英汉互译技巧4解析
第二章英汉语言对比
A comparison between English and Chinese
第一部分
Part One
If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation.
刘重德《文学翻译十讲》
Procedures of today
?Similarities between English and Chinese
?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class
?Assignments of today
英汉语言的相同之处
similarities
?词类划分:
?汉语：
实词（content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词
虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词（结构助词“的”、“地”、“得”，时态助词“着”、“了”、“过”，情态助词“吗”、“呢”、“吧”、“啊”、“嘛”、“了”等）?英语：
实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词
虚词（function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be）
?英语量词，汉语冠词
?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc.
英汉语言的相同之处
similarities
?词类划分
?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语（表语）、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语，从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P)
e.g. I like your new hairstyle.
我喜欢你的新发型。
It is cute.
它很可爱。
People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one –which I take leave to doubt –then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings – people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the hub is.
人们总是在谈论“年青人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题——对此我不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的，而不是年青人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑问题的实质，而且我们要承认年青人毕竟是人——是跟他们长辈一样的人。年青人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是年青人的光辉未来在前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在了身后，或许这就是问题所在。
?We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But with all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live our lives.
?中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区，光、热、水和土等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的发展。特别是在黄河流域与长江流域，农耕生产是主要的经济方式。?With the territory in the temperate and subtropical zones, the natural resources such as light, heat, water and soil are fit for the development of the agricultural economy. Especially in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley, farming is the major economic mode.
英汉语言的差异
Differences
?词汇差异（vocabularies）
?语法形态的差异(grammars)
?句法差异(syntax)
?修辞差异(figures of speech)
?段落与篇章差异(paragraphs and discourses)
Differences between vocabularies (Ⅰ)
?各种词性的使用频率
?英语语法重在动词，但使用较少，汉语则惯用动词或动词词组
?英语的代词使用频率高
?英语中的介词数量多，具有巨大的搭配联结能力和表达功能
?英语形容词表达能力强
英语名词与汉语动词
?Out of his (Jefferson’s) tremendous energy came inventions, books, new ideas and new starts in every field of human endeavor.
?他(Jefferson) 精力极其充沛，他创造发明，著书立说，阐发新思想，并在人类努力从事的各个领域中有所开创。
?His preoccupation with business left little time for his family.
?他全神贯注于事业，因而能与家人共度的时间很少。
?他们慢慢地沿着整个北冰洋岸航行，一路仔细观察。
?Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.
?天已经擦黑，虫鸣蛙噪，一片喧闹。
?It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing. More examples
?Spontaneity has never been my forte. As a 14-year-old, I would refuse to go for walks around the block with my friends if I was the least bit behind my schoolwork.
?一时冲动心血来潮的做事向来不是我的专长。14岁时我就这样，那排只有一点作业没做完，我都不会丢开书本和朋友去玩。
?畅游在卢瓦河上，仿佛行进在历史、艺术与现实的交错之中，这欧洲的一角已被深深的镌刻在人们心中。
?A journey on the Loire is a meander in history, art and daily life. It is a corner of Europe that etched itself deeply in the heart and mind.
代词的使用
?A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.
?江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过，还得带一身泥回来。（唐弢《故乡的雨》）
?A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.
?画家将已经完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。
?江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过，还得带一身泥回来。
?Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing no mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud. (Tr. by Zhang Peiji)
介词的使用
?I think he is above doing such a thing.
?我想他是不会做出这种事情来的。
?That was done without my knowledge and without my consent.
?他们做这事我既不知道也没同意。
?处理事情应讲究轻重缓急。
?Matters should be handled according to priority.
?有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我放下正在批改的作业，抬头一看，原来是一个身材矮小的老太太，她满脸皱纹，慈祥地微笑着。
?Somebody tapped me on the shoulder and I looked up from the exercise books which I was correcting, into the lined, kind and smiling face of a little old woman.
Some more examples:
?The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
?看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。
?徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
?Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.
?Hundreds of people leave their village to seek their fortune in cities.
?成千上万的人离开村庄去城里找出路。
?日本研究人员发现，适度饮酒可以益智，或许还有使老年人思维敏捷的作用。?Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people, according to Japanese researchers.
英语形容词的强表达能力
?My sweet, clever, attractive, economical, sensible little girl, free at last.
?我那性子又好，又聪明，又好看，又会当家，又识大体的女儿，这可自由了。?An inch taller than I, he had a lean, muscular frame, clear blue eyes, blond hair and a strikingly handsome face.
