数据结构 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

外文翻译原文

Computer programming data structure is an important theoretical basis for the design, it is not only the core curriculum of computer disciplines, and has become a popular elective course other Polytechnic professional, so studied this course well and studied computer are closely related.

一、the concept of data structure

Computer data structure is the foundation of science and technology professional classes, is the essential core curriculum. All computer system software and application software to use various types of data structures. Therefore, if we want to make better use of computers to solve practical problems, only to several computer programming languages are difficult to cope with the many complex issues. To the effective use of computers, give full play to computer performance, but also must learn and master relevant knowledge of data structure. A solid foundation of "data structure"for learning other computer professional courses, such as operating systems, translation theory, database management systems, software engineering, artificial intelligence, etc. are very useful.

二、why should learn from data structure？

In the early development of computers, the use of computer designed primarily

to deal with terms. When we use the computer to solve a specific problem, the following general needs through several steps : the first is a specific problem of appropriate abstract mathematical models, and then design or choose a mathematical model of the algorithm,the final procedures for debugging, testing, until they have the ultimate answer.

Since then the object is INTEGER, REAL, BOOLEAN, the procedures of the main designers of energy is focused on programming skills, without attention to the data structure. With the expansion of computer applications and development of software and hardware, the issue of non-terms increasing importance. According to statistics, Now dealing with the issue of non-occupancy of more than 90% of the machine time. Such issues involve more complex data structure, the relationships

between data elements generally can not be described by mathematical formula. Therefore, the key to solving such problems is no longer mathematical analysis and calculations, but to devise appropriate data structure, can effectively address the problem.

Description of the terms of such non-mathematical model is not a mathematical equation, but such as tables, trees, such as map data structure. Therefore, it can be said that data structure courses primarily designed to study the issue of non-value calculation procedures as a computer operations and the relationship between objects and their operating disciplines.

The purpose of the study is to understand the structure of data for computer processing of the identity object to the practical problems involved in dealing with that subject at the computer out and deal with them. At the same time, through training algorithms to improve the thinking ability of students through procedures designed to promote student skills integrated applications and professional qualities.

三、the concepts and terminology

Systematic study of knowledge in the data structure before some of the basic concepts and terminology to give a precise meaning.

Data (Data) is the information carrier, it could be computer identification, storage and processing. It is the computer processing of raw materials, a variety of data processing applications. Computer science, computer processing is the so-called data objects, which can be numerical data can be non - numerical data. Numerical data are integer, the actual number or plural, mainly for engineering computing, scientific computing and commercial processing; Non - numerical data, including characters, text, graphics, images, voice and so on.

Data elements (Data Element) is the basic unit of data. In different conditions, data elements can be called elements, nodes, the peak, recording. For example, students information retrieval system table information, a record high, 8 Queen's issue of a state tree, teaching programming issues such as a peak, known as a data element. Sometimes, a data from a number of data elements (Data Item), for example, the student information management system students each data element table is a student

record. It includes students of the school, name, sex, nationality, date of birth, performance data items. These data items can be divided into two types : one called early such as student gender, origin, etc., these data were no longer divided in data processing, the smallest units; Another called portfolio, the performance of students who, it can be divided into mathematics, physics, chemistry and other smaller items. Normally, in addressing the question of the practical application of each student is recorded as a basic unit for a visit and treatment.

Data objects (Data Object) or data element type (Data Element Class) is the nature of the data elements with the same pool. In a specific issue, the data elements have the same nature (not necessarily equal value elements), belonging to the same data objects (data element type), the data element is an example of such data elements. For example, traffic information systems in the transportation network, is a culmination of all the data elements category, peak a and B each represent an urban middle is the data elements of the two types of examples of the value of their data elements a and B respectively.

Data structure (Data Structure) refers to the mutual relationship that exists between one or more data elements together. In any case, between data elements will not be isolated in between them exist in one way or another, such as the relationship between the data element structure. According to the data elements of the relationship between different characteristics, usually have the following four basic categories of the structure :

1 assembly structures. In the assembly structure, the relationship between data elements is "belonging to the same pool." Assembly elements relations is a very loose structure.

2 linear structures. The structure of the data elements exist between one-to-one relationship.

3 tree structure. The structure of the data elements exist between hierarchical relationship.

4graphics structure. The structure of the data elements of the relationship that existed between Duoduiduo, graphics structure also known as network structure.

