的状语、定语、表语、补足语。
I’ll put my name on the back of the envelope. （地点状语）
She didn’t remember the name on the back of the envelope. （后置定语）
He was on holiday at the time. （表语、时间状语）
He left his keys in the dormitory. （宾语补足语）
6. 连词 (conjunction →conj.)
英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。
并列连词主要有and, but, or, so, for；从属连词引导从句，按功能分有引导状语从句的because, since, as, although, so that等，引导定语从句的that, which, who, whose, when, where等，还有引导名词性从句的that, who, which, whether, where等。
We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. （引导并列句，表示转折）
Before I could think of a reply, she went away. （引导时间状语从句）Since everybody is here, let’s begin. （引导原因状语从句）
Who is the man that is sitting at the back （引导定语从句）
This is the hospital where / in which she was born. （引导定语从句）That no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. （引导名词性从句的主语从句）
I’m delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. （两个从句，分别有由that和what引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句）
The question is whether we can get in touch with him. （引导名词性从句的表语从句）
7. 动词 (verb →v.)
动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：
1）及物动词与不及物动词
2）动作动词（行为动词）与状态动词（静态动词，含系动词、结果动词）
3）实义动词与助动词（含情态助动词）
4）持续动词与瞬间动词
5）谓语动词与非谓语动词
关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。
二、英语的句子成分小结
1. 主语：
由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当
I was / They were young and energetic.
Who / What makes him so upset
To learn / Learning English is easy.
Who will go there / Whether or not the meeting will be held is not decided yet.
2. 谓语：
由谓语动词来充当，有时态和语态（主动语态与被动语态）变化Spending money is fun.
He didn’t go with us for lack of money.
I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest.
The car must have been stolen.
3. 宾语：
由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当
I want to go home right now.
I appreciate your help / your helping me.
He didn’t say why / when he was leaving.
4. 定语：
由形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。
The small boy (sitting / seated) under the tree is Tom.
The boy (who is seated / sitting) under the tree is Tom.
5. 补足语：
由名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当，有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种）
The news made me happy / on top of the world.
He was elected / made monitor.
He wanted the work to be done by Friday.
Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.
He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately. 6. 状语：
由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。
He remained seated there / throughout the party.
He jumped with joy when he heard the news.
To learn English well, you should read widely.
Dressed in / Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.
7. 表语（系动词be和半系动词之后）：
由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当He is like his father / a student / handsome.
The chicken smells / tastes good.
He looks worried / like his father.
The story sounds interesting.
Something must have gone wrong.
8. 同位语
英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同位语从句充当
He praised us all in class. （宾语us的同位语）
They all/ each got a reward. （主语they的同位语）
I saw the president himself. （宾语the president的同位语）
We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. （主语we的同位语；宾语the news的同位语从句）
三、助动词小结
助动词主要是帮助谓语动词改变形式，如否定式、疑问式、进行式、完成式、被动式、强调式等。
1．助动词has, have, had（后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的完成时，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句）
I have finished all my homework. / Have you finished your homework --- No, I haven’t.
She has gone to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.
The train had already left when she arrived at the station.
2．助动词is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be a) 后接动词的-ing形式，构成谓语动词的进行式
What are you doing now --- I’m watching TV at home.
Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident happened.
I have been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to solve the problem.
She is not working in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her fortune.
We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.
b) 后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态
She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.
When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of things (had been) stolen.
The suspension bridge will be completed next month.
I can’t lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.
3．助动词do, does, did
a) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式
We don’t go to school on Sunday. Do you
She doesn’t work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.
Did you go to the cinema with her last night --- No, I didn’t.
b) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“确实；的确；务必”，仅用于肯定句
I did return the money to you.
She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.
I do believe that he is the best man for the job.
Do be careful next time.
4．情态助动词can/could, may/might, must, should, will/would, shall, need, ought等。情态助动词与上述助动词在用法唯一不同的是，情态助动词有特定的意义，表达说话人某种特定的感情，所以叫情态助动词。
You’ve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
You needn’t have hurried. There was plenty of time left.
There is a knock on the door. Who can it be
I can’t find my umbrella. Who can have taken it
What shall we do now
You should not have left her alone at home last night.
