定语从句与非谓语动词演示教学
定语从句与非谓语动
.定语从句：
定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词
注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用whom指物只能用which
高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：
【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，
是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his En glish lear ning, which makes his mother very happy.
⑧I shall never forget the day ____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; which
B. that; which
C. which; that
D. when; that （2004北京东城）【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。
指人时常只用who不用that的情况；指物时只用which不用that的情况；只用that不用which的情况；
关系代词as与which的用法区别；
the same …that 与-the same …as 的区另廿：
1其中that, who（whom），都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。［本条记忆技巧：用who不用that的情况“ there be ” , “nee anyone, nobody, those 被分割。那里有（there）很多万（one）被那些人（those）分割。］
<1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who 不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom.
<2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用who不用that,例：
A new teacher will come who will teach you Germa n.
在本句中，先行词“teache和修饰限定它的从句"who will teach you German 分离，所以我们用who不用that。
<3>先行词为“ there be'结构的主语时，例如
There is a man who wants to see you.
在本句子当中a man是There is a man这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that
2其中，that和which都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别：
用that不用which
<1>先行词前有形容词最高级，序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last等修饰时，例如：
I have read all the books that you gave me.
<2> 先行词为all, few, no thi ng, everyth in g, little, much 等不定代词时：
He did all that he could do to help us.
<3>主语以who或which开头时
Who is the man that just called you just now?
<4>关系代词在从句中做表语时
China is not the country that is was.
<5>既指人又指物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2,先行词表示物时,用which 不用that 的情况 <1>引导非限制性定语从句时，例如： She heard a terrible no ise, which brought her heart to her mouth. <2>当关系代词做介词宾语时，例如：
He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.
在上一例句中，引导词“which 作了介词“in 的宾语，所以不可以用 “that 代替.
关于as
1在一些结构，如 “ such …as ” “ the same …as 等结构中;??定语从句的引导 词经常要用到as,例如
This is not such a book as I expected.
the same as 禾口 the same that 的区另U 。例句： This is the same tool as I used last time. This is the same tool that I used last time.
在例句中，第一句的意思是这个工具和我上次用的一样，但是第二句的意思是这就是我上次用的工具 2 as 和which 的比较
相同点：两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词都可以是整个句子，都可以在从句中
不同点：<1> as 引导的从句可以放在句首和句尾，而 which 引导的从句只可放在句尾。
象的意思。
As Marx poin ted out, labor created man himself.
当先行词，虽然表示时间地点，但是引导词在从句中不是做状语，而是做宾语时，不能用 能用that, which 等引导。比较以下两个句字：
I will never forget the days when I first went to Beijing . I will n ever forget the days that (which) we spe nt together
⑨ There is no such place __ you dream of in all this world. (20041匕京西城 5 月)
A. that
B. what
C. which 【考点8】区别that 引导的定语从句与that 引导的同位语从句。that 引导同位语从句
时，that 是纯连 词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that 引导定语从句时，that 是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语
等。 比较：
“ The news that they had won the game arrived soon. The n ews that you told me yesterday is true.
⑩ Is this the reas on ____ at the meet ing for his careless ness in his work? （20上海春季）
A. he expla ined
B. what he expla ined
C. how he expla ined
D. why he expla ined
【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致
(11)
He is the on ly one of the stude nts who ______ a winner of scholarship in three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been (2002 上海春季)
【考点10】在先行词为time , place , reason 时，常可用that 代替when , where , why ，并常常省去。 女口：
That was the reason (that) / why / for which he left home.
(12)
What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it.(2004 湖北)
A. the way
B. i n the way that
C. i n the way
D. the way which
【考点11】定语从句应特别注意的几个问题
I .关系代词which
例 1. The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, ________ it will be completely finished .
做主语，宾语表语。
<2>as 还有正如、正
when, where 弓丨导，而只
D. as
A. by the time
B. by which time
C. that
D. which
例2. Water boils at 100C , _________ i t changes to gas
A. at which temperature
B. at which
C. by which temperature
D. by which
析：which引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于介词
+ which +名词”结构中，相当于“an4介词+ this/that+名词”所以例1选B ;例2选A。
n .关系副词when
例1. Could you suggest a time ________ it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine ?
