汉语伴随介词语法化的类型学研究_兼论SVO型语言中伴随介词的两种演化模式

介词、连词与状语从句

【专题四】介词、连词与状语从句【考情分析】介词 1．常见介词的用法及辨析。 2．介词与其他词性所构成的一些短语。 3．在定语从句中，介词的使用情况。连词 1. 考查并列连词、从属连词的用法 2.重点考查主从复合句和并列句的连接词的选用。状语从句 1.状语从句的分类 1.可分为时间、原因、地点、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较及方式等类型。 2.状语从句的引导词与介词的用法比较；状语从句与定语从句引导词的辨析。 3.能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连接词的用法差异。【知识归纳】介词： 1.“名词＋介词”型 the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way…to； wish/desire/prize/respect…for； pity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence…on 2.“介词＋名词”型 (1) in ＋名词 in advance 在前头，事先，预先in case 如果，万一in charge 主管，掌管，看管 in common 共有，共同，公有in demand 有需要的in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的 (2)①on＋名词 on guard 在值勤on leave 在休假on holiday在度假on strike罢工on sale出售on loan 借贷 ②on＋the＋名词on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开on the march 在行军on the flow 在涨潮 (3) beyond ＋名词 beyond one's power 是某人力所不及的beyond one's reach 够不着 beyond description 难以形容beyond words 无法用语言形容beyond doubt 无疑 (4) under ＋名词 under development 在发展中under observation 在观察中under test 在测试中 under construction 在建设中under examination 在检查(调查)中under consideration 在考虑中 (5) at ＋名词 at length 详细地，长时间at sea 茫然at will 任意地at work 在上班at lunch 在吃午饭 at rest在休息at table 在吃饭at school 上学at church 做礼拜at peace 处于和平状态 (6) out of ＋名词 out of breath 上气不接下气out of balance 失去平衡out of date 过时out of patience 不耐烦 3．“动词＋介词”搭配 ①rob sb. of sth. ; supply us with food ;make a desk of wood ; make bread from flour ②介词＋the ＋部位与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s ＋部位，可换用) strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用) catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用) 注意：同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异的情况。 reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和音乐唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask...for...寻找，use...for用作，leave for前往，take...for 误以为， 4．“形容词＋介词”型 at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。 of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。worthy of值得的；proud of(take pride in)自豪；sure of / about确信；fond of喜欢；full of充满 with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。satisfied with (by)满意；busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事；wrong with不对 in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。 to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。similar to相似for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty 等。grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人；fit for适合；ready for准备from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。free from没有……(免除……)；far from离……远 about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴 5．复杂介词型 (1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。 because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。 (2) 表示“除……之外”。 with the exception of＝except, except for“除……之外”； apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。(3) 表示“有关，关于”。 concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；with respect to“关于，就……而言”； as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。 (4) 表示“在……之前”。 ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”，还可表示“领先，优于”； in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。 (5) 表示“支持，赞成”。 in support of 维护，支持，支援；in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”。 (6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。 in the light of 按照，考虑到in terms of 就……而言，谈到according to 根据；按照 in view of 鉴于，因为 (7) 表示“尽管”。 in spite of 尽管，不管连词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。 1．并列连词并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and(和)，as well as(既……又)，both... and(不但……而且)，not only... but also(不但……而且)，not ...but(不是……而是)，neither...nor(既不……也不)，either... or(不是……就是)，or(或者)，but (但是)，yet(然而)，for(因为)，so(所以)，while(而)，when(这时)等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy(暗沉沉的)．/ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious(光荣的)yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot. 2．从属连词从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as (2)引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as (3)引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter(无论), even if (though) (4)引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as (5)引导结果状语从句的：so... that..., such...that... (6)引导目的状语从句的：so that..., in order that... (7)引导比较状语从句的：as...as..., not so (as)．.. as...，... than... (8)引导方式状语从句的：as if... (9)引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that 和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。 3.几组容易混淆的并列连词： (1)and, or和but I must work hard, or I'll fail in the contest. Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. —Would you like to come to dinner tonight? —I'd like to, but I'm too busy. (2)not only...but (also), as well as不但……而且 She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. (3)neither...nor “既不……也不……”；both...and...“两者都”；either...or...“不是……就是……” Neither you nor he is to blame. Either you or I am right. (4)not...but... 不是……而是…… They were not the bones of an animal, but the bones of a human being. (5)for 因为 He is absent today, for he is ill. 注意：for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。 (6)so, therefore因此 He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 状语从句：（一）时间状语从句时间状语从句 1．when, while, as的区别这三个词都可以用作连接词，表示时间关系，但有所区别。 (1)when表示时间关系时，意思常常是“当(在)……的时候”。主句和从句中的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。例如： When we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。 (2)while 用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……的时候”，主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间(a period of time)，而不能指一点时间的(a point of time)。如上面第一个例句中的when，可以用while代替；而第二个例句中的when，就不能用while代替。例如： Please don’t talk so aloud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。 (3)as用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……时候”，往往可与when或while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情相并发生。例如： I saw him as he was getting off the bus.当他下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。 2．一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句 the minute, the moment, the instant, every time, the last time, every time。如：