四、非谓语动词小结（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词）
1．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动词不定式（带to）只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语（一般为时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语）用分词，其中，现在分词表示主动、过去分词表示被动。
To learn English well, you should read widely. （动词不定式作目的状语）
With this, he left, never to return. （动词不定式作结果状语）Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. （现在分词作时间状语，跟主语是主动关系）
He came running towards his mother. （现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语是主动关系）
She came, accompanied by her mother. （过去分词作伴随状语，跟主语是被动关系。）
（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。）
2．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其中，动词不定式表示将来的行为，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。）
The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong. （动词不定式作定语）
The boy wearing glasses is my next-door neighbor. （现在分词作定语）
The stolen car was discovered near a river. （过去分词作定语）
需要注意的是，某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，它们是：序数词、only、动作性名词，如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness, pressure等。此时则不用考虑时间概念。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He is the only teacher to understand me.
I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.
另外还有一种结构being + 过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的被动行为：
The matter being discussed is very important.
The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer. （注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语必须其修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。）
3．动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下3种情况：
a）动词不定式带to，跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，如：ask / tell / order / persuade / allow / forbid sb to do，其否定式是not to do。变为被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词不定式。
I persuaded him not to go there alone.
We are not allowed to smoke at school.
The novel is believed / is reported / is said to have been translated into Chinese.
b）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see, hear, notice, observe后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。
I noticed him enter the school gate.
They saw him walking towards the school.
She was frightened to see the old man knocked down by a car.
变为被动结构时，动词不定式要加to，现在分词和过去分词不变，同时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
He was noticed to enter the school gate.
They were never heard to have a quarrel.
A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.
c）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let, make, have后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表
示动作的全过程，现在分词表示持续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。
The teacher had me rewrite my composition.
She made me wash the car for a week.
I’d like to have this package weighed, please.
He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.
（注：从词义上来说，let sb do = allow sb to do，have sb do = ask sb to do，而make sb do = force sb to do，其被动式be made to do （动词不定式要加to）= have to do：He was made to wash the car for a week.）
4．动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语
（动名词，顾名思义是一个名词，虽然它是由动词+ing构成，但它不再是一个具体的动作，而是指一件事。另一方面，动名词可以加宾语或状语，也有否定式、被动式和完成式，仍然保留了一些动词的用法。）
Walking is a good form of exercise. （主语）
One of his hobbies is collecting antique coins. （表语）
I’m considering immigrating to Canada. （动词宾语）
He made an apology to me for not having been able to help. （介词宾语）
There was much opposition to pulling down the school and building a refuse collection point.
（介词宾语，两个并列）
Building materials often emit (= give off) volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) into the air. （定语）
注意：
a）带to的动词不定式也可以作主语，但与动名词表示一件事不同，动词不定式是一个动作，而且是一个尚未发生的动作。
To learn a foreign language well is not easy.
To start a sentence with an infinitive sounds awkward as if one is giving a formal speech.
动词不定式作主语通常会用it作形式主语：
It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.
It is important to give her all the help available.
但无论哪种形式作主语，在并列结构中，前后的形式必须一致：Buying a new TV is as cheap as repairing the old one.
It is as cheap to buy a new TV as it is to repair the old one.
Starting a sentence with an infinitive is not as common as using a gerund. b）动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但现在分词是一个正在进行的行为：a sleeping bag （动名词）/ the sleeping baby （现在分词）
a swimming-pool （动名词） / the boy swimming in the pool（现在分词）
关于非谓语动词还有几点说明：
1．非谓语动词作定语相当于一个定语从句，作状语相当于一个状语从句（但作伴随状语时相当于一个并列句），两者基本上可以互换。
The boy (who is) swimming in the pool is my half brother.
The car (which was) stolen last week has been found by the police. Looking from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.
= When we looked from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.
Looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too disappointing. = If it is looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too disappointing.
Not having received a reply, I wrote again.
= Because I didn’t receive / hadn’t received a reply, I wrote again. They came in, singing and dancing.
= They came in and they were singing and dancing.
