自动化专业的发展历史论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

Automation of professional development

Automation in the history of professional development, "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional development of the two main line, "industrial automation" professional from the first "industrial enterprises electrified" professional.

In the 1950s, the New China was just founded, the 100-waste question, study the Soviet Union established system of higher education, Subdivision professional. Corresponding to the country in the construction of industrial automation and defense, military construction in automatic control, successively set up the "electrification of industrial enterprises" professional and "control" professional (at that time in many schools, "Control" professional secrecy is professional) . After several former professional name of evolution (see below), and gradually develop into a "biased towards applications, biased towards strong," Automation, and the latter to maintain professional name of "control" basically unchanged (in the early days also known as the "automatic learning And remote learning, "" Automatic Control System "professional), and gradually develop into a" biased towards theory, biased towards weak, "the automation professional, and come together in 1995, merged into a

unified" automatic "professional . In 1998, according to the Ministry of Education announced the latest professional undergraduate colleges and universities directory, adjusted, the merger of the new "automated" professional include not only the original "automatic" professional (including "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional ), Also increased the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part), "electrical technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control of" professional (part).

Clearly, one of China's automation professional history of the development of China's higher education actually is a new development of the cause of a microcosm of the history, but also the history of New China industrial development of a miniature. Below "industrial automation" professional development of the main line of this example, a detailed review of its development process in the many professional name change (in real terms in the professional content changes) and its industrial building at the time of the close relationship.

First a brief look at the world and China's professional division history. We know that now use the professional division is largely from the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the first half of the 20th century stereotypes of the engineering, is basically industry (products) for the objects to the division, they have been the image of people Known as the "industry professionals" or "trade associations." At present the international education system in two categories, with Britain and the United States as the representative of the education system not yet out of "industry professionals" system, but has taken the "generalist" the road of education and the former Soviet Union for Europe (close to the Soviet Union) as the representative The education system, at the beginning of the

implementation of "professionals" education, professional-very small, although reforms repeatedly, but to the current "industry professionals" are still very obvious characteristics.

In the 1950s, just after the founding of New China, a comprehensive study and the Soviet Union and sub-professional very small; Since reform and opening up, only to Britain and the United States to gradually as the representative of the education system to move closer, and gradually reduce the professional, the implementation of "generalist" education through a number of professional Restructuring and merger (the total number of professionals from the maximum of 1,343 kinds of gradually reducing the current 249 kinds), although not out of "industry professionals" and "Mei Ming," but many of the colleges and universities, mostly only one of a Professional, rather than the past more than a professional.

Before that, China's first professional automation from the National University in 1952 when the first major readjustment of the establishment of professional - electrified professional industrial enterprises. At that time, the Soviet Union assistance to the construction of China's 156 large industrial enterprises, automation of much-needed electrical engineering and technical personnel, and such professional and technical personnel training, and then was very consistent with China's industrial construction. By the 1960s, professional name changed to "industrial electric and automation," the late 1970s when to resume enrollment "Electric Industrial Automation" professional. This is not only professional name changes, but has its profound meaning, it reflects China's industries from "electrified" step by step to the "automatic" into the real history and that part of the development trend of China's automation professional reflects how urgent countries Urgent for the country's

economic construction services that period of history and development of real direction.

1993, after four years of the third revision of the undergraduate professional directories, the State Education Commission issued a call "system integrity, more scientific and reasonable, the harmonization of norms," the "ordinary professional directory of undergraduate colleges and universities." "Electric Industrial Automation" and "production process automation" merger of the two professional electrician to set up a kind of "industrial automation" professional, by the then Ministry of Industry Machinery centralized management colleges and universities to set up industrial automation teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the "Industrial Automation "professional teaching and guiding work at the same time," Control "was attributable to the professional category of electronic information, the then Ministry of Industry of electronic centralized management control to set up colleges and universities teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the" control " Professional teaching guide our work. After the professional adjustment, further defined the "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional "- both strong and weak, hardware and software into consideration and control theory and practical system integration, and the movement control, process control and other targets of control "The common characteristics with the training objectives, but also the basic set of" industrial automation "biased towards strong, professional, biased towards applications," Control "professional biased towards weak, biased towards the theory of professional characteristics and pattern of division of labor. 1995, the State Education Commission promulgated the "(University) undergraduate engineering leading professional directory", the electrical category "industrial

automation" professional and the original electronic information such as "control" of professional electronic information into a new category of "automatic" professional . As this is the leading professional directory, are not enforced, coupled with general "industrial automation" strong or weak, both professional "into" a weak professional category of electronic information is not conducive to professional development and thus many Schools remain "industrial automation" professional and "control" the situation of professional co-exist. Since 1996 more, again commissioned by the Ministry of National Education Ministry of Industry and electronic machinery industries of other parts of the establishment of the new session (second session) centralized management guidance at the University Teaching Commission, making the leading professionals have not been effective Implemented.

1998, to meet the country's economic construction of Kuan Koujing personnel training needs, further consolidation of professional and international "generalist" education track by the Ministry of Education announced a fourth revision of the latest "Universities Undergraduate Catalog." So far in the use of the directory, the total number of professionals from the third amendments to the 504 kinds of substantially reduced to 249 species, the original directory is strong, professional electrician and a weak professional category such as electronics and information into categories Electric power, the unity of Information, a former electrician at the same time kind of "industrial automation" professional and the type of electronic information "control" professional formal merger, together with the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part) , "Electric technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control

of" professional (part), the composition of the new (enforcement) are electrical information such as "automatic" professional. According to statistics, so far the country has more than 200 colleges and universities set up this kind of "automatic" professional. If the name of automation as part of their professional expertise (such as "electrical engineering and automation," "mechanical design and manufacturing automation," "agricultural mechanization and automation" and other professionals) included Automation has undoubtedly is the largest in China A professional.