例2. Think of a time _________ you were happiest (Senior3,L93)
例3. There was a time _______ all scientists were willing to share their results.( Senior3,L3)
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when,而不采用that,故以上例题
均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：①This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or
cinema. (Senior2,L70)② It ' s about a time when there were black slaves in North AmericSeniorl,L53)
川.关系代词but
例: There is no one ________ wishes peace
A. who
B. but
C. that
D. whom
析：本题句意为没有人不希望和平。” bu作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who / that don' / doesn t ut本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。
W.定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合
例1. It was in the small house ______ w as built with stones by his father _______ h e spent his childhood.
A. which that
B. that where
C. which which
D. where that
析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词
house.故本题选A。
例2. The meeti ng was put off, ______ was exactly _______ we wan ted.
A. which which
B. as that
C. which what
D. it that
析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从
句。故本题选C o 非谓语动词用法对比知识要点:
1动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：Collecti ng in formation about childre n ' s health is hi收Ob有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。
It ' s necesstarydiscuss the problem with an experieneed teache与f一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：
(1)It ' s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
(2)It ' s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：
It ' s no good (use, fun) doing.
It ' s (a) waste of tim(eone' ) doing.
It ' s worth while idg.
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The wash in g-mach ine n eeds repairi ng.(或用：n eeds to be repaired 这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referri ng to.这一点要提至叽
This En glish no vel is worth read ing.这本英文小说值得一读。
The situati on in Russia n required study ing 俄国形式需要研究。
5、有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。
6、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后将要发生的动作。例如：
He had a lot of work to do.他有很多活要干。
7、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：
动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词正在进行的动作。
a walki ng stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walki ng）
a sleep ing cai卧卜铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleepi ng
the rising sun正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）
the changing world变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）
8现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：
a flyi ng bird
the running water
a well dressed woman衣着讲究的女士（意同a woma n who is dressed well
a car parked at the gat停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate
9、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He hurried home only to find his money stolen.他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）
To make himself heard, he raised his voice为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。（原因状语）
10、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）
Comi ng into the room, he fou nd his father an gry当走进房时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）
Being tired, they we nt on worki ng.虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）
He put a fin ger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleasec他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）
浅谈定语从句的译法
浅谈定语从句的译法 1.源文本分析 著名的翻译理论家赖斯认为：“文本类型决定翻译方法。”她根据不同的特点将文本分为：信息性文本、表达性文本、呼唤性文本以及视听文本。信息性文本的特点是以内容为主，主要作用是传递信息、知识和交换意见。信息发出者（作者）和信息的形式均被放在突出的位置。其典型代表是虚构性文学作品（Katharina Reiss，1971）。根据赖斯的定义，“《王牌》—特朗普家族风气的揭秘”主要作用就是交流信息、知识和意见，以内容为主，属于典型的信息性文本。 笔者在翻譯这篇文章时发现，原文定语从句共有22例，这无疑增加了翻译的难度，也成了这次翻译实践的最大难题。为了充分认识这一困难，以便进一步解决它，笔者对照原文，阅读了一些大家的经典译本和对定语从句的相关论述，运用尤金·奈达的功能对等理论浅谈定语从句的译法，以求解决我在这方面的困惑。 2.翻译实例剖析 美国语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家尤金·A·奈达（1964）从语言学的角度出发，根据翻译的本质，提出了著名的“功能对等”翻译理论。奈达认为翻译就是在译语中再现与源语信息最贴切的自然对等物，是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息，语言文化的差异决定源语和目的语之间只能做到相对的对等。奈达“功能对等”理论中的对等包括词汇对等、句法对等、篇章对等和文体对等四个方面。而在这四个方面中，奈达认为“意义是最重要的，形式其次，形式很可能掩藏源语的文化意义并阻碍文化交流”（郭建中，2000）。采用功能对等原则时，“内容第一，形式第二”。 因此，我们在理解和翻译现代英语中的定语从句时就不能局限于句式上的对等，正确理解源句并找出其中的逻辑关系是准确翻译的前提，选择恰当的汉语句式将源句意思准确完整地表达出来则是翻译的最终目标。 2.1前置法 英译汉时，把简短的定语从句的意思放在前行词之前，这种方法成为前置法。 （1）Seperating the real harassment from the benign behavior that seems to come with the territory. 译文：将真正的骚扰与那些看似天经地义的宽厚亲切举动区别开。 定语从句that seems to come with the territory修饰benign behavior，这个定语从句简单，内容易理解，故可采用前置法，使目标语读者更好地理解原文信息，