2．非谓语动词都有一般式和完成式，动词不定式还有进行式，其中，一般式表示该行为与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之后发生，而完成式表示该行为在谓语动词之前发生，进行式当然表示动作正在进行。
He is said to live / to be living in Canada.
He is said to have gone to Canada.
He sat at a table by the window, gazing into space.
Having finished all my homework, I went to the cinema.
I dream of going to Beijing University to study.
Not having been trained as a nurse is his one regret.
3．除了作定语和补足语，其他情况下的非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语：
To become a college teacher, you must at least have a master’s degree. Looking out of the window, I saw a man running after a car.
Inspired by his good deeds, I determined to do more volunteer work.
Do you mind closing the door
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是它所修饰的那个名词，作补足语时，则是它前面的那个名词：
The sleeping baby looks so cute.
The baby sleeping in the cradle looks so cute.
The first newspaper to be printed in English came out over 100 years ago. Life is very difficult for those laid-off workers.
Convinced / Believing that he didn’t take the money, I let him go.
His words set me thinking.
A phone call sent him hurrying to the hospital.
She left the baby crying / left the car unlocked.
（最后三句中的set/send/leave sb doing属于固定用法，表示“让某人做某事；使…处于…状态，后接形容词、现在分词或过去分词）
4．现在分词、过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语也可以是另外的名词，而不是主句的主语，通常是在分词前加上该名词，构成名词 + 分词结构，叫做独立主格结构。试比较：
An old man walked past, followed by a dog. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
An old man walked past, a dog following him. （独立主格结构）Having lost the key, I couldn’t enter my office. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
The key lost, I couldn’t enter my office. （独立主格结构）
Having been damaged by the heavy rain, the bridge was no longer safe. （分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
All the flights having been cancelled because of the heavy rain, we had to wait. （独立主格结构）
5．动名词作主语、宾语、表语时也可以另带逻辑主语。试比较：Do you mind turning down the air conditioner a little（动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
Do you mind my / me smoking（动名词的逻辑主语是me）
Imagine living alone on a lonely island for a few years. （动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
I can’t imagine Tom / Tom’s cooking dinner. （动名词的逻辑主语是Tom）
He is used to living in such cold weather. （动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）
He is used to his students / his students’being late. （动名词的逻辑主语是his students）
动名词另带主语时，可在动名词前加名词、宾格代词或物主形容词，但作主语的动名词，要加逻辑主语就只能用物主形容词。比较：
We were very happy at Tom / Tom’s / him / his coming to visit.
Tom’s / His coming to visit made us very happy.
6．动词不定式的逻辑主语有以下三种：
a) 是主句的主语，如：I want to go home. / To find more information, visit .
b) 是前面的名词，如：He told me to stay. / Permit me to introduce the guests to you.
c) 由for sb / of sb构成，如：It’s easy for me to make a cake. / It’s kind of you to say so.
In order for you to hear clearly, I will speak slowly and carefully.
（of结构仅用于描述人的句式中，即前面有描述人的品性的词，如kind, wise, silly等。）
五、英语句子小结
英语句子主要有简单句、并列句、主从复合句三大类。简单句又可分为肯定句、否定句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。从语气上来
说，英语句子有陈述语气（陈述句，用于陈述一个事实）、祈使语气（祈使句，用于表达命令和要求）、虚拟语气（用来表示一个与事实相反的假设）三种。
1. 简单句（一个句子）：主谓宾定补状6部分组成，最小是主谓结构，如：He left (early).
The teacher said something.
主谓（注意时态和语态）宾
The shy teacher said something.
（shy是形容词，作定语，修饰名词）
The shy teacher said something quietly / in a low voice.
（quietly是副词，in a low voice是介词短语，都作方式状语）
The shy teacher said something quietly in the classroom yesterday.
（in the classroom是介词短语，作地点状语，yesterday是时间副词，做时间状语）
The teacher asked me to write / The teacher made me write the composition again.
