翻译概论期末复习
翻译概论期末复习
1. 基本概念(互译)
补偿compensation
不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)
达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness
等效原则principle of equivalent effect
等值翻译equivalent translation
动态对等dynamic equivalence
读者反映论reader’s response
读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation
对等物(词语)equivalent
对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence
翻译程序/步骤translation procedures
翻译体/翻译腔translationese
翻译学translatology/Translation Studies
风格style
佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra
符际翻译intersemiotic translation
改变说法rewording
功能对等functional equivalence
归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation(MT)
交际翻译communicative translation
交替口译consecutive interpreting
解码decode
可译性translatability(translatable)
理解understanding/comprehension
流畅fluency
乱译/胡译excessively free translation
明析化explicitation
模仿imitation
目的论skopostheorie
诗学poetics
视点转换shift of perspective
释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase
死译/硬译mechanical translation
套译/仿译/仿拟imitation
通顺smoothness
同声传译simultaneous interpreting
透明(度)transparency
歪译(意义扭曲)distortion
伪译pseudotranslation
文本text
文本等值textual equivalence
文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation
文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap
误译mis-translation
信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity
形合hypotaxis
形式对等formal equivalence
形式对应formal correspondence
雅/优美elegance/gracefulness
异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本/译著translated text/translational work
译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)
译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition
译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language
译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience
译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture
译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation
译者隐形translator’s invisibility
意合parataxis
意识形态ideology
意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation
音译法transliteration
语际翻译interlingual translation
语境context
语内翻译intralingual translation
语义翻译semantic translation
原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work
原作者SL author, original author
源语/译出语source language(SL), original language
源语读者source-language reader/SL reader
源语文化source-language culture/source culture
约定俗成convention
再现reproduction/representation
赞助patronage
直译literal translation/direct translation
逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation
注释性翻译annotated/commented translation
专业人士professionals
转换transformation
自然naturalness /idiomaticity
综合法mixture of methods
2. 翻译理论家及其理论
信达雅faithfulness，expressiveness and elegance
长期被我国广大译者视为翻译标准。这是严复在《天演论》译例言(1898)中提出来的，他称：“译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣!顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”又说：“《易》曰：‘修辞立诚。’子曰：‘辞达而已。’又曰：‘言之无文，行之不远。’三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。”
严复的“信”是指忠实于原文的意义，“达”是指译文通达。长期以来，虽然众说纷纭，各持一词，但“信达”仍为译界普遍遵循——“忠实、通顺”、“准确、流畅”、“在准确基础上通顺”等等提法，其意与“信、达”一致。唯有“雅”字，分歧较大。有的主张取消“雅”，把通常为“雅”所包含的译文风格和语言形式上的要求统统列入“信”之中，只提两条。严复的“求其尔雅”要“用汉以前的字法句法”显然不能为后人所接受。但有人从“修辞立其诚”、“言以文远”、“情欲信而辞欲巧”(内容要真实，文辞要美化)等观点出发，不断对“雅”作这样或那样的解释，提出这种或那种论证，以体现翻译标准的完整性。