?他比我高一英寸，身材修长，肌肉结实，蓝蓝的眼睛，金黄的头发，还长着一张异常英俊的面孔。
?He was at his time in his late fifties, a tall, elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently graying to add to the distinction of his appearance.
?他这时已是将近六旬的人，一表人才，高个儿，眉清目秀，头发又多又黑，略带花白，恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。
Differences between vocabularies (Ⅱ)
?词的兼类
一词多类，而且越是常用词，其兼类越多
如：like,
?I like lobster but it does not like me. (vt.)
?It's not like you to take offense. (prep.)
?Do as you like. (vi.)
?Other Latin American countries present a like picture. (adj.)
?It will rain tomorrow as like as not. (adv.)
?I've never seen the likes of this before. (n.)
?To dance like she does requires great discipline. (conj.)
Differences between vocabularies (Ⅲ)
?词汇的涵义范围
?英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，富于变化，其词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小，No context, no text.
?汉语用词讲究精确、规范和严谨。汉语的词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较窄，比较精确和固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，独立性比较大。
?The snake charmer reached out gingerly to touch the snake in his basket.
?耍蛇人小心翼翼地伸手去摸他筐子里的那条蛇。（作“伸手”讲）
?The ladder won't reach the window.
?梯子够不到窗户。（作“延伸”、“伸展”讲）
?The heat of summer has reached its climax.
?已经是夏季最热的天气了。（作“到达”讲）
?"I've been trying all day to reach him on the telephone, but he's very elusive."
?“我整天都在打电话找他,但是找不着。”（作“联系”讲）
?No one seems able to reach her anymore.
?看起来没有人能够再对她产生任何影响。（作“影响”讲）
?Sales reached the thousands.
?商品卖出了数千件。（作“合计”、“累计”讲）
Some more examples
?big storm(强), big cleft（宽）, big gorge（深）, big chimney（高）, big mountain（高）, big river（长）, big radio（功率强）, big stone（重）, big brother（年龄大）, big dictionary （详细）, big landlord（富有）, big army（人多）, big man（重要）, big difference （显著）, big problem（严重）,
?get too big for one’s boots（目中无人，自命不凡）, go over big（走红，受欢迎）, make big（飞黄腾达）, talk big（说大话）, pay big（付高薪）, be big with young（怀孕）, be big with rage（怒气冲冲）, get a big hand（受到热烈欢迎）, be big on（偏爱，热衷）, big beat（摇滚音乐）, big board（热门股票）, big stink（没完没了的抱怨）, big bug, big gun, big game, big shot, big wig, big wheel （名人，要人）
Differences between grammars （Ⅰ）
?英语:屈折语言( inflectional language ),名词有数和格的变化；动词有时态、语态、情态等的变化；形容词、副词有级的变化；英语词汇还可以通过添加前后缀引起词义或词类的变化等, “法治”
?汉语:非屈折语言( non-inflectional language) ,词与词之间的关系常要由读者自己来解读，“人治”
Differences between grammars （Ⅱ）
?名词的形态
可数与不可数，单数与复数
英译汉时注意适当添加表示复数的汉语词汇，而汉译英时应注意分析汉语名词是可数还是不可数，是单数还是复数，在译文运用适当的名词形式
?After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.
?经过一系列实验后，弄清了许多重要现象。
?When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric cell a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire.
?当把一根铜线的两端连接到一种叫做电池的电器上时，就会有稳定的电流通过该铜线。
?在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的性能。
?You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.
?电子计算机于1945年投入使用。
?The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
Differences between grammars （Ⅲ）
?动词的形态
英语谓语动词的形态有人称、时态、语态、情态、语气以及非谓语的变化（不定式，分词，动名词），形式变化繁多而严谨稳定、范围广泛、表意功能规范。而汉语属于表意文字，动词没有形态变化
在翻译英语的形态变化时，汉语一般采用加词或变换说法的办法，通过词语手段来表达英语通过形态变化所表达的意思。而汉译英时，应特别注意对汉语进行分析，把汉语中通过词汇或暗含形式表达的时态、语态、情态、语气等用英语的形态变化表达出来。
通过加词或变换说法来翻译英语的形态变化
?对动词来说
?（1）前置的时态副词：过去、曾经、已经、现在、正在、将要……;
?（2）附着的时态助词：过、着、了、起来……
?（3）后置的时态语气词：了，来着……
?Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.