(to write…和write…都是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。不带to的动词不定式只跟在感官动词如see, hear, notice, observe和使役动词make, let, have后。)
英语中也有一种无主语的句子，就是祈使句：
Sit down please. / Please be seated. / Take a seat. 请坐。（肯定句）
大学英语语法系列讲座--情态动词1
大学英语语法系列讲座 情态动词 中国地质大学（武汉）外语系许峰 情态动词(Modal V erbs)又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have，do，be等；二是情态助动词，如may，must，need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分主要重点测试以下内容：情态动词+动词完成式。 情态动词must, should, may(might),ought to, can(could),need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为“modal verb+ have+ v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。 1.must+have+v-ed和can't/couldn't +have+ v-ed “must+ have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”，“准是”，“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can/could not。“can't/couldn't + have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“决不可能”，“不太可能”。 例1：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have raine d last night.既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下过雨了。 例2：—You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you? —No, officer, I couldn't have been. This car can't do more than 80. ——“你刚开车的速度为每小时100英里，不知道吗?” ——“不，警官先生，我不可能开那么快，因为这辆车每小时的速度不可能超过80英里。” 经典考点1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; She have studied very hard.(CET-4，1989年6月) A)may B)should C)must D)ought to 巧解 本题应选C。must have v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生了；may/might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事也许发生了；should/ought to have v-ed表示“本应该…”，表达的是对过去所发生的事情的一种责备、埋怨、反悔的情绪。C项符合题意。本题句意是：玛丽的考试分数是班上最高的；她一定学习非常用功。 经典考点2：You her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)needn't have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can't have seen 巧解 本题应选D。can't have v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测；D项符题意。needn't+ have v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。本题句意是：上星期你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。 经典考点3：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(考研，1991年)
初二英语语法总结
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
大学语法第一章
C o l l e g e E n g l i s h G r a m m a r by Wang Yang 2012-2013 语法简介 语法的涵义、特点及分类 语法的三个层面：形式、意义、用法 掌握语法的重要性及语法教学的目标 英语语法的构成和特点 大学英语语法教学的重难点 如何更有效地掌握大学英语语法 语法是语言的规则 语法是词的构成、变化和用词造句的规则 语法包括词法和句法 语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系 语法具有高度的抽象性 语法具有强大的递归性 语法具有严密的系统性 语法具有相对的稳固性
语法还具有民族性 从历时角度，可分为传统语法和现代语法 （以结构主义语言学出现为界） 从描写目的，可分为理论语法和教学语法 （英语语法属教学语法的范畴）语法的三个层面:形式、意义、用法 形式：某个语法结构怎样构成的。 比如“现在完成进行时”的结构形式是 have been doing 这是使用语法规则的起点，即首先要做到能够准确地构造某个语法结构，这是语法结构的准确性问题。 意义：某个语法结构表达的意义。比如“现在完成进行时”可以表示“一个活动从过去一直延续到现在说话时刻”这样的含义，这就是现在完成时态这一结构所具备的语法意义。 由此可以看出，特定意义一般是对应于特定的结构形式的，或者说，特定的结构形式能够表达特定的意义（Particular forms will express their particular meanings）。对于一个句子，它的含义不仅仅是来自于句中所使用的词汇的含义，而是还有来自于其中特定语法结构所含有的语法意义。 用法：关于何时/为什么使用某一语法结构的问题。 这与在实际交流中的语境有关系，即什么样的语境中，采用何种语法结构来表达特定的意义才合适，这是有关语法结构的合适型问题。意义和用法是密切相关的，有时难以严格界定。 某一特定的语法结构的形式、意义和用法这三者之间是相互联系的，图示如下：
英语语法与写作——短文改写
二、Passage rewriting 1. Our neighbor is Captain Charles Alison. He will sail from Portsmouth. The time is tomorrow. We'll meet him. The place is at the harbor. We will do that early in the morning. He will be in his boat. It is small. It is called Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison will set out. He will do that at eight o'clock. We'll have plenty of time. We'll see his boat, then we'll say goodbye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very proud of him. He will take part in an race. The race is important. It is across the Atlantic. 2..We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made inGermany. It was made in 1681. We keep our clavichord in the living room. Our family has it for a long time. My grandfather bought the instrument many years ago. Recently a visitor damaged it. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard. She broke two of the strings. My father was shocked. Now he does not allow us to touch