“信、达、雅”构成一个系统。三者的重要程度以这三个词的排列先后为序，但在不同文体的翻译中，着力点各不相同。科技文体的翻译更加强调“信”，译文的内容不可有些微偏颇，差之毫厘，失之千里。文学文体的翻译，在“信、达”的基础上，要着力于“雅”，给人以美感。“信、达、雅”的总体目标是用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达相同的信息。不“信”，当然无所谓“达、雅”。不“达”，也会失之于“信”。不“雅”也有损于“信、达”。所以，既不能只顾“信”，而不注意译文的形式，也不能只求语句通顺和词藻华丽而不顾内容的忠实。只有从整体功能考虑，使三者融为一体，才能实现系统的总目标。
神似(傅雷语) alike in spirit／spiritual resemblance
与“形似”相对，本为我国古代诗画评语，指在形似的基础上诗、画表现出人、物的神态、气韵达到唯妙唯肖的传神的境地。在翻译上，神似是指：必要时摆脱原文语言形式的束缚，如词汇、语法、惯用法、修辞格等方面的羁绊，在准确理解原文的基础上，用地道的译文传达出原文的艺术意境。神似已成为中国译论体系中占主导地位的译论之一，最早由茅盾在《新文学研究者的责任与努力》(1921)一文中首先提出并在《译文学书方法的讨论》一文中译述。此后，郭沫若、闻一多在论及诗歌翻译时提出要译“风韵”、“精神”和“气势”；陈西滢、曾虚白、王以铸等也都著文论述过“神似”。傅雷着力提倡并实践“神似”论。1951年他在《高老头》重译本序中写道：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”20世纪60年代，傅雷再次宣言式表明态度：“愚对译事看法实甚简单：重神似不重形似。”自此，“神似”的翻译主张迅速传播开来，并为我国译界普遍接受。
化境(钱钟书语)sublimation, reach the acme of perfection
1964年钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出的文学翻译的最高标准。他说：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。17世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’(the transmigration of souls)，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。”“化境”亦即出神入化。译界认为，钱钟书的“化境”是“神似”的进一步发展，把翻译从美学的范畴推向艺术的极致。
宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)
三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语) the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty
in meaning
许渊冲在《毛主席诗词四十二首》英、法文格律体译文(1978)序言中提出诗词翻译“三美”论。认为译诗不但要传达原诗的意美，还要尽可能传达它的音美和形美。三美之间的关系是：意美最重要，音美次之，形美再次。也就是说，要在传达原文意美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的音美；还要在传达原文意美和音美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的形美；努力做到三美齐备。三美论的提法是根据鲁迅在《汉文学史纲要》第一篇《自文字至文章》中说的：“诵习一字，当识形音义三：口诵耳闻其音，目察其形，心通其义，三识并用，一字之功乃全。其在文章，……遂具三美：意美以感心，一也；音美以感耳，二也；形美以感目，三也。
信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)
Tytler’s three principles of translation:
1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;(译文应完全复写出原作的思想)
2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;（译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同）；
3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.（译文应和原作同样流畅）。
Eugene Nida (1964)：dynamic equivalence/functional equivalence: 在动态对等翻译中，译者所关注的并不是源语信息与译语信息在形式与内容上的一一对应关系，而是一种动态关系，即译语接受者和译语信息之间的关系(前者对后者的反应)应该与源语接受者和原文信息之间的关系(前者对后者的反应)基本相同。
“功能加忠诚”原则principle of function plus loyalty
摆布（操纵）学派manipulation school
即欧洲的比较文学派，把翻译研究看成是比较文学研究的一个分支，认为所有的翻译都意味着对源语文学作品的“摆布”，即译者势必会对原文进行意识形态和诗学方面的处理。该派强调文学的多元体系，认为翻译是译语文化不可或缺的一部分，而不仅仅是另一文本的再现。摆布学派与语言学派的宗旨大相径庭。前者着眼于文学文本的再创作，而后者着眼于等值。摆布学派的优点在于：在多元系统理论的指导下，将翻译置于文化活动这一大背景下进行研究，使翻译和原文以外的其他因素联系起来。这有助于翻译研究中的“文化转向”(cultural turn)。摆布学派的弱处在于：囿于比较文学范畴，忽视其他学科对翻译研究的指导；限于对文学文体翻译的研究，而不涉及广泛的翻译领域。
笔者的观点：
1. 在微观翻译层面
实用翻译可适用Peter Newmark的communicative translation
文学翻译根据目的性适用Peter Newmark的semantic translation或communicative translation，或者部分适用gloss translation
2. 在宏观翻译层面
翻译是一种文化活动，呈现出传播迁移变化的多元复杂性。
3．阐释学翻译观
结合翻译的实践性，折中采用语义翻译与解释性方法。
3. 个案研究
1) Black English in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twin
"Pooty soon I'll be a-shout'n' for joy, en I'll say, it's all on accounts o' Huck; I's a free man, en I couldn't ever ben free ef it hadn' ben for Huck; Huck done it. Jim won't ever forgit you, Huck; you's de bes' fren' Jim's ever had; en you's de ONL Y fren' ole Jim's got now."