定语从句与非谓语动词的转换
定语从句和非谓语动词是高中阶段重要的两大语法项目。定语从句的应用可以使语言表达更精确更生动，显得使用者具有较高的英语文化底蕴，但也是中学英语的难点语法项目，许多同学在学习和运用定语从句时，感到很难理解。若将其简化，理解起来就比较简单了。而非谓语动词的正确使用，就可以使定语从句的理解容易化，简单化，而且使语句简练、更有文采。掌握二者的转换，有助于我们更好的理解其用法，并能够自如地运用。下面我就着重谈谈如何将定语从句转换成非谓语动词以及转换时应注意的事项。 1定语从句转换成不定式“to do”。 定语从句的谓语动词是将来时或含有情态动词或含有序数词the next，the last等时，该定语从句转换为不定式“to do”. （1）The plane which will arrive is from Hubei. →The plane to arrive is from Hubei。 （2）The students will go to a party that will be held in our class at 7：45. →The students will go to a p arty to be held in our class at 7：45. （3）He was the first boy who came to school. →He was the first boy to come to school. .2定语从句可转换成为“介词+关系代词或副词+不定式”。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句和“介词+关系代词或副词+不定式”充当的定语，可以相互转换。被这种定语修饰的名词往往在逻辑上充当不定式动作的地点、时间或工具。例： （1）She wanted a room in which she could do her homework. →She wanted a room in which to do her homework. （2）She had only a pen with which she can write. →She had only a pen to write with.或She had only a pen with which to write. 注：定语从句转换成“介词+ 关系代词+不定式”时，此时的不定式一定是及物动词，如是不及物动词，则需在动词后面加上相应的介词。这个介词可提前到关系代词前面，也可留在句尾。前者是正式说法后者是非正式说法。而且上例中动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，否则就不能简单地把作定语的不定式都变成此结构。 “He is looking for a place for his friend to live in”这句话。我们就不能将句中的a place for his friend to live in改为a place to live in或a place in which to live。 3.1定语从句可以转换为现在分词（短语） 如果定语从句的谓语是主动语态，且发生的时间与主句的谓语所表示的动作所发生的时间同时，此时可以将定语从句转换成现在分词短语）。 （1）Have you ever talked to the girl who is dancing to music over there？→Have you ever talked to the girl dancing to music over there？ （2）The question that is being discussed is about how to improve living conditions. →The question being discussed is about how to improve living conditions. .2定语从句可以转化为过去分词（短语） 如定语从句的谓语是被动语态，或是“系动词+过去分词（表语）”结构，且从句的谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是在主句的谓语之前发生或无明确的时间。此时，我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词（短语）。有时定语从句谓语虽然是主动语态.但它表示的动作在主句谓语之前就已经完成，这时我们可以将定语从句转换成过去分词（短语）。 （1）The report that was made yesterday will be discussed today. →The report made yesterday will be discussed today. （2）The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful.
定语从句的例子
定语从句的例子 相关术语：定语从句，先行词，关系代词，关系副词 一．限制性定语从句（定义） 关系代词who的用法 1.The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 昨天我帮助了一个迷路的老人。翻译：__________________________ Whom的用法 2.Mr.Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 你刚才见得那个人是我的朋友。翻译：___________________________ Which的用法 3.Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 这就是我昨天买的钢笔。翻译：________________________________ 4.The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 你昨天向我借的钱是100元。翻译：____________________________ 只用which不用that的情况 He had failed in the maths exam, which make his father very angry. This is the room in which my father lived last year. 只用that不用which的情况 （1）T ell others everthing that you have happened. There is little that is useful for you.
高中英语 定语从句教学设计优质课
T e a c h i n g D e s i g n Grammar — The Attributive Clause (I) (who, whom, which, that, whose) 淅川二高贾丽君 I. Teaching aims: 1. Help students understand what the Attributive Clause is and its function. 2. Enable students to use relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that, whose) in the Attributive Clause properly. 3. Encourage students to express their love to fathers using the Attributive Clause. II. Teaching important and difficult points: Enhance students’ proficiency and accuracy in using the relative pronouns to write the Attributive Clauses. III. Teaching methods: Task-based teaching method; Audio-lingual method; Cooperative learning; Group discussion IV. Teaching steps: Step I：Lead in 1. Guess a riddle. This is a man who loves us very much. This is a man whose love is as great as a mother’s.