高考英语语法填空真题及答案

高考英语语法填空真题及答案 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021

历年高考语法填空真题 1. （2017全国Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. （2017全国Ⅱ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.

高考英语语法填空专题练习(24篇)含答案

高中英语语法填空练习（24篇）阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上标号的相应位置。（1） In the United States, there were 222 people 1.__________（report）to be billionaires（亿万富翁）in 2003. The 2.__________of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $ 41 billion, who made his money 3.__________starting the company Microsoft. Mr. Gates was only 21 years old 4.__________he first helped to set up the company in 1976. He was a billionaire 5. __________the time he was 6.__________, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even 7.__________（young）ages. Other young people who have struck it rich include Jackie Coogan and Shirley Temple. 8.__________of these child actors made over a million dollars9.__________（act）in movies before they were 14. But10.__________ youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und Taxis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited （继承）a billion dollars when he turned 18! （2） Finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car 1.__________（steal）. They filed a report 2.__________the police station and a detective drove them 3.__________to the parking lot to look for evidence. To their 4.__________（amaze）, the car had been returned 5.__________there was a note in it that said: “I apologize for taking your ca r. My wife was having a baby and I had to rush her to the 6.__________. Please forget the inconvenience. There are two tickets 7.__________tonight's Mania Twain concert.” Their faith in humanity restored. The couple attended8.__________concert. But when they returned home, they immediately found. 9.__________their house had been ransacked （洗劫）. On the bathroom mirror was 10.__________note: “I have to put my kid through college somehow, don't I?” （3） People 1.__________（live）in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred 2.__________in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary,

历年高考语法填空真题大全

历年高考语法填空真题 1. (2017全国Ⅰ)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. (2017全国Ⅱ)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public. 3. (2017全国Ⅲ)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 ________ (rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 __________ model in New Y ork. Sarah 63 __________ (tell) that she could be Britain?s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter 44,wants her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 _______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65_________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66_________ (educate). She has turned down several 67_______ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a degree 68___________ engineering or architecture. Sarah says, "My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69 ___________ (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 _________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model my more." 4. (2016全国Ⅰ)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

连词和介词

1. 连词的分类连词和介词一样，不能单独在句子里作句子成分，只能起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用。 1.1 关联连词起关联作用的连词有 and，词组both… and，neither… nor，not only… but also…，as well as 等，其用法如下： (1)and ①用于肯定的并列。如： The drink was cold and sweet.这饮料喝着又凉又甜。有些被视为一个整体的两个名词并列时，词序固定。如： thunder and lightning(电闪雷鸣) hat and coat(衣帽) rich and poor(穷富) and 并列两个动作时，表示动作的连续或重复。如： She brushed her teeth and went to bed.她刷了牙就睡觉了。 Will you close the window and turn off the light before you leave? 你走之前把窗户关上，灯关掉好吗? ②and 与 yet 连用，引导对比性的内容。如： He is rich, and yet leads a modest life.他富有但生活不奢侈。 ③and 常于动词 try，wait 等之后与另一个动词连用(try 等词此时需为原形)。如： Try and get some water.想办法找些水来。Let’s wait and see.我们等等看吧。 ④and 用在动词 come，go，run，hurry up，stay，stop 等不及物动词之后代替 to，与另一个动词连接，则第二个动词表示目的。此时 come 等可有过去式和第三人称形式。如： I went and watched the game with Jimmy yesterday.昨天我和吉米去看比赛了。 Go and buy a new coat for yourself.去给你自己买件新大衣吧。在口语中，go 后面的 and 常省略。如：Go jump in the river. ⑤在“祈使句+ and +句子”中，祈使句表示条件，后面的句子表示结果。如： Work hard and you’ll make progress.努力工作你就会有进步。 Use your head and you’ll find a way.动动脑子你就会有办法。 (2)并列连词both… and… 与 and 的作用基本相同，但语气较 and 强。但both… and…不能并列连接两个句子。如： He can speak both English and French.他会说英语和法语。 The book is both interesting and instructive.这本书既有意义，又有趣味。 He is famous both as a novelist and as a statesman. 作为小说家和政治家，他都是有名的。 and 和 bot h… and… 的否定形式一律用neither… nor…。如： I neither smoke nor drink.我既不吸烟也不喝酒。 (3)并列连词词组 as well as，not only… but also… 作用与 and 相同，只是各自的侧重点不同。用 as well as 时，侧重点在 as well as 前的部分;用not only… but also…时，侧重点在 but also 后面的部分。请比较下面两个句子译文的词序：他不仅有一辆摩托车，而且还有一辆小汽车。 He’s g ot a car as well as a motorbike./He’s got not only a motorbike but a car. 她不仅美丽而且聪明。 She is clever as well as beautiful./She is not only beautiful but clever.