Of the characteristics of China's automation professional:

Recalling China's professional history of the development of automation, combined with the corresponding period of the construction of China's national economy to the demand for automation and automated the development of the cause, it is not difficult to sum up following professional characteristics:

(1) China's automation professional is not only a relatively long history (since 1952 have been more than 50 years), and from the first day of the establishment of professional automation, has been a professional one of the countries in urgent need, therefore the number of students has also been The largest and most employers welcome the allocation of the professional one.

(2) China's automation is accompanied by a professional from the electrification of China's industrial automation step by step to the development of stable development, professional direction and the main content from the first prominent electrified "the electrification of industrial enterprises" step by step for the development of both the electric and automation " Industrial electric and automation ", highlighting the electrical automation" Electric Industrial Automation "and prominent automation" industrial automation ", then the merger of professional education reform in

1995 and" control "of professional content into a broader" automated " Professional. From which we can see that China's automation professional Although the initial study in the Soviet education system established under the general environment, but in their development and the Soviet Union or the United States and Britain did not copy the mode, but with China's national conditions (to meet national needs for The main goal) from the innovation and development of "cross-industry professionals," features the professional.

自动化专业的发展

自动化专业的发展历史中，有“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专业两条发展主线，其中“工业自动化”专业最早源于“工业企业电气化”专业。

上个世纪50年代，新中国刚刚成立，百废待兴，学习苏联组建高等教育体制，细分专业。分别对应着国家工业建设中的自动化与国防、军事建设中的自动控制，先后建立了“工业企业电气化”专业与“自动控制”专业（当时在不少学校，“自动控制”专业是保密专业）。前者经过多次专业名称的演变（详见下文），逐步发展成为“偏重应用、偏重强电”的自动化专业；而后者保持专业名称“自动控制”基本不变（在早期也有称为“自动学与远动学”、“自动控制系统”专业的），逐步发展成为“偏重理论、偏重弱电”的自动化专业，并于1995年走到一起，合二为一，成为统一的“自动化”专业。1998年，按照国家教育部公布的最新高等学校本科专业目录，经调整、合并而成的新的“自动化”专业不仅包括了原来的“自动化”专业（含“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专

业），还增加了“液压传动与控制”专业（部分）、“电气技术”专业（部分）与“飞行器制导与控制”专业（部分）。

由此可见，一部我国自动化专业的发展史，实际上是新中国高等教育事业发展史的一个缩影，同时也是新中国工业发展史的一个缩影。下面以“工业自动化”专业这条发展主线为例，详细回顾在其发展过程中的多次专业名称的改变（实质是专业内容的变化）及其与当时我国工业建设的密切关系。

首先简要回顾一下世界与中国的专业划分历史。我们知道，现在通行的专业划分大体上是从19世纪下半叶开始到20世纪上半叶定型的，就工科来说，基本上是以行业（产品）为对象来划分的，因而被人们形象地称为“行业性的专业”或“行业公会”。目前国际上两大类教育体制中，以英美为代表的教育体制虽未摆脱“行业性的专业”体系，但一直走的是“通才”教育之路；而以前苏联（欧洲接近苏联）为代表的教育体制，一开始实行的就是“专才”教育，专业分得很细，虽然屡经改革，但到目前“行业性的专业”特征仍极为明显。

50年代，新中国刚成立后，全面学习苏联，专业分得很细；改革开放以来，才逐步向以英美为代表的教育体制靠拢，逐渐淡化专业，推行“通才”教育，通过多次的专业调整与合并（专业总数从最多时的1343种逐步减少到目前的249种），虽未摆脱“行

业性的专业”的“美名”，但高校的许多系中，大多是一个系只有1个专业，而不是过去的多个专业了。

前已提到，我国的自动化专业最早源于1952年全国高校大调整时第一批设立的专业——工业企业电气化专业。当时，苏联援助我国兴建156个大型工业企业，急需电气自动化方面的工程技术人才，而培养这类专业技术人才，很符合当时以及随后我国工业建设的需要。到了60年代，专业名称改为“工业电气化及自动化”，70年代末恢复招生时又改为“工业电气自动化”专业。这不只是专业名称上的变化，而是有其深刻内涵的，它反映了我国工业从“电气化”一步一步向“自动化”迈进的那段真实历史与发展趋势，反映了我国自动化专业如何急国家所急、为国家经济建设服务的那段真实历史与发展总方向。

1993年，在历经4年之久的全国第三次本科专业目录修订工作后，国家教委颁布了称之为“体系完整、比较科学合理、统一规范”的“普通高等学校本科专业目录”。将“工业电气自动化”和“生产过程自动化”两个专业合并成立属于电工类的“工业自动化”专业，并由当时的机械工业部归口管理成立高等学校工业自动化教学指导分委员会，负责全国“工业自动化”专业的教学指导工作；与此同时，“自动控制”专业则被归属到电子信息类，并由当时的电子工业部归口管理成立高等学校自动控制教学指导分