张万里译本：再等会儿，我就要高兴得使劲儿喊了，我就说, 这都是哈克的功劳；我成了自由人了。要是没有哈克，我永远也得不着自由，这都是哈克做的好事。我吉木一辈子也忘不了你的好处，哈克；你是我顶好的朋友；你是我老吉木独一无二的朋友。
成时译本：布(不)用陀久(多久)，我就会快活得叫起来，我约(要) 说：这陀跪(多亏)赫克。我史过(是个)自由人啦，要布史(不是)有赫克，我这一攀(辈)子也布(不)想自由，赫克帮了我的忙，杰姆我永世忘布(不)了你赫克，你史我杰姆顶好的奔(朋)友，我劳(老)杰姆此刻只有你这奔友。
2) I Love My Love
I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate my love with an E, because she’s engaged;
I took her the sign of exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; Her name’s Emily, and she lives in the east. (--David Copperfield by Charles Dickens)
1. 我爱我的爱人皆因一个爱，因为她有爱的魅力；我恨我的爱人亦因一个爱，因为她与别人有了爱的誓约；我用爱的美德来象征她，并与她共赴爱的港湾；她的名字叫爱美丽，住在东方爱斯特。
2. 我爱我的爱，因为她长得实在招人爱。我恨我的爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌的一家，和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我能和她长久你亲我爱。她的名字叫爱弥丽，她的家住在爱仁里。（张谷若译）
3. 我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我私逃去游历；她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军译）
4. 吾爱吾爱，因伊可爱；吾恨吾爱，因伊另有所爱。吾视吾爱，神圣之爱，吾携吾爱，私逃为爱；吾爱名爱米丽，吾东方之爱。（《中国翻译》）
5. 我爱我的心上人，因为她是那样地叫人入迷（Enticing）；我恨我的心上人，因为她已订婚将作他人妻（Engaged）。我的心上人花容月貌无可比拟（Exquisite），我劝她离家出走跟我在一起（Elopement），她的名字叫爱米莉（Emily），她的家就在东城里（East），我为我的心上人呀，一切都因为这个E！（陆乃圣译，《中国翻译》，1988年第2期）
6. 我爱我的那个伊，因为她的美貌让我依恋不已。我恨我的那个伊，因为她又依顺投奔他人门第。我们曾经依计而行乘风比翼，到过那依山傍水的秀美之地。我说的那位名字叫做伊米丽，她的府上依稀可记在东边某地。
3)原文：
"The disagreement subsisting between yourself and my late honoured father always gave me much uneasiness, and since I have had the misfortune to lose him I have frequently wished to heal the breach; but for some time I was kept back by my own doubts, fearing lest it might seem disrespectful to his memory for me to be on good terms with any one with whom it had always
pleased him to be at variance.''
王科一译：
“以前你为先父之间曾有些芥蒂，这一直使我感到不安。自先父不幸弃世以来，我经常想到要弥补这个裂痕；但我一时犹豫，没有这样做，怕的是先父生前既然对阁下唯恐仇视不及，而我今天却来与阁下修好，这未免有辱先人。”
孙致礼译：
“你与先父之间发生的龃龉，一直使我感到忐忑不安。自先父不幸弃世以来，我屡屡想要愈合这裂痕，但是一度却犹豫不决，心想：一个先父一向与之以仇为快的人，我却来与其求和修好，这未免有辱先人。”
张玲、张扬译：
“先生前与家父抵牾，念及常感不安。自家父不幸辞世，我常以弥合裂隙为怀，转念深思，又恐与家父向以仇之为快者修好，有辱其在天之灵，是以裹足不前。”
4）《论语》的两个译本：
Thomas Cleary The Essential Confucius
Arthur Waley The Analects of Confucius
季路问侍鬼神，子曰：“未能事人，焉能事贵？”曰：“未能知生，焉知死？”
柯立瑞
Someone asked Confucius how to serve ghosts and spirits.
Confucius said, “As long as you are unable to serve people, how can you serve ghosts?”
The inquirer also asked about death.
Confucius said, “ As long as you do not know life, how can you know death?”
