英国文学期末复习范围

1. Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)

2. William Shakespeare: Hamlet Act 3, Scene 1 and Sonnet 18

3. Francis Bacon: Of Studies

4. John Donne: Holy Sonnet 10

5. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Book 1, Lines 111-179)

6. Daniel Defoe: Robison Crusoe (An Excerpt from Chapter IV)

7. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels (Chapter VII)

8. William Blake: The Tyger and The Lamb

9. Robert Burns: A Red, Red, Rose and Auld Lang Syne 10. George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion 11. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest 12. William Wordsworth: The Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud) 13. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan 14. George Gordon Byron: She Walks in Beauty 15. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 16. John Keats:Ode To a Nightingale; To Autumn 17. Alfred Tennyson: Break, Break, Break, In Memorium A. H. H. 18. Robert Browning:My Last Duchess 19. Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach 22. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 23. Charles Dickens: Dombey and Son 24. Thomas Hardy: Te ss of the D’ Urbervilles25. Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness 26. James Joyce: Ulysses 32. V. S. Naipaul:In a Free State 33. Martin Amis: Money: a Suicide Note 34. Iris Murdoch: A Severed Head 35. William Golding: Lord of the Flies 36. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot 37. Seamus Heaney: Death of a Naturalist, Punishment 38. Wystan Hugh Auden: Spain 1937 39. T. S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 40. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair

Bloomsbury Group: The Bloomsbury Group was a group of writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists who held informal discussions near Bloomsbury in London during the first half of the twentieth century. Their work deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality. Its best known members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey. （布卢姆茨伯里派// 布卢姆茨伯里群体）Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is on the whole the reflection of the spirit of Victorian middle class philistinism. It is an ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "happiness". It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined only by its resulting outcome, and that one can only weigh the morality of an action after knowing all its consequences. As a practical movement of philosophy, it made its positive contribution to Victorian life, but its idea of utility placed so much value on the machine and sciences that it virtually dismissed everything else as of little or no importance. The most influential contributors to this theory are considered to be Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. (功利主义，实利主义) Aestheticism/the fin de siècle aestheticism: it was a European phenomenon during the latter 19th century that had its chief headquarters in France. In opposition to the dominance of scientific thinking and widespread indifference of the middle-class society to art, the advocates of the movement developed the view that a work of art is the supreme value because it is self-sufficient and has no use or moral aim outside its own being. The end of a work of art is simply to exist in its formal perfection. A rallying cry of Aestheticism is “art for art’s sake”The views later were introduced to Victorian England and Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde became its major representatives. (唯美主义运动, 19世纪末的唯美主义运动) O xford Movement(1833-1845): it was the religious movement begun in 1833 by Anglican clergymen at the University of Oxford to renew the Church of England by reviving certain Roman Catholic doctrines and rituals as a source of legitimacy and deeper spirituality. Its main intent was to defend the Church of England as a divine institution against the threats of liberal theology, rationalism, and government interference. Their concern for a higher standard of worship influenced not only the Church of England but also other British Protestant sects. Prominent among the leaders of the Movement were John Henry Newman, John Keble, and later Edward Bouverie Pusey. The Oxford movement has exerted a great influence, doctrinally, spiritually, and liturgically not only on the Church of England but also throughout the Anglican Communion. (牛津运动). Metaphysical poetry: it refers to the poetry written by a group of 17th century poets represented by John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George Herbert etc. They employ paradox, pun and startling parallels in simile and metaphor to write poetry with the basic features of “wit”or “conceit”. A subtle and often deliberately outrageous logic is involved to render the form of a heated argument or a meditative process throughout the poem. Metaphysical poetry is sharply opposed to the Elizabethan poetry tradition and has been drastically elevated to a high hierarchy of English poetry after World War I. （玄学派诗歌）Gothic novel: it is a type of prose fiction with the medieval setting in its barbaric and supernatural aspects. The term is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader. Gothic novel invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which impart a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. （哥特式小说）Modernism:

the term is widely used to identify the distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts and styles of literature and other arts in the early decades of 20th century, especially after World War I. Under the influence of irrational philosophy, modernists break up the narrative continuity and cast away almost all the traditional elements in literature like story, plot and character. They shift the narrative focus from the realists’ concern with the external material world to the inner-mind activities of the characters by the use of stream of consciousness and other innovative modes of narration. The monuments of modernist innovation include James Joyce’s Ulysses, T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, and Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. （现代主义）Neoclassicism: This is the literary stylistic trend prevailing in the mid-18th century, between the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century. It advocates that literary theory and practice should follow the models established by the major Greek and Latin writers. Types, order and regularity rather individual characteristics are emphasized by neoclassicists, and the unities of time, place and action are widely adopted in dramatic composition. Major representatives in this period include John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Pope. （新古典主义）Morality play: a morality play presents the conflict between the good and evil with introduction of allegorical personages, such as Mercy, Peace, Folly and so on. These characters, as their names indicate, represent different abstractions in order to illustrate certain moral and religious doctrines. Prevailing in the Middle Ages, Morality plays contribute to the flowering of English drama in the Renaissance England. （道德剧）Byronic Hero: The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of English Romantic poet Lord Byron. Some of the character’s attitudes and actions may be considered immoral, and his bad actions may be as numerous as those which are heroic, but never is he evil for evil's sake. The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. （拜伦式英雄）Postmodernism: the term is often applied to the literature and art after World War II，when the effects on Western morale of the World War I were greatly exacerbated. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the counter traditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to overthrow the elitism of modernist high art by recourse to the models of mass culture in film, television, pop music etc. Postmodernism in literature and the arts has parallels with the movement known as poststructuralism in linguistic ad literary theory, undertaking to subvert the foundations of language in order to show that its seeming meaningfulness dissipates into a play of conflicting indeterminancies, or else to show that all forms of cultural discourse are manifestations of ideology, or of the relations and constructions of power, in contemporary society. The representative postmodernists include Jorge Luis Borges, Samuel Beckett, Vladimir Nabokov. （后现代主义）Alliteration: It refers to the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words, usually at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable. It is based on the sounds of letters, rather then the spelling of words. Used sparingly, alliteration can intensify ideas by emphasizing key words, but when used too self-consciously, it can be distracting, even ridiculous, rather than effective. (头韵) Romance: it is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances include King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and Knights of the Round Table. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, they stress adventure and supernatural elements. （罗曼司，或浪漫文学，或传奇文学）Renaissance: the term, meaning “rebirth”, is commonly applied to the movement that marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe from 14th century to early 17th centuries. The people of the time turned to the treasures of classical writers and culture for inspiration. As a cultural movement, Renaissance encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and William Shakespeare. （文艺复兴）Sonnet: it is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling, sometimes resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem. The two main forms of the sonnet are the Petrarchan, or Italian, and the English, or Shakespearean. （十四行诗）Dramatic Monologue：a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironic effect. Robert Browning has brought the dramatic monologue to its full play. He has made it particularly good for revealing the hidden human motives, thus reaching a depth of the human recesses of the soul which has evaded most of the previous romantic poems.