(完整版)定语从句长难句分析
定语从句长难句分析 1.Thesediscoverieshaveledtothefieldknownasneuroeconomics,whichstudiestheb rain’ssecretstosuccessinaneconomicenvironmentthatdemandsinnovationand being able to do things differently from competitors. 译文：这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现，神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑胜利的秘诀，这个经济需要创新，需要和竞争者做例外的事情。 解析：which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词，在语法中，是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。同时，这也是一个嵌套定语从句，也就是从句套从句，在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that引导的从句修饰economic environment. 2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in adifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrowcoursebetweenthedemandsof‘evidence’an d‘attractiveness’,especiallygiventheincreasingneedintheheritageindustry and income-generating activities. 译文：那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境，他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡，特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。 解析：who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history是定语从句修饰前面代词。这里的as引导的是原因状语从句。Given引导条件状语从句，意为“鉴于”。 3.In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, suchasJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammar(1761)insiststhat‘thecusto m of Speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. 译文：在18世纪中后期，我们已经发现了这一观点的支持者，比如JosephPriestley,他1761年出版的《英语语法入门》一书中坚持认为：说话的习惯是最基本的也是任何语言的唯一标准。
定语从句与非谓语动词
二．定语从句： 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词。 注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用whom 指物只能用which 高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面： 【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning, which makes his mother very happy. ⑧I shall never forget the day _____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life. A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that (2004北京东城) 【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。 指人时常只用who不用that的情况； 指物时只用which不用that的情况； 只用that不用which的情况； 关系代词as与which的用法区别； the same … that … 与the same … as …的区别: 1 其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧：用who 不用that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。] <1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom. <2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用who不用that, 例： A new teacher will come who will teach you German. 在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句“who will teach you German ”分离，所以我们用who 不用that。 <3>先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如 There is a man who wants to see you. 在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that 2其中，that 和which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别： 用that不用which <1>先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如： I have read all the books that you gave me. <2>先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much等不定代词时： He did all that he could do to help us. <3>主语以who或which开头时 Who is the man that just called you just now? <4>关系代词在从句中做表语时 China is not the country that is was. <5>既指人又指物时 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况 <1> 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如: She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth. <2>当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
定语从句用法分析
定语从句用法分析 定语从句在整个句子中担任定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 eg. The boys who are planting trees on the hill are middle school students 先行词定语从句 #1 关系词： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as (句子中缺主要成份:主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补语)， 关系副词：when, where, why （句子中缺次要成份：状语）。 #2 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词引导定语从句，代替先行词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等主要成分。 1）who, whom, that 指代人，在从句中作主语、宾语。 eg. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） ^ He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday.（who/whom/that在从句中作宾语） ^ 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. = the cover of which/of which the cover is green. 3）which, that指代物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。 eg. The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. ^ （which / that在从句中作宾语,可省略） 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 eg. Is he the man who want s to see you? #3.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句，代替先行词（时间、地点或理由），并在从句中作状语。 eg. Two years ago, I was taken to the village where I was born. Do you know the day when they arrived? The reason why he refused is that he was too busy. 注意： 1）关系副词常常和"介词+ which"结构互换 eg. There are occasions when （on which）one must yield (屈服). Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born. Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer? * 2）在非正式文体中，that代替关系副词或"介词+ which"，放在时间、地点、理由的名词，在口语中that常被省略。 eg. His father died the year （that / when / in which）he was born. He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.
