大学英语自考教程上册A课文中英对照15-16.docx

15-A. How TV Violence Affects Kids

For more than a quarter of a century#evidenee has been increasing that children's exposure to violenee on television has Iong-lasting, effects on their behavior. Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly. And the number of violent acts on televisio n in the past years has in creased from about 19 to 27 per hour. Give n the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow ? The Position Statement on Media Violenee in Children's Lives, recently adopted by the National Association for the Education of Young Children, points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered.

Effects on Play

Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play. The narrow range of most violence-

related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world? Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs to their real-life situations.

Parents Can Help

It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years, so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now.

Help your child to interpret what she sees ? to think of explanations for the events depicted and to imagine how the show is put together. Make simple critique of a show without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her guilty by association.

Ask the teachers of your child's preschool about their policy on war play and toy weapons?Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this

matter. Look for other parents who share your views. Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home. Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing. Or look for videos of healthy, nonviolent programs for children, and encourage their use as an attractive alter native to viole nt televisi on programs.

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电视暴力片对孩子的影响

近25年多来，愈来愈多的证据表明，孩子接触电视中的暴力镜头，对他们的行为有着持久的影响。从1982年~1986年间，每周电视节目中暴力片所占的时间迅速增加。在过去的几年当中，暴力行为在电视上出现的时间已由每小时19次增加到27次。鉴于孩子们看电视的时间长，电视中的暴力行为已成为孩子们想要极力模仿的最具影响力的榜样之一。

最近，国家青少年教育协会通过了《关于传媒暴力在儿童生活中的作用的立场声明》。声明指出，学龄前儿童特别容易受传媒的影响，因为他们还不能够完全把幻想和现实区分开来, 而

且，他们对行为的内在动机和道德冲突的微妙之处的理解能力仍然不高。例如,电视中受到暴

力袭击的人能够迅速康复，让孩子们对所遭受的伤痛产生了与实际不相符的印象。

对玩的影响孩子们自然常常想要得到在暴力节目中展示过并作了广告的那些玩具。使用这些玩具，使孩子的游戏趋向于模仿而缺乏想像力。孩子们仅仅是模仿他们从电视里所观察到的行为，因而削弱了游戏所具有的富有想像力和表现力的功能。电视广告里大部分与暴力相关的玩

具范围狭小，这会危及玩具在帮助儿童更好地理解自己的感情与解释周围的世界中的作用。有些研究甚至表明，孩子们把他彳门在电视中所看到的行为，搬到了现实生活当中。

父母能够提供帮助

让父母监督他们学龄前的孩子所看电视节目的种类和时间，这个主意的确不错。假如你的孩子对战争游戏和武器着迷的话，那么控制他看电视就是个好办法。在学前控制孩子们看电视比在上学之后要容易一些。因此，你现在就应该着手制定一个限制看电视的模式。

帮助你的孩子理解他所看到的东西。思考那些对所描述的事件的解说，并且设想一下电视剧是怎样组合在一起的。对节目作一些简单的评述，但不要有任何的暗示，使孩子们通过联想, 为自己对戏剧情节和武器的着迷而感到愧疚。

询问一下孩子学前班的老师，听听他们对于战争游戏和武器玩具的观点。大多数学前班教师都不喜欢把那些为了赚钱而生产的玩具拿到教室里来。他彳门欢迎听到家长对此事所给予的关注。找找那些和您持有同样观点的父母，协同努力来控制孩子观看暴力节目的数量，并且控制家中暴力玩具的数目。设法给孩子们安排做游戏的时间，来代替看电视。或给孩子们找一些健康的、非暴力的录像片，促使这些录像片取代电视中的暴力节目。

16-A. Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent?

One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease? The death rate from the disease has bee n in creasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Western

healthcare systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.

This emphasis on treatme nt is clearly associated with the tech no logical adva nces that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern tech no logy has en abled doctors to develop new surgical tech niq ues and procedures. Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has bee n a rapid in crease in heart surgery.