?例如，牛津大学在校学生比明尼苏达州立大学要少多了，也穷多了。牛津的在校学
生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。
Some more examples:
?They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.
?他们说到今年冬天时刘教授在这里教书快(就)要满二十年了。
?他意识到自己现在已不像过去那么健康了。
?He realizes that he is not as healthy as he was.
?听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
?I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
Differences between grammars (Ⅳ)
?被动语态
?英语中被动语态用得很多。特别是信息性、理论性和科技性的文体。
?汉语可以用主动句或无主语句表示被动。所以汉语的主动句或无主语句可以用英语的被动句来翻译，而英语的被动句可译为主动结构或没有明确形式标记的被动句。?Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
?植物油自古以来以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它，因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。?仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。
?Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.
?每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。
?My holiday afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country. Some more examples:
?Heart murmurs are frequently heard in these patients.
?这些病人中常可听到心脏杂音。
?这类广告四处可见。
?This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
?His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
?主人对他的忽略使他更加不舒服。
Exercises in class
?1)要不断调整投资和消费的关系，增加消费对经济增长的拉动作用。
?2)他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。
?3)“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
?4)What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range. ?5)The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.
?6)The United States is a varied land——of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. Almost every kind of climate may be found, but the country lies mostly in the temperate zone. Including the states of Alaska and Hawaii, the United States covers an area of 9 million square kilometers. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
?1) The relationship between investment and consumption has to be adjusted accordingly whenever necessary so as to enhance the stimulative impact of consumption on the growth of the economy.
?2）They kept on fighting in spite of all the difficulties and setbacks.
?3）“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。?4）他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气势磅礴，这是显而易见的。
?5）不屑于干自己工作的人，终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
?6）美国是一个地形多样的国家——有森林、沙漠、山脉、平坦的高地和肥沃的平原。境内有各种气候，但是美国的大部分处在温带。把阿拉斯加和夏威夷两个州加在一起，美国的总面积达9百万平方公里。美国大陆东起大西洋，西至太平洋，横跨4，500公里。北面与加拿大接壤，南面与墨西哥和墨西哥湾毗邻。Assignments of today
?思考：
1) 英语中名词的使用及汉语中动词和动词短语的使用
2)英汉语在名词、动词上的形态差异及翻译策略
3)被动语态的翻译策略
?预习英汉语在句法、修辞、篇章上的差异
英汉互译实践与技巧作业
英汉互译实践与技巧 学 院：水利与建筑工程学院 专业班级：电气 xxx 班 姓 名： xxx 学 号： 201xxxxxxx
Reasons for the Excellence of US Higher Education By Chuck M.Ves Excellence extends beyond individual scholars and in stitutions it extends to systems. A basic question I have been asked innumerable times, especially when traveling abroad, is, Why is Americas system of higher education so good? It is, as has been said all too often, the envy of the world. I think there are seven primary reasons for the excellence of US higher education relative to that in other countries: We have a broad diversity of institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges to Ivy League schools, to the great land grant universities, and to somewhat more focused institutions like MIT or Caltech. This diversity provides a wealth of environments and opportunities, from which individual students can select a school that best matches their needs and capabilities. We offer new assistant professors a wide open field of freedom to choose what they teach and the topics of research and scholarship they engage. We reject the hierarchical systems of many other nations in which junior faculty are subservient to, and indeed apprenticed to, senior professors. We therefore enjoy a constant flow of new ideas, passions, and approaches that keep us fresh and robust. In our research universities we meaningfully weave together
郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(大写、标点符号与英汉互译)