威利
Tzulu asked how one should serve ghosts and spirits. The Master said, Till you have learnt to serve men, how can you serve ghosts? Tzulu then ventured upon a question about the dead. The Master said, Till you know about the living, how are you to know about the dead?
5）If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. (巴菲特Warren Buffett)
译法1：如果我们每个人都雇用比我们小的人，我们将成为一个矮子公司。
译法2：如果我们每个人雇用的人都不如自己，公司将不会有什么前途。
译法3：新招的员工如果一代不如一代，公司只会越做越小。
译法4：要只是招些庸人近来，本公司休矣。
6）宝玉叹道：“当初姑娘来了，那不是我陪着玩笑？凭我心爱的，姑娘要，就拿去；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃，连忙干干净净收着等姑娘吃。”
译文1
Pao-yu heaved another sigh. “Wasn’t I your playmate when you first came?”he demanded. “Anything that pleased me was yours, cousin, for the asking. If I knew you fancied a favourite dish of mine, I put it away in a clean place till you came.”（杨宪益、戴乃迭）
译文2
“Oh, the beginning!” said Bao-yu. “In the beginning, when you first came here, I was your faithful companion in all your games. Anything I had, even the thing most dear to me, was yours for the asking. I there was something to eat that I specially liked, I had only to hear that you were fond of it too and I would religiously hoard it away to share with you when you got back, not daring even to touch it until you came. (霍克斯)
David Copperfield
7）原文：
…as I knew she was anxious to get home, and, between fire, food, and pickpockets, could never be considered at her ease for half-an-hour in London,…
董秋斯译：
……因为我知道她急于回家，并且，介居于火、食品、扒手中间，她在伦敦不能有半点钟的安心,……
张谷若译：
……因为我知道她急于要回到家里，同时，又怕房子着火，又嫌吃的东西，又怕遇到扒手，她在伦敦，连半点钟的工夫都难说能把一颗心放下。……
8）朱自清《背影》选段：
译文一：
我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到了徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。
It is more than two years since I last saw father, and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job. I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandma’s funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the though of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.
父亲说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路!”
译文二：
Father said, “Now that things’ve come to such a pass, it’s no use crying. Fortunately, Heaven always leaves one a way out.”
Though it is over two years since I saw my father, I can never forget my last view of his back. That winter my grandmother died, and my father’s official appointment was terminated, for troubles never come singly. I went from Beijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral. When I joined him in Xuzhou I found the courtyard strewn with things and could not help shedding tears at the thought of granny. “What’s past is gone,” said my father. “It’s no use grieving.
Heaven always leaves us some way out.
译文三：
It has been more than two years since the last time I saw my father, and the memory that has stayed with me the longest is the silhouette of his back. It was during the winter of that year; Grandmother had just died, and Father’s temporary appointment with the government had been terminated. Truly those were days when “calamities never come in ones”. I traveled from Beijing to Xuzhou, planning to return home with my father for the funeral. When I reached Xuzhou I met my father, and I noticed that his garden was in complete disarray. I thought again of Grandmother and was unable to hold back the flow of tears. Father said, “Things are as they are; you shouldn’t be sad, for happily there is nothing under Heaven that is hopeless.” (Howard Goldblatt)
4. 思考与讨论：