英语语法与作文
历年中考英语常考英语语法250例（一） 2012-02-17 14:17:43 [来源]:互联网[作者]:佚名 大中小 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
Material 07 大学英语语法补充讲练--主谓一致
英语中常用前缀、后缀(1) I．常用前缀（Prefixes）(1) anti-: against, opposite 反（对）；抗；非 anti-Japanese, antiwar, antislavery; auto-: of or by oneself 自己（做）的；自己；本身automobile; autobiography; auto-land; auto-criticism be-: cause to be or have 使，使显得；视作befriend; belittle; befool (愚弄, 欺骗, 糟蹋) bi-: two, twice, double 二，双，两倍 bicycle; bimonthly; biweekly; bio-: life 生命，生物 biochemistry; biosphere; biology centi-: hundredth part of 百分之一 centimeter; centigrade (百分度的) co-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合 co-operation; coexist; cohabit con-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合conjoin（联合）; cencentric（同中心的） col-:（用在字母l的前面）共同, 联合collocation （并置） com-: （用在字母m, b, 和p之前）compassion （同情） cor-: （用在字母r之前） correlation（相互关系） contra-: opposite 反对，相反，相对contramissile (反弹道导弹)；contranatural （违反自然的） counter-:Contrary; opposite; opposing与…相反；相对；对立的： counterattack; counterrevolution; de-: showing an opposite, to remove, to reduce 非，相反，除去，减少 decode (解密); devalue; decompose dis-: not, the opposite of 否定，相反disadvantage; disbelief; disavowal (否定, 拒绝) en-:cause to become, put into the stated condition 使成为，使处于…状态 endanger; enlarge em-: (用在字母m, b, 和p之前) 使成为，使处于…状态 embody (体现); empower (授权) ex-: former 以前的，前任的 ex-minister; ex-husband extra-: outside, beyond 超出，在…之外extracurricular (课外的); extraordinary fore-: in advance, before, in or at the front 预先，前，在前面的 foreleg (前腿); forewarn in-: not 不，非，无 inability; indirect; incorrect 英语中的主谓一致问题 1. 如果主语和谓语之间插入一个短语，如as well as, together with, in the accompany of, accompanied by, besides, in additional to, including, except, but, like, unlike, rather than, no less than 等等，这时谓语动词的数要与短语所修饰的主语相一致，这些短语对主语的单复数不构成任何影响。 The manager, together with his wife and children, is going to visit Canada next month. My uncle, as well as his colleagues, is leaving for home on Sunday. 2. 当作主语的名词前有every, each, either, neither, much, little, a little, whole 等修饰时，谓语动词用其单数形式，当有many, several, a few, few, a number of 等修饰时，用复数形式。但many a 修饰的名词后接单数形式的谓语。 Every man and woman is asked to vote. The situation goes against him. Many a boy like football. 当名词前有 all of, some of, most of, half of, the rest of, a lot of, the last, the reminder等修饰时，谓语动词的数要根据该名词的数而定。名词是复数，谓语为复数，反之用单数。 Let’s share the last apple. Half of the apple is for you. There are twenty apples. Half of the apple are for you. All butter is made from milk. Some of the water is polluted. 作主语的名词受数词，百分比，分数的修饰时，谓语动词既可作单数，亦可作复数，要视情况而定。
动词的动态与静态意义及其语法特征
动词的动态与静态意义及其语法特征 刘淑颖 （西北政法学院法律外语系西安710063） 【摘要】一种语法现象如果从不同角度分析会有全新的理解，从而扩大我们的视野。动态动词和静态动词是英语语法中的两个重要概念。本文从动词的动态意义与静态意义角度入手，以独特的视角全面分析动态动词和静态动词的意义、语法特征及其实际用法，旨在为英语动词的更深入研究提供一些借鉴。 【关键词】动态动词；静态动词；意义；语法 一、动词的动态与静态意义 英语动词根据其语义特征，可分为动态动词(dynamic verb)和静态动词(stativ e verb)。确切地说，实义动词的意义有动态与静态之分。一种语法现象如果从不同角度分析会有全新的理解，从而扩大我们的视野。因此，正确地理解动词的动态和静态意义，熟悉其语法特征，对学好用好英语动词，准确理解英文原意，是非常重要的。 动态动词表示事件的发生、心理活动和从一种状态向另一种状态转变时的动态意义，即表示一种运动状态。动态动词既可用于进行体，也可用于非进行体。动态动词大体分为三类： a）持续性动词（durative verb）：drink，eat，read，write，walk，run，pla y，talk，fly，watch 等。 b）瞬间动词（momentary verb）：leave，go，come，see，arise，break，o pen，meet，close，join，jump，admit，discover等。 c）状态转换动词（transition verb）：become，turn，grow，change，come，go等。 请看一组例子： 1. He is writing a letter to his friend． 2. He closed the windows． 3. The leaves on the tress are turning green． 4. He changed his mind． 通过例2和例3、例4的语义比较可以看出，瞬间动词与状态转换动词的区别是：前者一般没有结果意义，可以在短期内反复重复发生；后者有结果意义，一般不可以在短期内重复发生。此外，通过上述动态动词及其实例分析还可以得出结论，动态动词总体在表示一种运动状态，且绝大多数动词是动态动词。另一方面，动态动词既可用于进行体，也可用于非进行体。 静态动词表示人或事物的存在状态、相互关系、心理活动的结果状态、情感或情绪状态、感觉状态以及身体姿态。简言之，静态动词表示一种相对静止的动词，且常用于非进行体，即一般时态，同时可以将其细化归纳为以下数种类别：
大学英语写作课程语法unit1语法和练习答案