C++Builder programming experience

一、Database programming

And the use of Delphi, Borland C++Builder BDE (Borland Database Engine) database interface, in particular its use BDE Administrator unified management database alias, the database operation has nothing to do with the location of the database documents, thus enabling database development easier operation. But in a database application procedures at the same time we have to "release" BDE, the database for some simple procedures may BDE than our own design procedures big, but as the use of BDE InstallShield, add database alias is likely allocation failure. Therefore, we can use the following methods : still in the design stage procedure using BDE alias management database for debugging, but in procedures substantially (as in the main Chuangti OnCreate event processing function) to Table components DatabaseName attributes, such as the use of similar phrases as follows :

Table1->DatabaseName = ExtractFilePath (Application->ExeName); Or

Table1->DatabaseName = ExtractFilePath (Application->ExeName+ "DB");

Thus, no impact on the debugging phase, will be issued if the application procedures Table1 document on the use of databases or their current catalogue "DB" virus, database procedures can be normal operation. You can even be a database to catalogue the documents in the form of character string Register (installed in the installation process), then the procedure in the acquisition of substantially from the catalogue of payrolls, Fuzhi DatabaseName attribute to be. Anyway, you do not need to install relatively large BDE forced users.

二、the Registry visit

As in the design process we often required 9x/NT Windows Registry information visit, such as retrieval of information procedures, preservation of information. Register write a subroutine to visit necessary. When the Register to visit, the library will be directly available without always some duplication operation. The following can be used to access cosmetic Licheng, the character string type Jianzhi, and the retrieval of failure to return default value Default.

#include < Registry.hpp >

int ReadIntFromReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key, AnsiString KeyName, int Default) {

int KeyValue;

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, false);

try {

KeyValue = Registry->ReadInteger(KeyName);

}

catch(...) {

KeyValue = Default;

}

delete Registry;

return KeyValue;

}

void SaveIntToReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key, AnsiString KeyName, int KeyValue) {

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, true);

Registry->WriteInteger(KeyName, KeyValue);

delete Registry;

}

char *ReadStringFromReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key, AnsiString KeyName, char *Default) {

AnsiString KeyValue;

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, false);

try {

KeyValue = Registry->ReadString(KeyName);

}

catch(...) {

KeyValue = (AnsiString)Default;

}

delete Registry;

return KeyValue.c_str();

}

void SaveStringToReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key,

AnsiString KeyName, char *KeyValue) {

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, true);

Registry->WriteString(KeyName, (AnsiString)KeyValue);

delete Registry;

}

We may use the following access methods (to Windows wallpaper documents) : AnsiString WallPaperFileName =

ReadStringFromReg(HKEY_CURRENT_USER,

"\\Control Panel\\Desktop", "Wallpaper", "");

三、show / hide icons task column

Standard Windows applications generally operating in the mission mandate column on the chart shows, users can directly use the mouse clicking column logo for the mission task cut over, but some applications do not use task column signs, such as the typical Office tools, There are also procedures that can be shown or hidden customization tasks column icon, such as Winamp. We can do the procedure, as long as access Windows SetWindowLong function can drive, as follows : // hidden task column chart :

SetWindowLong (Application->Handle.

GWL_EXSTYLE, WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW);

// task column shows signs :

SetWindowLong (Application->Handle.

GWL_EXSTYLE, WS_EX_APPWINDOW);

四、the establishment of a simple "on" window

A complete Windows applications typically contain a "on the" window to show version information. We customized a dialog box as usual "on the" window of the "on" free customized window, indicates that more information, even including super links. If only show simple version information,

Windows ShellAbout function shelf items have sufficient, following this line of code can be "on" Duihuakuang and is Windows standard "on the" Duihuakuang and procedures may show signs such as the use of resources and systems.

ShellAbout (Handle, ( "on" +Application->Title+ "#"). C_str () ( "\n"

+Application->Title+ "V1.0\n\n" + "夏登城版权所有！"). C_str ()

Application->Icon->Handle);

五、the two methods to choice catalogue

In our applications, allowing users to choose the regular catalogue, such as software manufacturers, users choose catalogue. This involves catalogue option, we may use the following methods for users to choose one of the catalogue : 1, use SHBrowseForFolder and SHGetPathFromIDList function; Company affirms its function as follows :

WINSHELLAPI LPITEMIDLIST WINAPI

SHBrowseForFolder(LPBROWSEINFO lpbi); WINSHELLAPI BOOL WINAPI SHGetPathFromIDList(LPCITEMIDLIST pidl, LPSTR pszPath); LPBROWSEINFO 和LPITEMIDLIST structure refer Win32 files. This method of selecting catalogues available Windows desktop all available inventory, including networks of other computers sharing catalogue neighbors, but not the new catalogue. Li Cheng allows users to choose the following directory, the directory of choice Licheng return at all trails character string.