1）Derogatory metaphors of translation
2）请简要列出中国翻译史的分期及每一时期最重要的翻译成就。
3）翻译有可能实现完全等值吗？为什么？
4）你认为翻译的创造性与忠实的原则是一种怎样的关系？
5）译者的主体性在翻译活动中都有哪些体现？
6）简述翻译的过程及每一子过程中应该注意的问题。
7）你对辜正坤的“翻译标准多元互补论”有何看法？
8）你对韦努蒂的“归化”与“异化”翻译策略有何看法？
9）何谓语境？意识形态、诗学等语境因素对翻译有何影响？
10）你认为一部作品的风格是可译的吗？为什么？
5. 翻译实践
英译汉
汉译英
【精选资料】大学英语翻译期末考试复习
期末复习 现给大家厘清一下复习思路： 考试卷面分：60 分 考试题型：五种 I 选择更好的译文（10×1’） （备课组长说有可能是两选一，也可能是三选一） 例如讲义上的第1页 It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in Southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of room, in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature.” A.我们可以有把握地设想，二千年前，在凯撒到达不列颠南 部之前，从我正在写作的这间屋子的窗口，可以看到整个原野都是处于所谓“自然状态”之中。 B.赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸 境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。 II翻译评析（15分） 翻译评析评分标准：从翻译的标准（5分）、翻译的方法和策略（5分），以及翻译的技巧（5分）三方面谈。 请复习讲义pp2-4、pp14-29 翻译的标准有传统的：信达（忠实和通顺），有现代奈达的：
从形式对等—到动态对等—最后到功能对等 翻译的基本方法：直译与意译 翻译的基本策略（这是组长这样分的，其实都是翻译的方法）：归化与异化 翻译的技巧：词的技巧—词义的确立、词类转换译法、增加、省略、延伸、正反反正译法 句子的技巧—三大从句的译法 III 长句的翻译（3×5’） 两个英语句子，一个汉语句子。 例如1： Ther e is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。 例如2：
翻译概论 重点整理
卡特福德英国《翻译的语言学概论》篇章等值 翻译是把一种语言的话语材料用另外一种语言的等值话语予以替代 行文对等形式对应 尤金·奈达美国 翻译是指从语义到语体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语信息 动态对等功能对等 巴尔胡大罗夫苏联《语言与翻译》 意义不变 尽可能完备的传达原文各种类型的语义，包括所指意义、实用意义和语言内部意义 彼得·纽马克英国 表达功能------ 语义翻译 信息功能呼唤功能------- 交际翻译 卡瑟琳娜·莱斯，汉斯·威密尔，克里斯蒂安·诺德。德国功能学派 功能翻译理论 以原语为取向：竺法护西晋，尼古拉斯·封·维尔德国，赛珍珠美国 以译入语为取向：支谦康僧会唐朝，鸠摩罗什东晋，西塞罗贺拉斯古罗马 以翻译目的为导向的翻译标准威密尔德国 泰勒特“翻译三原则”严复“信达雅” 翻译标准：主观向客观、散论到系统、静态向动态、单一向多元发展 第三章 佛经翻译对中国文化产生的影响 语言方面： 佛经翻译大大丰富了汉语词汇；在语法方面，汉语受佛经翻译的影响也不少 文学方面： 印度寓言故事神话传入中国，对中国文学题材内容有影响；对我国文学的思想情趣产生影响；汉译佛典对我国文学文体方面有巨大影响 哲学方面： 佛教对道教的影响；对儒家思想体系的影响，沿用了佛学的辩证逻辑思路 翻译传递的是文化信息；语言是文化的基础，是文化得以流传的载体，是文化的镜子。
译者的责任： 微观上，正确处理文字技术层面上的责任； 宏观上，促进社会发展和文化交流方面的责任 译者在技术层面上的责任： 既不能对不起原作者，也不能对不起译文，往往也就是译者自己的国文 得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其内 译者在社会和文化层面上的责任： 要对社会负责；要有稳定的立场 译者的素质： 彼得·马克：本国语方面，掌握丰富的词汇和各种句型；精通外语；能顺利用本国语表达原著意义 尤金·奈达：熟悉原语；精通译语；充分了解所译题材；具备“移情”本领；具备语言表达的才华和丰富的文学想象力 第六章 纽马克《翻译教程》交际翻译 将原语文本的语境意义以其思想内容和语言形式都容易为译入语读者所接受和理解的方式准确地传递出来 汉斯·威密尔翻译是一种目的性行为（功能学派） 目的论的核心概念：翻译方法和翻译策略必须由译文预期目的或功能来决定 施莱尔马赫德国将翻译方法归为两类 1、尽量不动读者而将原作者拉过来,即归化 2、尽量不动原作者，而将读者推过来，即异化（施莱尔马赫本人推崇） 雅各布逊从符号学的角度将翻译分成三类： 语内翻译、语际翻译、符际翻译 总结：翻译不仅仅是纯语言间的文字转换，而首先是一种交际行为，是为了达到特定环境和条件下的特定交际目的 第七章 翻译活动的处理方式分类：全译；节译、摘译、编译、译述（边翻边译） 文体分类：文学翻译、非文学翻译 活动方式分类：笔译、口译
英语翻译基础期末复习完整
《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项（考查翻译实践能力） Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。（每小题2分，共10分） 三、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共15分） 四、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 五、案例分析题（每小题15分，共15分） 注意：本门课程为：“闭卷（只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试，不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。） I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车，也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A．她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B．她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C．她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D．她剥夺了所有人的劝告，除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3．我第一次听她在晚上唱歌，她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A．Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B
高级英语翻译部分期末复习材料
