美国文化外交期末论文
中美文化差异对中美国际商务谈判的影响
摘要：中、美各有自己的文化系统以及代表其核心的价值观念体系。随着科技的发展、时代的进步,中、美两国人民的文化交流日益频繁;与此同时,中、美两种价值观念体系也在不断地发展变化,双方的差别有逐渐减少的趋势,而且中、美两个社会中各种价值观念并存,难以找到一个稳定的界面进行比较。随着国际贸易的发展，中美贸易关系日益紧密，商务谈判的重要性越来越突出。近年来，中美文化差异对两国商务谈判造成影响不断加深，引起了中国商务谈判人员的极大关注。
关键词：文化差异商务谈判沟通策略
跨文化商务谈判是指两个或多个不同文化背景的人彼此相互交流和沟通的过程，是彼此为实现各自的利益而与对方协商、讨论以获得一致的意见的过程。跨文化商务谈判是一种属于不同文化、不同思维形式、不同沟通方式、不同行为方式的谈判行为。
众所周知，文化主要包括语言及非语言行为、风俗习惯、思维方式和价值观四个方面，它们对中美跨文化商务谈判的影响很大。以下从四个方面来讨论文化差异对商务谈判的影响。
一．语言及非语言行为差异的影响
语言的差异性在国际商务谈判中最为直观明了。成功的国际商务经营者必须善于交流，不仅要会运用语言，而且要能够透彻理解语言差异。在商务谈判中，谈判人员以非语言的更含蓄的方式发出或接受大量的比语言信息更重要的信息，而且所有这类信号或示意总是在无意识地进行。
一个民族所使用的语言与该民族所拥有的文化之间存在着密切联系。在跨文化交流中，不同文化之间的差异对于谈判语言有明显的制约关系。美国是个典型的低语境语言（文化）国家。在这种文化中，大部分信息是用明确而具体的语言或文字传递的。美方谈判者推崇明确、坦率、直接的方式交流，说话力求清楚，不模棱两可，他会直陈所想要的东西。另外，美国人对争辩情有独钟，语言具有
对抗性，口气断然。这些都是具有开拓精神、“求胜欲望”强的欧洲移民后代的典型特征。而中国则属于高语境文化，在高语境文化中非语言交流和间接的表达方式是传递和理解信息的重要因素，如用体态、眼神、外貌、音调、位置、距离、环境等非言语因素来进行沟通。要理解话语的含意，领会字里行间的言外之意是必要的。并且中国人显得温和，不喜欢争辩，很少对抗，说话间接隐晦，而且常常使用沉默这一非言语行为，对某问题有看法，或者不同意某条款时，有时不直接说“NO”，而用沉默来代替，以此表示礼貌和对对方的尊重。中国人在谈判桌上是很有耐性的，有所谓“东方的耐性”。中国人奉行“和气生财”的古训，把和谐看作实现价值的先决条件，谈判中尽量避免磨擦，用语礼貌含蓄，追求永久性的友谊和长久合作。非语言差异。除了运用语言进行交流外，国际商务谈判中还广泛使用非语言表达方式谈判人员以非语言的更含蓄的方式发出或接受大量的比语言信息更为重要的信息，而且所有这类信号或示意总是无意识地进行的。因此，当谈判者发出不同的非语言信号时，具有不同文化背景的谈判对手极易误解这些信号，而且还意识不到所发生的错误。这种不知不觉中所产生的个人摩擦如果得不到纠正，就会影响商业关系的正常展开。中国人常用沉默或表示认可，或表示对某问题有看法，或者不同意某条款，以此表示礼貌和尊重，这对沉默持有消极看法的美国人来说，自然很难接受，他们把沉默看作拒绝。一般情况下，“笑”被看作高兴，而中国人有时会用“笑”表示无奈，不认可，这是美国人很难理解的。美国人在说“I don’t know”的同时双手摊开，耸耸肩膀，表示“不知道”、“我无能为力”、“这种状况毫无希望”等；而同样表示上述含义时，中国人的习惯动作往往是摇头或摆手，有时中方谈判者喜欢做这一动作，却因不解其含义而步入了不伦不类的误区。中国人说“对不起”的同时会微微一笑表示歉意；美国人则可能误认为“笑”表示歉意是虚假的。由此可见，若没有敏锐的跨文化交流意识，便会感到困惑，乃至产生误解。
二．价值观差异的影响
各国商务文化千姿百态，各不相同，其根本用原因就在于文化价值观的差异。国际商务谈判中价值观方面的差异远比语言及非语言行为差异隐藏得深，因此也更难以克服。价值观差异对国际商务谈判行为的影响主要表现为因客观性、平等和准时等观念差异而引起的误解和厌恶。
客观性：国际商务谈判中的客观性反映了行为人对“人和事物的区分程度”。西方人特别是美国人具有较强的“客观性”，如“美国人根据冷酷的、铁一般的事实进行决策”、“美国人不徇私”、“重要的是经济和业绩，而不是人”及“公事公办”等话语就反映了美国人的客观性。因此，美国人在国际商务谈判时强调“把人和事区分开来”，感兴趣的主要为实质性问题。相反，在世界其他地方，“把人和事区分开来”这一观点被看成是不可能的。例如，在裙带关系比较重要的东方和拉丁美洲文化中，经济的发展往往是在家族控制的领域内实现的。因此，来自这些国家的谈判者不仅作为个人来参与谈判，而且谈判结果往往会影响到该个人，个人品行和实质问题成了两个并非不相干的问题，而且实质上两者变得不可分开。
平等观念：西方社会经历了争取平等自由权力的资产阶级革命，平等意识深入人心。在国际商务活动中，英美等国奉行平等主义价值观，坚持公平合理的原则，认为双方进行交易，无论哪一方都要有利可图。在情况的介绍方式上，西方人使用具体的方式，特别喜欢用数据说话。美国人虽然注重实际利益，但一般不漫天要价，报价和提出的条件比较客观。在买卖关系上，美国卖方往往将买方更多地视为地位相等的人，对利润的划分相对而言较日本人公平。许多美国经理认为，利润划分的公平性似乎比利润的多少更为重要。而东方人受等级观念的影响较深，表现在商业活动中的平等意识就不如美国和其他西方人。如日本人，善于做大“蛋糕”，但划分“蛋糕”的方式却不怎么公平。在日本，顾客被看作上帝，卖方往往会顺从买方的需要和欲望，因此，对利润的分配较为有利于买方。目前，我国市场经济体制已初步建立，中国企业经营者的观念意识往往具有西方早期市场经济时期的某些特点，在商务谈判中往往采取“单赢”策略，涉及经济利益时，较多地考虑己方的利益，而不太关注对方的利益。而发达国家的市场经济体制则相当成熟，所以西方国家谈判者更多地采用“双赢”策略，基本上能考虑双方的实际利益。