#include < shlobj.h >

char *GetDir(char *DisplayName, HWND Owner) {

char dir[MAX_PATH] = "";

BROWSEINFO *bi = new BROWSEINFO;

bi->hwndOwner = Owner;

bi->pidlRoot = NULL;

bi->pszDisplayName = NULL;

bi->lpszTitle = DisplayName;

bi->ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS;

bi->lpfn = NULL;

bi->lParam = NULL;

bi->iImage = 0;

ITEMIDLIST *il = SHBrowseForFolder(bi);

if(il!=NULL) {

SHGetPathFromIDList(il, dir);

}

delete bi;

return dir;

}

We can use the following list to be chosen from :

AnsiString at Dir = (AnsiString) GetDir ( "Please select catalogue :" Handle);

2, the use of SelectDirectory function. C++Builder the function SelectDirectory achievable catalogue of options, which showed that similar "open" / "preserve" Duihuakuang, but its advantage is to use / non-use keyboard input catalogue members, and allow the creation of new directories. Its original definition as follows : Extern package bool __fastcall SelectDirectory ( AnsiString &Directory, TSelectDirOpts Options, 103-116 HelpCtx);

Licheng SelectDir allow you to choose the following directory :

#include < FileCtrl.hpp >

AnsiString SelectDir(AnsiString Dir) {

if(SelectDirectory(Dir, TSelectDirOpts()

<< sdAllowCreate << sdPerformCreate << sdPrompt,0))

return Dir;

else

return "";

}

for the following redeployed to the users choice catalogue :

AnsiString SelectedDir = SelectDir ( "C:\\My Documents");

外文翻译译文

数据结构是计算机程序设计的重要理论设计基础，它不仅是计算机学科的核心课程，而且已成为其他理工专业的热门选修课，所以学好这门课程是与学好计算机专业是息息相关的。

一，数据结构的概念

数据结构是计算机科学与技术专业的专业基础课，是十分重要的核心课程。所有的计算机系统软件和应用软件都要用到各种类型的数据结构。因此，要想更好地运用计算机来解决实际问题，仅掌握几种计算机程序设计语言是难以应付众多复杂的课题的。要想有效地使用计算机、充分发挥计算机的性能，还必须学习和掌握好数据结构的有关知识。打好“数据结构”这门课程的扎实基础，对于学习计算机专业的其他课程，如操作系统、编译原理、数据库管理系统、软件工程、人工智能等都是十分有益的。

二，为什么要学习数据结构

在计算机发展的初期，人们使用计算机的目的主要是处理数值计算问题。当我们使用计算机来解决一个具体问题时，一般需要经过下列几个步骤：首先要从该具体问题抽象出一个适当的数学模型，然后设计或选择一个解此数学模型的算法，最后编出程序进行调试、测试，直至得到最终的解答。例如，求解梁架结构中应力的数学模型的线性方程组，该方程组可以使用迭代算法来求解。

由于当时所涉及的运算对象是简单的整型、实型或布尔类型数据，所以程序设计者的主要精力是集中于程序设计的技巧上，而无须重视数据结构。随着计算机应用领域的扩大和软、硬件的发展，非数值计算问题越来越显得重要。据统计，当今处理非数值计算性问题占用了90%以上的机器时间。这类问题涉及到的数据结构更为复杂，数据元素之间的相互关系一般无法用数学方程式加以描述。因此，解决这类问题的关键不再是数学分析和计算方法，而是要设计出合适的数据结构，才能有效地解决问题。

描述这类非数值计算问题的数学模型不再是数学方程，而是诸如表、树、图

之类的数据结构。因此，可以说数据结构课程主要是研究非数值计算的程序设计问题中所出现的计算机操作对象以及它们之间的关系和操作的学科。

学习数据结构的目的是为了了解计算机处理对象的特性，将实际问题中所涉及的处理对象在计算机中表示出来并对它们进行处理。与此同时，通过算法训练来提高学生的思维能力，通过程序设计的技能训练来促进学生的综合应用能力和专业素质的提高。

三，有关概念和术语

在系统地学习数据结构知识之前，先对一些基本概念和术语赋予确切的含义。

数据（Data）是信息的载体，它能够被计算机识别、存储和加工处理。它是计算机程序加工的原料，应用程序处理各种各样的数据。计算机科学中，所谓数据就是计算机加工处理的对象，它可以是数值数据，也可以是非数值数据。数值数据是一些整数、实数或复数，主要用于工程计算、科学计算和商务处理等；非数值数据包括字符、文字、图形、图像、语音等。

