人文科学专业英语教程作者翻译

作者介绍

第一单元

Around the beginning of the twentieth century there was a strong reaction among many philosophers, especially in the Anglo-American world, to metaphysical idealism in all its various forms. These new realists, as they were called, were motivated to a considerable extent by what they regarded to be the inability of metaphysical idealism to make sense out of science, with its implicit faith in the existence of an independent , real world. They wanted to show how perception does give us genuine knowledge of objects.

在一开始的第二十世纪，有一种强烈的反应之间的许多哲学家，尤其在英美世界，形而上学的唯心主义在其所有的各种形式。这些新的现实主义者，因为他们被称为，动机，很大程度上是由于他们认为是无法对形而上学的唯心主义的有意义的科学，其隐信心独立存在，真实的世界。他们想显示如何知觉对象给我们真正的知识。

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872-1970) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and Nobel laureate, whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of 20th - century philosophy.Russell was among the strongest realist voices of the time. He developed his realism from a so-called phenomenalistic theory of perception and the adoption of what he took to be "the logical-analytic method". He believed that our direct experiences have primacy in the acquisitionli of knowledge, and that the main task of the philosopher was to illuminate the most general propositions about the world and to eliminate confusion.

贝特朗亚瑟威廉罗素（1872-1970）是英国哲学家，数学家，和诺贝尔奖得主，其重点是逻辑分析的过程中影响第二十-世纪哲学。罗素是其中最强的写实声音的时间。他发展

了他的现实主义从所谓的现象主义理论的认识和采取什么他是“逻辑分析法”。他认为，我们的直接经验，首要的获取知识，和主要任务的哲学家是照亮了最一般的命题的世界和消除混乱。

The main problem that philosophical realism faces is how to account for errors in perception and how to avoid the possibility that all of perception is systematically misleading regarding the actual state of the world insofar as all our knowledge is necessarily partial and incomplete.

主要的问题是哲学的现实主义所面临的是如何考虑的观念中的错误和如何避免的可能性，所有感知系统误导有关实际状态的世界在我们所有的知识必然是片面的、不完整的。

In the selection from Our Knowledge of the External World (1914), Russell formulates his arguments in a very lucid manner.

在《外间世界的真理》的选择中（1914），罗素提出他的论点，一个非常清晰的方式。

第二单元

Arnold Toynbee was born in April 14,1889 in London and died in October 22,1975, in Y ork, England. His 12-volume A Story of History (1934-1961)put forward a philosophy of history, based on an analysis of the cyclical development and decline of civilizations, and provoked much discussion.

阿诺德汤因比是天生的在四月141889在伦敦死于十月221975，在约克郡，英国。其十二个历史故事（1934-1961）提出一个历史哲学的基础上，分析周期性的发展及衰落的

文明，并引发了许多议论。

Toynbee began his study of history in 1922. In the study Toynbee examined the rise and fall of 26 civilizations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders. Civilizations declined when their leaders stopped responding creatively, and the civilizations then sank owing to the sins of nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority. Unlike Spengler in his The Decline of the West, Toynbee did not regard the death of a civilization as inevitable, for it may or may not continue to respond to successive challenges.

汤因比开始了他的研究历史1922。在研究汤因比的上升和下降26个文明在人类历史的进

程，于是他得出结论，他们的成功应对挑战的领导下创造性少数精英所组成的领导。文明衰落了当他们的领导人停止响应，创造性，和文明瘫由于罪恶的民族主义，军国主义和专制，暴政的一个少数民族。不像格勒在《西方的衰落》，汤因比并没有把死亡的文明是不可避免的，因为它可能或可能不继续响应连续挑战。

Toynbee has been severely criticized by other historians. In general, the critique has been leveled at his use of myths and metaphors as being of comparable value to factual data and at the soundness of his general argument around the rise and fall of civilizations, which relies too much on a view of religion as a regenerative force. Many critics complained that the conclusion he reached were those of a Christian moralist rather than of a historian . His work, however, has been praised as a stimulating answer to the specializing tendency of modern historian research.

汤因比一直严厉批评由其他历史学家。一般来说，批判一直稳定在他使用的神话和隐喻为可比价值的事实数据，在他的健全的论点在上升和下降的文明，这很大程度上依赖于一个宗教观作为一个再生力。许多批评人士抱怨说，他是一个基督教道德达到而不是一个历史学家。他的工作，然而，被誉为刺激答案的专业现代历史学家的研究趋势。

The text is selected from Chapter One of Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition (1996) by Marvin Perry, who is a retired Professor of History at Baruch College, City University of New Y ork. He has published several successful Houghton Mifflin texts, including Western Civilization;

A Brief History; Sources of the Western Tradition, the leading Western Civilization reader; and Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe.