高级英语翻译部分期末复习材料 1、这些大学一年级学生都充满了青春活力。 The freshmen are all youthfully exuberant. 2、他的态度平静，脸上的表情不可解读。 His attitude was bland and his expression was unreadable. 3、我中学的女校长是一位性格温和的年轻女子。 The headmistress of my middle school was a general young lady. 4、这部电影是由海明威的一部小说改编而成的。 The film was adapted from a novel written by Hemingway. 5、他没有向朋友求助，而是立即采取行动。 He acted promptly without turning to his friends for help. 6、许多年轻人喜欢这位散文家的华丽文体。 A lot of young people appreciate the essayist’s florid style. 7、这教授是一位热诚的环境保护者。 The professor is a fervent environmentalist. 8、他们在是去还是留的问题上犹豫不决。 The wavered between going and staying. 9、我不会让那些烦恼事妨碍我的工作。 I won’t let my troubles interfere with my work. 10、我喜欢看孩子们游戏。 I take delight in watching children play. 11、这产业处理掉可以获得相当大的一笔金额。 The property can be disposed of for a good sum of money.. 12、在促销期间，购物中心挤满了人群。 The mall was thronged with people during the sales promotion. 13、他们终于在远处看到了灯光。 They perceived a light in the distant in the end. 14、你应该仔细想想这一行动可能会产生的后果。 You should reflect on the consequences of this action. 15、从你的话中我猜想你准备辞退。 I assume from your remarks that you are going to quit your job 16、我们应该努力区分真实与虚假。 We should try to distinguish between truth and falsehood. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1、由于缺少资金，整个计划都失败了。 For lack of fund, our plan fell through. 2、牛顿被认为是世界上最杰出的科学家之一。 Newton is acknowledged as one of the most eminent scientists in the world. 3、他对生产成本的估算总是准确无误的。 He calculates the production cost with invariable accuracy. 4、公司发言人的不负责任讲话受到了严厉指责。 The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words. 5、这个精干的经理立刻行动了起来。 The efficient manager acted promptly.
四六级翻译30个常用句型
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
翻译概论期末复习
翻译概论期末复习 1. 基本概念（互译） 补偿compensation 不可译性untranslatability（untranslatable） 达/ 易懂intelligibility/expressiveness 等效原则principle of equivalent effect 等值翻译equivalent translation 动态对等dynamic equivalence 读者反映论reader's response 读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation 对等物（词语）equivalent 对应（部分对应/ 完全对应）（partial /full ）correspondence 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 翻译体/翻译腔translationese 翻译学translatology/Translation Studies 风格style 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra 符际翻译intersemiotic translation 改变说法rewording 功能对等functional equivalence 归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation（MT） 交际翻译communicative translation 交替口译consecutive interpreting 解码decode 可译性translatability（translatable）理解understanding/comprehension 流畅fluency 乱译/ 胡译excessively free translation 明析化explicitation 模仿imitation 目的论skopostheorie 诗学poetics 视点转换shift of perspective 释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase 死译/ 硬译mechanical translation 套译/ 仿译/仿拟imitation 通顺smoothness 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 透明（度）transparency 歪译（意义扭曲）distortion 伪译pseudotranslation 文本text 文本等值textual equivalence 文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation 文化沟(空缺/ 非对应)cultural gap 误译mis-translation 信/ 忠实faithfulness/fidelity 形合hypotaxis 形式对等formal equivalence 形式对应formal correspondence 雅/ 优美elegance/gracefulness 异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本/ 译著translated text/translational work 译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation) 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译语/ 译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation 译者隐形translator ' s invisibility 意合parataxis 意识形态ideology 意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation 音译法transliteration 语际翻译interlingual
英语期末复习(整理)