第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译 10.1 复习笔记 第1节大写与翻译 一、英文大写的最常用规则 1. 历史上的事件、时期和文件。如：美国的“南北战争”为“Civil War”。 2. 商品的牌子名称。如：飞鸽牌自行车Flying—Pigeon bicycle，可口可乐Coca Cola。 3. 星期名、月份、假日。如：星期一Monday，三月March，国庆日National Day。 4. 人名和地名，即数量最多的专有名词。如：邓小平Deng Xiaoping，莎士比亚Shakespeare，伦敦London。 5. 标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。如：《为人民服务》“Serve the People”，《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities，《无事生非》Much Ado About Nothing。 6. 圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词。如：God，Lord，Christ，Jesus，He，Him，Himself 和His。 7. 职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时。如：王力教授Professor Wang Li，史密斯博士Dr. Smith。 8. 机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称。如：教育部Education Ministry，武汉大学Wuhan University，人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People。 9. 种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。如：黑人Black People或Negro，意大利
人Italian，中国籍(中国人或中国人的)Chinese，汉语Chinese天主教Catholic，新教徒Protestant。 10. 其他一切有特殊含义的词语，包括一句或一信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等，和前9条中所说的词语一样，其首字母或全部字母必须大写。如： (1) 他爱国。 He loves his motherland. (2) 亲爱的先生： Dear Sir， (3) (诗句)听!那山谷深深，/充满了她歌唱的清音。 O listen! for the vale profound/Is overflowing with the sound. 第2节汉译英与标点 一、汉语标点符号 汉语书面语中共有l6种标点符号，它们是：l. 句号(。)2. 问号(?)3. 叹号(!)4. 逗号(，)5. 顿号(、)6. 分号(；)7. 冒号(：)8. 引号(“”)9. 括号(( ))10. 破折号(—)11. 省略号( (12) 着重号(. )13. 连接号(-)14. 间隔号(·)15. 书名号(《》)16. 专名号(____) 要正确地使用标点符号，记清它们的位置亦非常重要。《标点符号用法》对每种符号的位置也作了明确规定：“句号、问号、叹号、逗号、顿号、分号和冒号都是占一个字的位置，通常不出现在一行之首。引号、括号、书名号的前一半不出现在一行之末，后一半不出现在一行之首。破折号和省略号都占两个字的位置，中间不能断开。连接号和间隔号一般占一个字的位置。在书写和印刷时，这四种符号上下居中。着重号、专名号和浪线式书名号标在字
英汉互译技巧
韩刚B2A“译点通”笔译独家秘笈之：汉译英十大技巧 一、中文结构“三步走”。主要是指涉及政府外宣类题材的句子结构划分技巧。所谓“三步走”，具体是指：中文长句中，第一步给出理念、指导方针或原则，第二步具体阐述在这种方针原则的指导下都做了什么或者要做什么，第三步给出结果或者要实现的目标。在具体行文时，可以按照“每一步”信息的多少进行“逐步”切句或者灵活整合。有了“三步走”原则，长句一点儿都不可怕！这一汉英句式逻辑分析技巧在实操训练中非常实用也极易掌握！详见各循环相关实例分析。 二、“孰轻孰重”要分明。主要是指中英句子结构差异：中文结构“前轻后重”，中文结构事实、背景在前，表态、判断、结论在后，英文恰恰相反，是“前重后轻”。结构差异了然于胸，“表态判断为主，事实背景为从”，在翻译时有了这样一个主从句框架搭建原则，逻辑一目了然，译文自然“行云流水”！详见各循环相关实例分析。 三、结构搭建“三剑客”。主要是指汉译英时结构搭建常用的三个功能词或形式，即as, ing, with。译文结构好不好，它们说了算！可以不夸张地说，谁尽早熟练掌握了这三个功能词或形式，谁就能尽早步入汉英翻译的殿堂！详见各循环相关实例分析。 四、同义重复“并译”行。主要是指中文具有前后呼应、信息重叠的特点，经常使用四字甚至八字表达同一意思，英译时必须压缩合并减译，提取核心意思，力求简洁、流畅，如：骄傲与自豪，千山万水，你中有我、我中有你，等等。中文还有一个典型特点，即“双动词现象”，如：调整和优化，提高和加强，保障和改善民生，加强和完善。以“调整和优化”为例，这两个词在具体上下文中往往属于同义动词，调整的目的就是优化，而优化就是一种调整，直接取同义翻译即可。详见各循环相关实例分析。 五、“千变万化”增张力。主要是指中英翻译要“千变万化”，“同义发散”，选取不同角度对同一内容进行诠释，使用同义词进行替换等等，以此来凸显英文语言的多变性。这与平时大家学习英文写作的要求完全一致，即，同义词替换多多益善！要从写作的高度看翻译！详见各循环相关实例分析。 六、具体、概括“不相容”。主要是指汉英翻译的原则之一“舍宏观概括、取微观具体”。中文里往往会在具体信息后添加概括信息，如：“以人为本”的理念、“先到先得”的韩刚B2A“译点通”: 90天攻克CATTI三级笔译6
英汉互译实践与技巧1--13单元汉译英部分原句+答案
Unit 3 1. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 2 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products. 3社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。 Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces. 4 他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。 They do not know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work, nor about military affairs. 5 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts. 6在全国文明礼貌月中，所有城市必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不礼貌现象。 During the National Civic Virtues Month, all the cities must clean up, and banish disarray and discourtesy. 7. 现在有一些值得注意的现象，比如以权谋私，化公为私。对这些事情，当然要批评和法办。 At present there are certain phenomena which warrant our attention. For instance, abusing power for personal gains, and appropriating public property for personal use. Of course, this sort of thing should be criticized and be subjected to legal punishment. 8 中国人民百年以来不屈不挠，再接再厉的英勇斗争，使得帝国主义至今不能灭亡中国，也永远不能灭亡中国 Thanks to the Chin ese people’s unrelenting and heroic struggle during the last hundred years, imperialism has not been able to subjugate China, nor will it ever be able to do so. 9 对外国的科学，技术，文化，不加分析地一改排斥，和不加分析地一概照搬，都不是马克思主义的态度，都对我们的的事业不利。 Neither the indiscriminate rejection of everything foreign,whether scientific, technological or cultural, nor the indiscriminate imitation of everything foreign,
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧【圣才出品】
第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪，但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。
5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado，而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.