本文选自第一章阿诺德汤因比和西方传统（1996）由马尔文·佩里，是一位退休的历史学教

授在巴鲁克大学，纽约城市大学。他发表了几次成功的著作原件或文本，包括西方文明；一个简短的历史；西方传统来源，领先西方文明的读者；和二十世纪的欧洲的来源。

Rush Rhees (1905-1989) is principally known as a student, friend, and literary executor of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. With G.E.M. Anscombe, he edited Wittgenstein's posthumous Philosophical Investigations (1953), a highly influential work. He was also responsible for bringing out other unpublished writings by Wittgenstein, including "Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics", "Philosophical Remarks", and "Philosophical Grammar".

拉什里斯（1905-1989）主要是所谓的学生，朋友，和文学描写的哲学家路德维希维特根斯坦。与g.e.m.安斯康姆，他编辑维特根斯坦身后出版的哲学研究（1953），一个很有

影响力的工作。他还负责其他未发表的著作的维特根斯坦，包括“关于数学基础”，《哲学评论”，和“哲学语法”。

Rhees, however, was also a very fine philosopher in his own right. While some of his own published papers become classics, most of his work remained unpublished during his lifetime. After his death in 1989, his literary estate was found to comprise sixteen thousand pages of manuscript covering subjects as varied as Greek philosophy, philosophical logic, philosophy of mathematics, moral philosophy, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, Wittgenstein and Simone Weil.

里斯，然而，也是一个非常好的哲学家在他自己的权利。而他自己的一些发表论文成为经典，他的大部分工作仍然生前未发表。他死后的1989年，他的文学遗产被发现包括一万

六千页的手稿涵盖不同的希腊哲学，逻辑哲学，数学哲学，道德哲学，宗教哲学，美学，维特根斯坦韦伊。

The following selection is taken from an essay written in 1956. The essay appeared in the collected papers of Rhees edited by Professor D.Z. Phillips after Rhees' death in 1989.

以下是从写的文章1956。文章出现在所收集的文件里斯教授主编菲利普DZ型里斯死后1989。

Rene Wellek (1903-1995) was a Czech-German comparative literary critic, and was a distinguished Y ale Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature. During World War II, Wellek relocated to America, first to the University of lowa and then to Y ale University. He is best known for his A History of Modern Criticism:1750-1950, which surveys theory in the major European nations since the Renaissance. Wellek's Theory of Literature(in collaboration with Austin Warren) outlines a general theoretical framework for literary criticism, rather than approaching criticism in a more ad-hoc fashion. It is especially useful as a guide to modern literature. Beginning in the 1960s, Wellek defended the New Critics against the condemnation of their work in the name of a structuralist-influenced literary theory. For this reason, he is sometimes thought of today as a conservative scholar.

雷内·韦勒克（1903-1995）是捷克和德国的比较文学评论家，并且是一位杰出的耶鲁大学名誉教授比较文学。在二战期间，韦勒克搬迁到美国，先到艾奥瓦大学和耶鲁大学。他最著名的是他的一个现代批评史：1750-1950，调查理论在欧洲主要国家自文艺复兴。韦勒克的文学理论（在与奥斯丁）概述了一个一般性的理论框架，文学批评，而不是接近批评更特设的方式。这是特别有用的一个指南现代文学。在60年代初，韦勒克维护新批评谴责他们的工作在一个名字structuralist-influenced文学理论。为此，他有时认为今天是一个保守

的学者。

In the selection, which is taken from Theory of Literature, Wellek examines the relationship between the nature and function of literature, which is followed by a review of the historical dispute about the function of literature. He concludes that good works of literature should appropriately blend pleasure and utility, or Dulce and Utile in Horace's term.

在选择，这是从文学理论，韦勒克审查之间的关系，对文学的本质和功能，其次是审查的历史争议的文学功能论。他认为，好的文艺作品，应适当混合乐趣和实用，或杜尔塞和待在贺拉斯的任期。

George Edward Moore (1873-1958) was an influential British realist philosopher and professor whose systematic approach to ethical problem and remarkable approach to philosophy made him an outstanding modern British thinker.

爱德华穆尔（1873-1958）是一个有影响力的英国现实主义哲学家和教授的系统方法的伦

理问题和显着的态度哲学使他成为一个出色的现代英国思想家。

Elected to a fellowship at Trinity College,Cambridge, in 1898, Moore remained there until 1904, during which time he published several journal articles as well as his major ethical work, Principia Ethical (1903). These writings were important in helping to undermine the influence of Hegel and Kant on British philosophy. He returned to Cambridge in 1911 to become a lecturer in moral science. From 1925 to 1947 he was editor of the philosophical journal Mind.