数据元素（Data Element）是数据的基本单位。在不同的条件下，数据元素又可称为元素、结点、顶点、记录等。例如，学生信息检索系统中学生信息表中的一个记录、八皇后问题中状态树的一个状态、教学计划编排问题中的一个顶点等，都被称为一个数据元素。

有时，一个数据元素可由若干个数据项（Data Item）组成，例如，学籍管理系统中学生信息表的每一个数据元素就是一个学生记录。它包括学生的学号、姓名、性别、籍贯、出生年月、成绩等数据项。这些数据项可以分为两种：一种叫做初等项，如学生的性别、籍贯等，这些数据项是在数据处理时不能再分割的最小单位；另一种叫做组合项，如学生的成绩，它可以再划分为数学、物理、化学等更小的项。通常，在解决实际应用问题时是把每个学生记录当作一个基本单位进行访问和处理的。

数据对象（Data Object）或数据元素类（Data Element Class）是具有相同性质的数据元素的集合。在某个具体问题中，数据元素都具有相同的性质（元素值不一定相等），属于同一数据对象（数据元素类），数据元素是数据元素类的一个实例。例如，在交通咨询系统的交通网中，所有的顶点是一个数据元素类，顶点A和顶点B各自代表一个城市，是该数据元素类中的两个实例，其数据元素的值分别为A和B。

数据结构（Data Structure）是指互相之间存在着一种或多种关系的数据元素的集合。在任何问题中，数据元素之间都不会是孤立的，在它们之间都存在着这样或那样的关系，这种数据元素之间的关系称为结构。根据数据元素间关系的

不同特性，通常有下列四类基本的结构：

⑴集合结构。在集合结构中，数据元素间的关系是“属于同一个集合”。集合是元素关系极为松散的一种结构。

⑵线性结构。该结构的数据元素之间存在着一对一的关系。

⑶树型结构。该结构的数据元素之间存在着一对多的关系。

⑷图形结构。该结构的数据元素之间存在着多对多的关系，图形结构也称作网状结构。

C++Builder程序设计经验

一、数据库程序设计

Borland C++Builder与Delphi一样使用BDE（Borland

Database Engine）数据库接口，特别是它使用BDE Administrator统一管理数据库别名，使得数据库操作与数据库文件位置无关，从而使数据库开发更容易操作。但在发布应用数据库程序时我们不得不同时“发布”BDE，对于一些简单的数据库程序来说，可能BDE比我们的自己设计的程序还大，而且如使用InstallShield配置BDE，添加数据库别名，很可能会配置失败。所以我们可以采用如下方法：在程序设计阶段仍采用BDE管理数据库别名进行调试，但在程序初始化时（如在主窗体的OnCreate事件处理函数中）修改Table部件的DatabaseName属性，如使用类似如下语句：

Table1->DatabaseName = ExtractFilePath(Application->ExeName);或Table1->DatabaseName

= ExtractFilePath(Application->ExeName+”DB”);

这样，对调试阶段没有什么影响，发布应用程序时只要将Table1使用的数据库文件放在当前目录或其“DB”子目录下，数据库程序即可正常运行。甚至您还可以将数据库文件所在目录以字符串形式写入注册表（可在安装程序中设置），然后在程序初始化时从注册表获取目录名，赋值给DatabaseName属性即可。无论怎样，您不必强迫用户安装相对庞大的BDE了。

二、注册表存取

在我们在设计Windows 9x/NT程序时经常需进行注册表信息的存取，如读取程序配置信息、保存配置信息等。写一个注册表存取子程序就很有必要。当需存取注册表时，直接调用此子程序即可，而不必每次都重复一些操作。下面的例程可用来存取整型、字符串型键值，并可在读取失败时返回缺省值Default。

#include < Registry.hpp >

int ReadIntFromReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key,

AnsiString KeyName, int Default) {

int KeyValue;

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, false);

try {

KeyValue = Registry->ReadInteger(KeyName);

}

catch(...) {

KeyValue = Default;

}

delete Registry;

return KeyValue;

}

void SaveIntToReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key, AnsiString KeyName, int KeyValue) {

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, true);

Registry->WriteInteger(KeyName, KeyValue);

delete Registry;

}

char *ReadStringFromReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key, AnsiString KeyName, char *Default) {

AnsiString KeyValue;

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, false);

try {

KeyValue = Registry->ReadString(KeyName);