1.It is impossible that old prejudices and hostilities should longer exist, while such an instrument has been created for the exchange of thought between all the nations of the earth. im possible … longer/while/such an instrument 译文：在1858年第一根横穿大西洋的通讯电缆铺设成功时，维多利亚时代的积极分子们曾欢呼说：“像电报这种为世界各国交流思想的工具诞生之后，那些根深蒂固的偏见与敌意不可能再长时间存在了。” 2.However, although the Internet is still young enough to inspire idealism, it has also been around long enough to test whether the prophets can be right. young enough to …long enough to…/be around: be existing 译文：然而，尽管因特网出现的时间不长，依旧足以激起理想主义的灵感，但它存在的时间也已长得足以判断预言家的预言正确与否了。 3.The idea is that improved communications will reduce misunderstandings and avert conflict. 译文：他的理念是改进了的通信手段将减少误解；避免冲突。 4.Home computers are becoming part of the fabric of everyday life, and are increasingly left switched on all the time. 译文：家用电脑正在成为日常生活结构中的一部分，而且其中越来越多的电脑始终处于开机状态。 5.The construction of vast ”server farms”----warehouses full of computers and their attendant cooling systems----has contributed to the overloading of the electrical power network that has caused brown-outs in Silicon Valley. “server farms”: metaphor→ an implied/implicit comparison contributed to: increase, improve 译文：建设好的一些规模宏大的“服务器场区”--- 摆满计算机及其辅助冷却设备的库房--- 已经导致电力网络的超负荷运转，这种状况已经引起了硅谷地区的用电紧张。 6.What about the belief that the Internet will reduce inequality? According to a study carried out by America’s Department of Commerce, households with annual incomes above $75,000 are more than 20 times as likely to have Internet access as the poorest households. according to/carried out/more than 20 times as likely to have Internet /access as…: … 20 times more likely to have … than… 译文：美国商业部的一项研究表明：年收入在7.5万美元以上的家庭与最贫困的家庭相比，前者上网率是后者的20倍还多。 7.The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it: the
全新版大学英语综合教程3期末复习精选资料汇总讲解
Unit 1 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life 一．背诵单词 get by 过得去 frustration 挫折；令人失望suburban 郊区的 suburb 郊区 contentment 满足 honey 蜂蜜 make it 成功 canoe 独木木舟 sunset 日落(n) sunrise 日出(n) hawk 鹰 cornfield 玉米田 haul (用马车，卡车)搬运firewood 木柴 sled 雪橇 retile 重新用瓦盖longoverdue overdue 早该有的；早该发生的improvement 改进supplement 补充；增加 indoor 室内的 spray 喷；洒 orchard 果园 barn 谷仓 chick 小鸡 typewriter 打字机 freelance 自由撰稿人 pursue 努力去获得，追求household 家庭的；普通的；家庭oversee 看管 beehive 蜂窝organ 风琴；器官 stack 一堆 wicked 邪恶的；坏的overflow 溢出；泛滥swamp 淹没；压倒freezer 冰柜 cherry 樱桃 raspberry 悬钩子；树莓asparagus 芦笋 bean 豆；豆形果实canned-goods 罐装品cupboard 食橱；碗橱plum 李子；梅子 jelly 果子冻 squash 南瓜属植物pumpkin 南瓜 gallon 加仑 at that point 就在那时decidedly 肯定地；无疑地blessing 祝福 bless 为……祝福 on balance 总的来说den 兽穴 illustrate 举例说明 hitch 用-具套住 dogsled 狗拉雪橇monster 怪物；妖怪digest 文摘；摘要boundary 边界；分界线widerness 荒野；荒地generate 形成；产生dental 牙的；和牙有关的
审计英语期末考试复习题(已翻译)
期末复习题 一、Answering the following questions: 1、Discuss the relationship between quality control and generally accepted auditing standards. 讨论质量控制与公认审计标准之间的关系。 2、Two types of attestation services provided by CPA firms are audits and reviews. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two types of attestation services. Which type provides the least assurance? 审计与评论是两种由（注册公共）会计事务所提供的认证服务类型。讨论这两种认证服务的相同与不同之处。哪一种类型提供了最小的保证？ 3、There are five conditions that must be met before an auditor can issue a standard unqualified report for the audit of a private company. Please discuss each of these five conditions. 审计员在对私人公司的审计发出一个标准，不合格报告前必须满足五种条件/情况。请讨论每一种条件/情况。 4、There are three conditions requiring a departure from an unqualified audit report. Discuss each of these three conditions and state the appropriate audit report for each condition. 违背/违反一个不合格的审计报告有三个条件。讨论每一个条件并陈述每个条件适当的审计。 5、Discuss the three primary requirements for becoming a CPA.