选一个团契在三一学院，剑桥，1898，穆尔在那里一直呆到1904，在此期间他发表了几篇期刊文章以及他的主要工作伦理，伦理原则（1903）。这些著作都是重要的帮助，破坏的影响，黑格尔和康德对英国哲学。他回到剑桥，在1911成为一个道德学讲师。从1925到1947，他编辑的杂志心灵哲学。

He was a friend of Bertrand Russell, who first directed him to the study of philosophy. Because of his view that "the good"is knowable by direct conception, he became known as an "ethical intuitionist". Moore was also preoccupied with such problems as the nature of sense perception and the existence of other minds and material things. He was not as skeptical as those philosophers who held that we lack sufficient data to prove that objects exist outside our own minds, but he did believe that proper philosophical proofs had not yet been devised to overcome such objections.

他是贝特朗罗素的朋友，，谁第一个针对他的哲学研究。因为他所认为的“好”是可知的，直接的概念，他被称为“道德直觉”。穆尔也关注等问题的性质知觉和存在其他精神和物质的东西。他不怀疑这些哲学家认为，我们缺乏足够的数据来证明存在的对象在我们自己的头脑，但他认为适当的哲学论证，尚未制定克服这些反对。

Although few of Moore's theories achieved general acceptance, his unique approaches to certain problems and his intellectual rigour helped change the texture of philosophical discussion in England.

虽然一些穆尔的理论获得普遍接受，他独特的方法对某些问题和他的学术原则帮助改变纹理的哲学讨论在英国。

The text is selected from Chapter One of his Principia Ethica.

本文选自他的伦理学原理的第一章.

第六单元

Michael Bentley, born on 12,1948, is currently a senior professor of modern history at University of St Andrews, Scotland, whose teaching and research interests are the political and intellectural history of British in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, philosophy of history and historiography. His two recent publications are Modern Historiography (1999) and Lord Salisbury's World(2001).

迈克尔宾利，出生于1948年12月，目前是一个高级的现代史教授在圣·安驻斯大学，苏格兰，其教学和研究兴趣是政治和思想史的英国在第十九和第二十世纪，历史哲学和史学。他最近的出版物是近代史学（1999）和索尔兹伯里勋爵的世界（2001）。

Bentley, a former student of political science scholar Maurice Cowling, is the author of several volumes analyzing political currents in England during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The body of Bentley's early work belongs to a movement in British historical-political analysis referred to as "high politics". This school of thought is founded on the premise that the ideologically based parties have little to do with political action; rather , it is group of several dozen influential politicians that actually define what laws are passed and which policies are instituted. According to this theory, the only way to understand politics is to examine the intricate day-to-day maneuverings that occur behind the scenes. Historical analysis utilizing the high-politics model is marked by a decidedly cynical tone devoid of any ingenuous ideas about discourse among the nation's movers and shakers. Bentley's three important works attempt to analyze historical and political events in England based on these theorems.

宾利，的政治学学者毛里斯罩以前学生，是几卷分析在第十九和第二十世纪政治电流在英国的作者。身体的宾利的早期作品属于一种运动在英国的历史政治分析称为“政治”。这所学校的思想是建立在这一前提的思想为基础的政党没有政治行动；相反，它是一组十几个有影响力的政治家，实际上界定的法律和政策的制定是通过。根据这一理论，只有这样才能理

解政治审查的复杂的日常花招后面发生的场景。历史分析利用high-politics模型的特点是

一个决定性的愤世嫉俗的口气缺乏任何天真的想法，话语之间的国家的推动者和热点。宾利的三项重要工作，试图分析的历史和政治事件在英国根据这些定理。

Companion to Historiography (1997), edited by Bentley, is a unique reference work which provides a general guide to the study of the way history has been written, offering 45 substantial essays that examine the techniques, approaches, and biases that have influenced historians to the present. Editor Bentley devides the volume by period and examines the writing of history from both Western and Eastern perspectives. Each section begins with an introductory overview of the time period and then includes several essays on events or topics.

同伴史学（1997），主编宾利，是一个独特的参考工作，提供一般指导的研究方式的历史已经提供了大量散文，45，审查的技术，方法，和偏见，影响了历史学家到现在。编辑

宾利将体积的时期，探讨写作历史从西方和东方的观点。每一节开头介绍的时间，包括几篇事件或议题。The text is selected from the introductory overview in Pant V (Contexts for the Writing of History) of the above book, written by Editor Bentley himself.本文从介绍概述喘气五世（背景的写作历史）的书，由编辑撰写自己的宾利。