考研之英语语言文学专业解析

一、学科概况

英语语言文学是外国语言文学下属的一个二级学科。英语是联合国工作语言之一，是世界上最通用的语言，也是我国学习人数最多的外语语种。英语语言文学是我国设置最早的外语专业之一。

英语语言学的发展趋势体现了语言学的发展趋势，具体表现为以下特点：由纯描写性研究转向以解释为目的的研究，由侧重英语本身特点的孤立研究转为侧重语言普遍性的比较研究，由侧重语言形式的研究转为形式和语义并重的研究，由对语言结构的研究扩展到对语言的习得、功能和应用的研究，由对英语的语音、词汇、语法、历史、方言等传统领域的研究发展到对英语的各个方面及相关领域的全面研究。目前英语语言学的主要分支学科包括音位学、形态学、句法学、文体学、历史语言学；语言学的其他主要分支学科，如语义学、语用学、话语分析、篇章语言学应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学等，也主要基于对英语的研究。

二、培养目标

应具有坚实的英语语言文学的基础理论和系统的专业知识，了解本学科的当前状况和发展趋势；具有严谨、求实的学风和独立从事科学研究工作的能力，学位论文应有新的见解；熟练掌握所学语言，第二外国语应具有一定的口、笔语能力及阅读与本专业有关书刊的能力；能熟练运用计算机和互联网络进行科研工作。

三、研究方向

研究范围包括语言学，文学，社会文化，翻译理论和实践等。

各个招生单位具体研究方向略有不同，以北京语言大学为例

01英国文学

02美国文学

03西方文论

04西方文化研究

05中西文学比较研究

四、考试科目

各个招生单位考试科目略有不同，以北京语言大学为例

①101思想政治理论

②242二外日语或243二外法语或244二外德语

③722基础英语

④824英美文学

五、课程设置

基础理论课:

a．普通语言学：语言的本质、结构、功能、语言研究的对象、目的、方法，主要学派及其理论；

b．西方文艺理论：从柏拉图到20世纪的西方文论；

c．世界文学：东西方文学发展史及流派；

d．目录学和研究方法：主要参考书和学术刊物介绍，研究方法、论文设计与格式、计算机和互联网的使用。

专业课

a．音系学：英语的音位和音位变体、区别性特征、超音段特征、音节的结构、音位规则；

b．句法学：英语的句法单位、句法关系、句子的构造和转换，形态和语序；

c．语义学：语义类别和语义关系、成分分析、词汇意义、短语意义、句子意义、话语意义；

d．语用学：指别、预设、言语行为、语用原则和会话蕴涵、会话结构；

e．英语史：英语的起源及演变；

f．莎士比亚戏剧：莎士比亚及其时代、文学思潮、代表作品等；

g．20世纪西方文论：西方文论最繁荣、最活跃时期—20世纪的主要文论流派；

h．18、19世纪英国小说：18、19世纪英国小说的代表作家及作品；

i．19世纪美国小说：19世纪美国小说的代表作家及作品；

j．英美诗歌：英美诗歌各主要发展阶段的主要特征及代表作家、作品；

k．英语国家历史：英美加澳新各国通史；

1．英语国家历史与文化：政治体制、经济发展、社会变革及文化特点；

m．中国与英语国家关系：中国与英语国家在各历史时期的关系与特点；

n．翻译理论：英语语言学理论在翻译中的应用、英汉之间的可译与不可译性、翻译标准、翻译单位、口译和笔译的差异；

o．翻译实践：汉英口笔互译、翻译技巧、优秀译文赏析；

p．跨文化交际学：文化和语言的关系、文化差异和语言差异、跨文化交际中的文化屏障；

q．汉英语言对比：汉语和英语各要素和各层次的对比。

各个招生单位课程设置略有不同，以北京第二外国语学院为例：

公共必修课有：政治、第二外语、就业指导

一级学科通开课：古代汉语、世界文学、世界文明史

二级学科通开课英美文学作品赏析、普通语言学导论、文化与跨文化导论；

专业必修课：理论语言学与应用语言学方向：语言学名篇选读、音系学导论、形态学导论、句法学导论、语义学导论

英美社会文化方向：美国学导论、美国社会文化史、英国社会文化史、西方文化批评、西方思想史

英美文学方向：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评翻译理论与实践方向：翻译理论导论、英汉语言文化对比研究、翻译研究方法论、文学翻译、语篇与翻译。

六、相近专业

与此专业相关的专业（即相同一级学科下的其他专业）有：俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、西班牙语语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学

七、就业前景

英语语言文学专业生毕业主要从事高等、中等学校英语教学改革和教学研究及涉外工作

和从事商务翻译工作，是应用性的高级专业人才，就业质量相当不错，是一个高收入群体。据劳动人事部统计，英语专业毕业生的就业率一直在各专业中居于前10位。即使在近年来大学生就业普遍不景气的情况下，大多数院校英语专业毕业生的就业率仍然保持90%以上，就业前景乐观。毕业生在走上工作岗位后，大都能发挥他们的外语优势，受到学校、外事部门、公司企业等用人部门的重视和欢迎。随着中国经济发展进一步加快，中国和世界的联系也会加强，在一个较长的时期内，英语专业仍会继续保持自己良好的就业前景。

八、就业方向

本专业人才可以到教育、外事、外贸、科技翻译、新闻出版、广播影视、涉外企业、旅游公关、企事业等部门或单位从事英语教学、培训、科研、口译、笔译等与英语有关的工作。

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Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population

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