Although there is no doubt that a large nu mber of people ben efit from heart surgery, critics of our health-care systems point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages? First, it attracts interest and fin ancial resources away from the questi on of preve ntion. Sec on d z it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent To do this, they raise costs for all their patients，not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery — even on patients for whom an operation is not at all necessary ― because the equipment and surgical expertise is available. A federal government office recently said that major heart surgery was often per-formed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only

15 percent of patients benefited from the surgery.

In the recent past, medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that heart disease is associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise, and we can often reduce the risk of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.

More and more people are realizing that there is a connection between heart disease and the way they live. As a result of this new awareness, attitudes toward health are cha nging .In the past, people ten ded to think that it was sufficie nt for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. Now they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment for illness or injury is not enough. They are learning that they must take more responsibility for their own health. Today many people are changing their dietary habits and eating food with less fat and cholesterol. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives. The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up. More and more people are aware of the ben efits of regular exercise like walking, running, or swimming; some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work in stead of drivi ng. Milli ons have become members of health clubs and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the United States today. And now the beneficial effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear: an encouraging decrease in deaths from heart disease.

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心脏病：治疗还是预防

心脏病是西方世界最大的杀手之一。在过去的30年里，心脏病患者的死亡率一直在以惊人的速度增加。例如：在今天的英国，每天约有400人死于心脏病。西方的卫生保健系统正在把大量的钱用于手术治疗心脏病上。

很明显,这种治疗法和过去10?15年间技术的发展是紧密相关的。在这段时间里，现代技术使得医生能够开发新的外科技术及治疗过程。许多在几年前还被认为是不可能的手术，现在在美国的医院里每天都在进行，其结果是心脏手术治疗快速增加。

毫无疑问,许多人得益于这种手术治疗的办法。然而卫生保健系统的专家们却指出，重点以手术治疗心脏病有以下三个明显的弱点。首先，它使人们忽略了预防，而把兴趣和财力集中在治疗上。第二，它引起了医疗费用的上涨。在购置了为进行现代手术治疗所需的昂贵的医疗设备后，医院不得不想法补偿已花掉的钱。为此，他们提高了病人的治疗费用，而这些病人并不仅仅是那些需要这种仪器进行治疗的人。第三是鼓励医生对病人施行手术——甚至是那些根本不需要手术的病人，因为设备和专家鉴定随处可得。联邦政府最近宣称尽管大型心脏手术成功的机会很低，但仍常常被施行。例如,有一种类型的心脏外科手术，仅有15 名病人能从中得益。

在过去一段时间里，医学硏究者们开始重视到一个事实，即心脏病与压力、吸烟和缺乏锻炼有

关，我们可以通过对这些因素加以注意，而减少患心脏病的危险。

愈来愈多的人认识到心脏病和他们的生活方式有关系这种新意识使人们对健康的态度正在发生改变。过去，人们一般认为，健康的身体只需要一个可以依赖的好医生就足够了。医生知道在他们生病的时候,他应该做什么。现在，他们逐渐认识到仅仅对疾病与伤痛进行最好的治疗还不够。他们学会了必须对自己的健康负责。今天许多人正在逐步改变他们的饮食习惯,开始食用低脂肪和胆固醇含量低的食物。还有许多人更加注意减少他们生活中的压力。在美国吸烟者的人数现在大大少于20年前，这都是由于许多人成功地戒了烟，而且学吸烟的人也很少了。愈来愈多的人意识到按时锻炼的好处，例如像散步,跑步和游泳等运动,有些人已经不再驾车去上班，而是开始步行或骑自行车。成百万的人已经成为健康俱乐部的成员,并且使得健康俱乐部在今天的美国成为了一个发展最为迅猛的产业。现在,由于在态度和行为方面的转变而带来的有益的影响正开始在显露：心脏病的死亡率已经下降。