古代汉语介词、连词用法总结

介词、连词一、介词 1、于（於、乎） ——引入行为动作涉及的对象宋公及楚人战于泓。（《左传·僖公二十二年》）是干戚用于古，不用于今也。（《韩非子·五蠹》）引入行为动作的处所与时间。颍考叔为颍谷封人，闻之，有献于公。（《左传·郑伯克段于鄢》）利泽施乎万世。（《庄子·大宗师》） ——引入行为动作比较的对象青，取之於藍而青於藍；冰，水为之而寒於水。（《荀子·劝学》）其闻道也，固先乎吾。（韩愈《师说》） ——引入行为动作的主动者，即表示被动。刑赏已诺，信乎天下矣。（《荀子·王霸》） 2、以引入行为动作凭借的工具、材料与依据。蛇出于其下，以肱击之。（《左传·鞌之战》）以羽为巢，而编之以发。（《荀子·劝学》）引入行为动作凭借的资格、身份或地位。儒以文乱法，侠以武犯禁。（《韩非子·五蠹》）骞以郎应募使月氏。（《汉书·张骞传》）引入行为动作的原因夫韩魏灭亡，而安陵以五十里之地存者，徒以有先生也。（《战国策·魏策四》）扶苏以数谏故，上使外将兵。（《史记·陈涉起义》）引入行为动作的时间。文（指田文，即孟尝君）以五月五日生。（《史记·孟尝君列传》） 3、为（1）引入行为动作的对象。为长安君约车百乘。（《战国策·触龙说赵太后》）苦为河伯娶妇。（《史记·西门豹治邺》）烦大巫妪为入报河伯。（《史记·西门豹治邺》）（2）引入行为动作的目的魏其锐身为救灌夫。（《史记·魏其武安侯列传》）（3）引入行为动作的原因天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡。（《荀子·天论》）二、连词 1、与作连词畦留夷与揭车兮，杂杜衡与芳芷。（屈原《离骚》）作介词公与之乘，战于长勺。（《左传·庄公十年》）夸父与日逐走。（《山海经·夸父逐日》）

介词和连词

介词和连词介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词、名词和代词等搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）。介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。连词在句中的作用是把词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来。它不能在句中单独作句子成分。高考重点要求： 1、介词的含义及在句中的作用。 2、介词+宾语构成短语的作用。 3、介词短语在句子中的功能的理解。 4、并列连接词和从属连接词的使用和区别。第一节知识点概述一、介词（一）表示时间的介词 1.表示时间段的介词（1）in , after in +时间段，表示从现在起往后推算一段时间. after +时间段，表示过去某时间往后推一段时间，如：He’ll come back in two days. 但钟点用after( after thre e o’clock) He left on July 2 and returned after three days. （2）in , during 表示在一段特指的时间内，可用in 或during, 如：The work was done in / during the holidays. 表示年份、月份、季节用in , 如:in 1999 ,in June , in winter （3）for the past + 时间段, during 表示在最近一段时间内，句中谓语动词常用现在完成时 I have been in Shanghai in the last few years. （4）for 表示延续一段时间 I’ll study in the U.S for two years.I’ve waited for Bingo for half an hour. 2.表示某一时间的介词（1）at, on at 表示某一时刻，on 表示某一天或日期, 如: at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of May 2 一天内各段时间表达, 须选用正确的介词，请比较： in the morning on a winter / snow / cold / morning at night on the night of March 7th in the evening on Friday evening （2）before, by before 表示某一时间之前，而by 表示到某一时间止，句中谓语动词多用完成时态。如: You must get up before six. 你必须六点之前起床。 By the end of last m onth the boy had got 4 “As”. 到上月底这个男孩已得了4个A. （3）after , since after 可以表示过去某一点时间之后，通常和一般过去时连用，而since表示从过去某时间开始延续到现在的一段时间, 与现在完成时连用，如； My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .解放后我父亲住在上海.