时间观念:不同的文化背景表现出不同的时间观念。如北美人的时间观念很强，对美国人来说时间就是金钱；而中东和拉丁美洲人的时间观念则较弱，在他们看来，时间应当是被享用的。爱德华·霍尔把时间观分为两类：直线型时间观和循环的时间观，前者强调“专时专用”和“速度”，北美人、瑞士人、德国人
等具有此类特点;后者则强调“一时多用”,人们可以有宽松的时刻表和信息反馈的延期，中东和拉丁美洲人具有此类特点。由于持不同的时间观念，导致不同谈判者的谈判风格和谈判方式各异。美国是直线型时间观的典型。美国人具有强烈的现代竞争意识，追求速度和效益，这就造就了美国商人雷厉风行的商业作风。他们会在各个环节尽量缩短谈判时间，力争使每一场谈判都能速战速决。对他们来说，要衡量一个谈判的进程如何，就是看解决了多少小问题。而中国人的时间观是循环往复的，中国人会用长远的眼光和系统的方法，在广泛的范围内综合分析议题和衡量议题的重要程度。
三．风俗习惯差异的影响
风俗习惯主要包括一些社交活动。中国人在日常生活和工作中爱面子，非常在意自己在别人心目中的形象，怕被人笑话、议论和误解。美国人则比较实际，不会太在意别人的看法。美国人在与人交往时不会询问对方的年龄、收入、婚姻等方面，他们认为侵犯了他人的隐私权；而在中国却经常询问这些内容。美国人喜欢直率地表达自己的观点，中国人则以一种委婉的方式来表达意思。美国人一旦被问及某事，一般必须给予一个比较明确的答复。而中国人提倡“沉默是金”。在美国常见到长辈与晚辈见面时相互拍肩膀、亲吻的情形，而在中国几乎很少见到这样的场景。美国人非常守时，而中国人往往可以理解有原因的迟到。在许多生活习惯上中美之间的差异还是非常明显的。
四．思维方式差异的影响
进行国际商务谈判时，来自不同文化背景的谈判者往往会遭遇思维方式上的冲突。基于客观存在思维差异，不同文化的谈判者呈现出决策上的差异，形成顺序决策方法和通盘决策方法间的冲突。中美思维差异主要体现在整体思维和个体思维的对立上。中国文化侧重整体思维，整体思维就是按照整体的观点来观察和思考世间万物，分析问题总是从事物的总体出发，注重思考整体事物整体功能、复杂关系和运行过程，而不注重事物的内部结构。美国人侧重个体思维方式，它把复杂的事物分解成简单的要素，逐个地进行研究。
参考文献：
[1]刘园:国际商务谈判.北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2007
[2]王耀敏:中美价值观比较探析.理论参考，2007（3）
[3]杨欣欣:中美价值观念差异及其对语言文化的影响．郑州航空工业管理学院学报，1999（1）
[4]姚凤云，赵雅坦:跨文化商务谈判差异影响及其调节政策.经贸广场，2010
[5]周桂英:中西思维模式差异对中美商务谈判的影响．江苏商论，2007
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美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突毕业论文
美国价值观与中国传统文化元素的融合与冲突毕业论文 Contents Acknowledgments Abstract................................................ I 摘要................................................... I I Contents.............................................. III I Introduction (1) 1.1 The Synopsis of Mulan (1) 1.2 The Synopsis of Kung Fu Panda (2) II the Compatibility of American Values and Chinese Elements (3) 2.1 The characters (3) 2.2 Scenery, Architecture and other Details (4) 2.3 Martial Arts (5) 2.4 Chinese Philosophy (6) III. Conflicts of American Values and Chinese Elements (9) 3.1 Conservatism VS Free Spirit (9) 3.2 Family Priority& Individualism (10) IV. Conclusion (12) 4.1 General Summary of the Study (12) Bibliography (14)
关于西方礼仪文化论文
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北京理工大学美国社会与文化期末参考
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