}

catch(...) {

KeyValue = (AnsiString)Default;

}

delete Registry;

return KeyValue.c_str();

}

void SaveStringToReg(HKEY Root, AnsiString Key,

AnsiString KeyName, char *KeyValue) {

TRegistry *Registry = new TRegistry();

Registry->RootKey = Root;

Registry->OpenKey(Key, true);

Registry->WriteString(KeyName, (AnsiString)KeyValue);

delete Registry;

}

我们可使用如下调用方法（获得Windows墙纸文件名）：

AnsiString WallPaperFileName =

ReadStringFromReg(HKEY_CURRENT_USER,

"\\Control Panel\\Desktop", "Wallpaper", "");

三、显示/隐藏任务栏图标

标准的Windows应用程序运行时一般都会在任务栏上显示任务图标，用户可直接用鼠标点击任务栏图标进行任务切换，但有些应用程序不使用任务栏图标，如典型的Office工具条，也有些程序可由用户定制显示方式显示或隐藏任务栏图标，如Winamp。我们的程序中也可以做到，只要调用Windows API函数SetWindowLong即可，如下：

// 隐藏任务栏图标：

SetWindowLong(Application->Handle,

GWL_EXSTYLE, WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW);

// 显示任务栏图标：

SetWindowLong(Application->Handle,

GWL_EXSTYLE, WS_EX_APPWINDOW);

四、建立简单的“关于”窗口

一个完整的Windows应用程序一般都包含一个“关于”窗口，用以显示版本信息等。通常我们是定制一个对话框作为“关于”窗口，当然这样的“关于”窗口可以自由定制，显示更多信息，甚至可包括超链接。但如只需显示简单版本信息等，

Windows Shell Library 函数ShellAbout已足够了，下面这行代码就可以显示“关于”对话框，而且是Windows标准的“关于”对话框，同时可显示程序图标和系统资源使用情况等。

ShellAbout(Handle, ("关于"+Application->Title+"#").c_str(),

("\n"+Application->Title+" V1.0\n\n"+"夏登城版权所有！").c_str(), Application->Icon->Handle);

五、选择目录的两种方法

在我们的应用程序中经常需让用户选择目录，如杀毒软件中用户选择处理目录等。这就涉及目录的选择，我们可使用如下方法之一让用户选择目录：

1、使用SHBrowseForFolder和SHGetPathFromIDList函数；其函数原形申明如下：

WINSHELLAPI LPITEMIDLIST WINAPI SHBrowseForFolder(LPBROWSEINFO lpbi);

WINSHELLAPI BOOL WINAPI SHGetPathFromIDList(LPCITEMIDLIST pidl, LPSTR pszPath); LPBROWSEINFO和LPITEMIDLIST的结构请参考Win32文档。这种方法选取目录可获得Windows桌面下所有可用的目录，包括网络邻居中其它计算机的共享目录等，但不可新建目录。下面的例程可让用户选择目录，该例程返回指向所选择目录的全路径字符串。

#include < shlobj.h >

char *GetDir(char *DisplayName, HWND Owner) {

char dir[MAX_PATH] = "";

BROWSEINFO *bi = new BROWSEINFO;

bi->hwndOwner = Owner;

bi->pidlRoot = NULL;

bi->pszDisplayName = NULL;

bi->lpszTitle = DisplayName;

bi->ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS;

bi->lpfn = NULL;

bi->lParam = NULL;

bi->iImage = 0;

ITEMIDLIST *il = SHBrowseForFolder(bi);

if(il!=NULL) {

SHGetPathFromIDList(il, dir);

}

delete bi;

return dir;

}

我们可作如下调用得到选择的目录名：

AnsiString Dir = (AnsiString)GetDir("请选择目录：", Handle);

2、使用SelectDirectory函数。C++Builder提供的函数SelectDirectory 可实现目录名的选择，它显示的是类似“打开”/“保存”的对话框，但其优点是可使用/不使用键盘输入目录名，并允许创建新目录。其原形定义如下：extern PACKAGE bool __fastcall SelectDirectory(

AnsiString &Directory, TSelectDirOpts Options, int HelpCtx);

下面的例程SelectDir允许您选择目录：

#include < FileCtrl.hpp >

AnsiString SelectDir(AnsiString Dir) {

if(SelectDirectory(Dir, TSelectDirOpts()

<< sdAllowCreate << sdPerformCreate << sdPrompt,0))

return Dir;

else

return "";

}

可作如下调用，获取用户选择的目录：

AnsiString SelectedDir = SelectDir("C:\\My Documents");