汉英翻译技巧汇总
汉英翻译技巧汇总 Title: 汉英翻译技巧：合并（Combination） Key words: combination, simple sentence, compound sentence, C-E translation Abstract: It discusses the technique of combination of simple and compound sentences. Compiler: 丁树德等 C-E （A） in terms of simple sentences （1）天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （2）理论必须密切联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （3）他在战斗中表现突出，受到连长的表扬。He was commended by the company commander for his distinguished performance in the battle. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （4）年满十八岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （5）当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对中宾开放。At the time the friendship store was exclusively open to foreign visitors.（王大伟，"现代汉英翻译技巧"，世界图书出版公司，1999）（本科四年级以上） （B） in terms of compound sentences （6）她对自己所取得的成就充满了自豪，这也不是没有道理的。She is justifiably proud of her achievements. （"现代汉英翻译技巧" 王大伟世界图书出版公司1999） （7）这家小工厂经过技术改造，发展很快，使人感到惊讶不已。This small factory underwent a technological renovation, thus developing with
英汉互译技巧
第五次课 I.应该没有考Change of voice 被动语态和主动语态的变化 Four situations when passive voice is used in English: 1.When the agent is not known or is not necessary to know 2.When emphasis is on the action or the object rather than on the agent 3.When the speaker is not willing to reveal the agent 4.When use of passive constructions can help link the sentence with its context 可以翻译成英语被动句的汉语句子包括（反之亦然）： 1．有标志的汉语被动句：“受、挨、遭、遭受、被、得到、给、叫、让、由、为……所、加以、予以、等等” 2．无标志的汉语被动句：形式主动，意义被动 3．部分无主句可以翻译成英语被动句 4．一些习惯用语可以翻译成英语被动句或It句型：“有人、人们、大家”作主语；“据说、据报道、据推测、据估计、据信、可以肯定、必须指出、有人主张、众所周知 等等” 他粗心大意，应当受到批评。不用被批评 He should be criticized for his carelessness. 这个问题必须在适当的时候予以处理。不用被处理被动语态在翻译的时候尽量不用被字 The problem must be dealt with at an appropriate time. 代表将由民主协商选举产生。 The representatives will be elected after democratic consultation. 艾滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。 The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids. 血债要用血来还。 Blood debts will have to be paid in blood. 到现在为止还没有得出结论。 So far no conclusion has been arrived at. 为这事已经拨了大笔款项。 A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose. 可以有把握地说，会议会如期举行。 It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule. 人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。 Rubber is found to be a good insulating material. 据说人在弥留之际都要回顾他的一生，就像看一部电影，一切都历历在目。 It is said a dying person tends to recollect his whole life, like seeing a film. II.不考Positive and Negative ways of expressing an idea Negation in translation: 正说反译/反说正译法。为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述 一、填空 1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____. 【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。 2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years. 【答案】two thousand 【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。 3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____. 【答案】faithfulness, smoothness 【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。 二、回答下列问题 1. What is meant by translation? 【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science. 2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?