第一单元语法部分参考答案 PART III GRAMMAR Subject- Verb Agreement When the subject is compound Reference for the Classroom Activities Summary: 1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when it expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb. 2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject. 3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including. When the subject expresses quantity Reference for the Classroom Activities All the sentences are correct. Summary: 1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take a singular verb. 2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, alf, the last, the rest, take a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows. 3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow. 4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning. When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure Reference for the Classroom Activities
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
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英语语法之主谓一致
英语语法之主谓一致 (一)以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致 1：以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 ●疾病名称：arthritis〔关节炎〕，rickets〔软骨病〕等这类名词通常作单数用 Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. ●游戏名称：cards,darts等也通常作单数用 Darts is essentially a free and easy game. 2;以-ics结尾的学科名称，例如,physics,mathematics,mechanics等名词通常做单数用 Physics is an important subject in middle schoo l. 3；以-s结尾的地理名称，例如，the Unite States,the United Nations等名词作单数用 注：但若不是国名，而是群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等，通常作复数用 The West Indies ,apart from the Bahamas,are commonly divided into two parts. 4:其他以-s结尾的名词 ●剪刀，裤子，眼镜等名词通常作复数用，但如果带有单位词，由单位词的单复数形 式决定动词的单复数形式 如：One pair of scissors is not enough. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small ,are missing from my tool box. ●英文中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如：archives档案，arms武器，clothes, contents 内容、目录，eaves屋檐，fireworks烟花，goods货物，minutes记录，morals道德，remains遗体，stairs楼梯，suburbs郊区，thanks, wages等通常作复数用 如:The archives of this society are kept in the basement. 〔但也有少数这类名词可以单复数同行，如：whereabouts行踪，dramatics舞台艺术〕 ●凡是-ings结尾的名词，如clippings剪下来的东西，diggings掘出来的东西，earnings 收入，filings 锉屑，lodgings租住的房间，surroundings, sweepings等通常作复数用如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. ●还有一些以-s结尾的单复数名词如：barracks营房，headquarters总部，means, series 系列，species , workers工厂等，随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是复数。如： A barracks was stormed袭击by the enemy troops. Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. 〈注：remains用于遗体意思时，随后的动词用复数，但如果是遗迹或剩余物时单复数均可用 如：He remains lie in the churchyard
写作中真正实用的英语语法
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Introduction很多文献已经讨论过了 A. Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells has been intensively investigated. (Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740 ) B.This was demonstrated in a number of studies that showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts. C. Several excellent reviews describing these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topics D.Much work so far has focused on wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151） E. Recent developments of Lewis acids and water-soluble organometallic catalysts have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666） F. An interesting approach in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid was described by Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666） G. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989) H. There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755) I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammon ia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666) 二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示 A. GIXRD patterns in Figure 1A show the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.