浅谈定语从句
引导定语从句的有：关系代词who(whom, whose)，which, that和关系副词when, where, why等。例如： The girl who had lunch with me yesterday is my girl friend.昨天与我共进午餐的那个女孩是我的女朋友。(girl是先行词，who是关系代词) The book that(which)I am reading is very interesting.我正在看的这本书非常有趣。(book是先行词，that是关系代词) 现略谈一谈关系代词和关系副词的作用和用法，引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用，它们可以作定语从句的一个成分： 一、关系代词可以作定语从句的主语、宾语或定语。 1.who指人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语；whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语。例如： (1)This is Uncle Li who mended computers for us.这就是为我们修电脑的李叔叔。 The student who(that)is playing with a yoyo is only seven.正在玩溜溜球的那个学生仅仅七岁。 (2) This is the man(whom)I met in Australian last month.这就是我上个月在澳大利亚遇见的那个人。 The soldier whom you want to see has already come.你要见的那名士兵已经来了。 (3)There is nobody here whose name is Gu Jianfei.这儿没有名叫顾剑飞的人。 My aunt whose photo I showed you yesterday will come to see us this evening.我姨妈今晚要来看我们，她的照片昨天我给你看过。 2.which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如： (1)Take the pencil which is lying on the desk.把课桌上的那支铅笔拿去。 We visited the Jade Buddha Temple, which is in the northwestern part of Shanghai.我们参观了玉佛寺，它在上海西北边。 (2)The factory which we visited yesterday is very famous in the world.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是全球闻名的。
非谓语动词和从句的转换
非谓语动词和从句的转换---- 一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.) 2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句 (1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.) 3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句 (1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding) 4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句 (1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. (=that is shortly to open in Beijing) (2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up) 5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的．结果状语.，相当于一个目的．结果状语从句 (１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that) (2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…)
定语从句和长难句分析报告
从句和长难句分析 高考英语试题中定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 2008-12-15 22:24:06 来源:网络作者:佚名【大中小】点击：126 次评论：次 1.The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were 【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）： (1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops. A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are (2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are (3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food. A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are 2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand” A. that B. which C. where D. what 【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
浅谈英语定语从句的译法
摘要 在翻译的实践中,很多人常常苦于那些比较复杂的定语从句，觉得无从下手，有时甚至完全脱离了原句的意义。因此，根据定语从句的语法现象，从定语从句的基本类型和用法方面出发，进行探讨，从而归纳出一些定语从句翻译的方法。 关键词：限制性定语从句，非限制性的定语从句，兼有状语职能的定语从句，翻译方法。In translation practice, many people often suffer from that more complex attributive clause, feel overwhelming, sometimes even completely out of the original sentence meaning. Accordingly, according to the attributive clause grammatical phenomena, from the basic type of the attributive clause and usage aspects, were discussed, which induces some attributive clause translation methods. Keywords: restrictive attributive clause, the restrictive attributive clause, both adverbials function attributive clause, translation methods. 众所周知，英语中有许多语法现象，而定语从句则是英语中最主要最常见的语法现象之一。在英语学习中我们经常会遇到关于定语从句的句子，我们如能恰如其分地汉译定语从句，则会对整句，乃至整篇文章的理解有很大帮助。英语定语从句可按它与先行词在逻辑含义上不同的紧密程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。它们含有特定的翻译方法。此外，兼有状语职能的定语从句是一种特殊的定语从句，译法有许多相同之处，因此也与上述各类定语从句一起讨论。 限制性定语从句的译法 一、限制性定语从句和所修饰的名词或代词(称为先行词)之间的关系十分密切,是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰说明语。带有限制性定语从句的句子里,主句的含意是不完整的,要靠从句补充说明,全句概念才能表达清楚。限制性定语从句与主句之间没有逗号。例如:Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。限制性定语从句的翻译往往可以采用以下三种方法。 1.合译法 所谓合译法,主要是指把英语限制性定语从句译成汉语的“…的?字结构” ,放在被修饰词之前,从而把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句。合译法尤其适合于翻译结构不很长的限制性定语从句,不论是先行词前面有定冠词的(称为意义上的)限制性定语从句,还是先行词前无定冠词的(称为形式上的)限制性定语从句,都可采用这种译法。In the room where the electronic computers kept ,there must be no dust at all .在存放电子计算机的房间里,不能有一本点灰尘。英语中,有些限制性定语从句可省略关系词,翻译时也同样采用合译法。例如:The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have.分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。(第二个定语从句中省略了关系代词which或that)The time nuclear fission takes place vast energy is released. 核裂变发生时,放出大量的能。( 定语从句中省略了when)以as引导的限制性定语从句的翻译值得特别注意。关系代词as经常与such ,the same ,as many ,as much等配合使用。在这些句型中,as引导限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语,表语,宾语等。以as 引导的这类限制性定语从句往往有比较固定的一些译法: (1) such + (名词) + as 或such as 通常译为“象……之类的”、“象……(这)那样的”, “……的一种”等。例如:Without rubber there would be no automobiles such as we have today.如果没有橡胶,就不会有我们今天这样的汽车。(2) the same ……as 通常译为“和……一样的”、“与……相同的”。例如:A color transmission contains the same information as a black and white transmission.彩色传输所容纳的信息,和黑白传输容纳的信息一样。