【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.” 3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator? 【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation. 4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation? 【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original. 5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation? 【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness. 三、英译汉 1. Source language and target language 【答案】译出语和译入语
英语翻译技巧
英语翻译技巧 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
01英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 形合与意合 定义及理论知识 1 英语是语法型语言，重语法结构：其语义通过形式表达出来。比如用 and 表示并列关系，用 if 表示条件关系，用 because 表示因果关系等。句子成分之间的逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接。 汉语是语义型语言，通常汉语各分局之间的联系主要是通过逻辑纽带或语序之间接地表现出来，句子成分之间靠隐性连贯。 实例分析 2 ① Dear dear, think of me, if you won't think of yourself. When should I do when you die 哎呀！你就是不为自己着想，也得我我想想，你死了我怎么办呀 （译文中省略介词of和连词when、if） ②爹，你就是不为自己着想，也得为我想想，也得想到......俺娘。 Dad, think of me... and my mummy, if you won't think of yourself. （译文中增补介词of和连词if） ③ I may be wrong and you may be right, and by an effort, we may be nearer to be the truth. 也许我是错的，你是对的。我们做出努力，就会更接近真理。 （译文中省略了连词and） 举一反三 3 1. 听到这个消息，他满眼是泪。
2. 中国将努力促进国内粮食增长，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。 02 英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 形合转为意合 英译汉——形合转为意合 1 在英译汉时，要摆脱原文形合结构的束缚，尽可能采用意合方法，才能符合汉语的表达习惯，使译文流转自如，明白晓畅。 另外，英语中除了多用关联词外，还有其他连接手段，包括通过词的形态变化表示各种语法概念。 泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler）对“好的翻译”所下的定义是：“原作的长处完全移注在另一语文里，似的译文文字所属的国家的人能明确地领悟，强烈地感受，正像用原作的语文的人们所领悟的，所感受的一样” 实例分析 2 ① Some delighted films made by the late Dr. Arnold Gesell of Yale University show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, making discoveries with the passion and absorption of dedicated scientists.(Gilbert Highet, The Pleasure of Learning ) 由已故的耶鲁大学阿诺德·盖塞尔博士拍摄的几部有趣的电影表明，还没学会说话的小家伙们竟以探险家般的热情和兴奋来探究问题，以热诚的科学家们那种激情和专注来进行研究发现。 （句中 made by 构成过去分词短语作定语，修饰 films，两个现在分词investigating 和 making 则与宾语 creature 一起构成复合宾语。汉语中的动词没有词形变化，因此在汉语中就不必分谓语动词和非谓语动词）
英语翻译的十大方法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 一、增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： ①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何（增译主语和谓语） ②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） ③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） ④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） ⑤、只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） ⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词） ⑦、在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。 In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语） ⑧、三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语） 二、省译法 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如： ①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词） ②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧(中)【圣才出品】
5.3 减译法 1. I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 【译文】我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 2. Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 【译文】冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。 3. John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 【译文】约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 4. But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. 【译文】但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。 5. He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor’s thimble. 【译文】他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。
英汉互译技巧4
第二章英汉语言对比 A comparison between English and Chinese 第一部分 Part One If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation. 刘重德《文学翻译十讲》 Procedures of today ?Similarities between English and Chinese ?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class ?Assignments of today 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分: ?汉语： 实词（content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词 虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词（结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖，时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖，情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等）?英语： 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 虚词（function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be） ?英语量词，汉语冠词 ?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc. 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分 ?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语（表语）、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语，从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P) e.g. I like your new hairstyle. 我喜欢你的新发型。 It is cute. 它很可爱。
英语翻译技巧实例
英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法： 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如： （1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译） （2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译） 6.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或
进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置） （2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置） （3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
翻译常用八种方法
考试复习 一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分） 书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。 二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题3分，共30分） 翻译常见的八种技巧： 1．重复repetition 在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。 We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。 2．增译addition/amplification 什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。 送君千里，终有一别。 ，yet the parting must come at last．3．减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如： A book is useful． 书(是)有用(的)。 4．词类转移法conversion 在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限制生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情形也是千变万化的。重要的是，要知道在翻译中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯，可以改变词类。下面所举的例子可以说明词类转移的一些常用情况。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort． 这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的，但分析一下汉英文中的词类，却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中，差不多都发生了变化：“学好”是动词，意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词；“随便”是副词，意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy，等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同，不作任何改变，那么这就不成一句英文句子了。 5．词序调整法inversion