定语从句和非谓语做定语的转换
定语从句和非谓语做定语的转换 非谓语做定语是定语从句的简化形式 Please replace the underlined part with relative clauses 1.The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 2.The Olympic Games, held in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. 3.The first text books written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 4.Are you going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow? 5. a developed/developing country 6.He is a student loved by all the teachers. 7.The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 8.She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 9.Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in. 10.We have nothing to worry about. 11.I have a lot of things to do today. 12.Have you got anything to say at the meeting? 总结：现在分词做定语从时态上表示_______ 或_________ 从语态上表示________;若表示被动；可以用_______ 过去分词做定语从时态上表示_____或______ 从语态上表示____________ 不定式做定语从时态上表示__________ 从逻辑上可以表示动词和先行词之间的_______ 同时要注意加上相应的介词，若先行词被________________________所以修饰，定语从句部分可以用不定式替代 Replace the underlined part with ing/ ed / to do 1. The computer center which was opened last year, is very popular among the students. in the school. 2. Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from South Africa. 3. There was a terrible noise which followed he sudden burst of light. 4. Do you know the boy who is lying under the big tree? 5. Are you going to attend the meeting which will be held tomorrow? 6. I like most of the books which are published in this publishing house. 7. This is one of the questions which are being discussed at the meeting now. 8. Would you please give me a piece of paper which I can write with ? 9. The next train which will arrive is from Washington. 非谓语动词作定语练习1 1. Here are some new computer programs _________ for home buildings. A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design 2. The price will save you one dollar for each dozen. A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces 3. The wallet several days ago was found in the dustbin outside the building. A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding 4. A person_______ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language ___all about his own. A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D.learning, forgetting 6. Many things__________ impossible in the past are very common today. A. consider B. considering C. considered D. be considered 7 What's the________ language in Germany A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
高三英语定语从句公开课教学设计
高三英语定语从句公开课教学设计 语法专题十二定语从句 (一)ⅰ. 定义定语从句，起形 容词的作用，在句中常用来修饰名词或代词。被修饰的词称为先行词,引导定语 从句的词称为关系词, 关系词的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起引导作 用;二是在意义上代替先行词,并在从句中充当一个成分。其中关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as；关系副词：when, where, why。eg. she is the girl who sings best of all.the pen which my uncle gave me is missing.he lives in a house whose windows face south.the factory where my father works is in the east of the city.perhaps the day will come when people will be able to breathe clean air in cities. ⅱ. 关系代词1. 先行词是人，作主语，关系代词用who, that eg. he is a man （）never leaves today’s work till tomorrow. the boy ( ) is standing there is my cousin.2. 先行词是人，作宾语，关系代词用 whom, who, that,eg. here is the man ( ) you’ve been expecting to meet.the man ( ) you met yesterday is mr. smith.3. 先行词是物， 作主语，关系代词用which, thateg . the train （） has just left is for guangzhou.children like to read books ( ) have wonderful pictures.4. 先行词是物，作宾语，关系代词用which, that,或省略eg. the book ( ) you borrowed yesterday is really interesting.the pen ( ) my uncle gave me is missing.5. 先行词是人、物，作定语，关系 代词用whoseeg. he is the professor ( ) name was jackson.china, （） population is the largest in the world, is developing very fast. ⅲ. 关系副词1. 先行词是表示时间的名词，在定从中作时间状语，关系代词用when eg. i can’t remember the date ( ) he went abroad.i’ll never forget the day ( ) i joined the army.2. 先行词是表示地点的名词， 在定从中作地点状语，关系代词用where; 其中注意表示抽象概念的地点名词，如，situation、stage、degree、point等表示方面或程度时，也需用whereeg. this is the village （） uncle wang once lived.they have reached the