英语翻译常用句型
翻译中常见的句型 1．否定句型 1）部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式：“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词：all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式：no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词：no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型：all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2．判断句型 1）强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语（强调内容） The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句： a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告，不如说是忠告。3．倍数表示句型： a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象
翻译概论读书报告
从中西翻译大家看译者素养 -----《中西翻译简史》读书报告 《中西翻译简史》（a brief history of translation in china and the west），谢天振等著，这本书共包括十五个章节---翻译与宗教，翻译与知识传播，翻译与民族语，翻译与当代各国的文化交流，可见本书把中西翻译发展的历史放在一起进行描述，既强调中西发展史的共同点，也展示两者发展过程中的各自的独特性。 在编写原则上，本书强调“三抓”：一抓主线，即抓住中西翻译史上的主要事件；二抓主角，即抓住中西翻译史上的主要代表性人物；三抓主题，即中西翻译史上最有代表性的翻译思想和理论。我的心得体会便是从第二条主线入手的，即中西翻译史上的主要代表性人物。 我想着重从翻译大家的身上总结一下作为一名二十一世纪的翻译专业的学生，到底应该具备什么样的素养才算合格甚至是优秀。 首先，让我们看一下他们的所处的时代背景。罗马帝国时期的翻译家如西塞罗，贺拉斯，昆体良，哲罗姆等都是顺应时代的要求，从翻译大量的希腊文化典籍到翻译圣经。中国的翻译思想出现的时间虽然晚得多，但是也是从宗教典籍---佛经开始的。无论中西方翻译大家翻译宗教典籍的目的是出于政治统治，还是为了劳苦大众的信仰服务，我们都不难得出结论，他们的翻译工作正是因为顺应历史的要求才取得了如此伟大的成就。 其次，再来看翻译大家各自的出身情况。哲罗姆的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》是在他任教皇达马苏一世的秘书时完成的。而我国著名僧人中诸如彦琮，玄奘虽所处朝代不同，但都是奉召主持翻译佛经的。我国近代著名的翻译家和文学评论家傅雷，上海市南汇县人，1927年赴法学习，主攻美术理论和艺术评论。而恰恰在1931年回国后，他便开始了穷其一生的法国文学工作，且译作丰硕，共30余种，且风格独特，备受好评。他之所以能取得如此令人瞩目的翻译成就，和他几年的赴法经历不无联系 最后，个人因素。看了著名翻译家的详细介绍之后，还有两点共性不难被发现。一是他们对母语以及至少一门语的熟练应用。二是他们的博学。其中最值得一提的就是中国著名学者和作家钱钟书先生，他从小就接受过良好的古典文学教育，不仅在文学创作上成就卓著，其长篇小说《围城》被译成多种语言广为流传；他在学术研究领域的成就也是举世瞩目，其学术巨著《管锥编》以及诗论《谈艺录》，论文集《七缀集》等都是中国学界的经典之作。 以上是一些列的史实，现在让我们听一下关于译者素养的问题，翻译大家们的看法是怎样的。英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒对译者该具有的专业素质进行了概括，认为译者应该在语言和相关的知识方面是行家，这样才能满足翻译的要求。生活于南北朝时期的彦琮在他的翻译专论《辨证论》中对历代译经的得失进行了分析和评点，并在此基础上提出了一个合格的佛经翻译者所必须具备的八个条件，即“八备”说：“诚心爱法，益人，不殚久时，其备一也；将践觉场，先牢戒足，不染讥恶，其备二也；诠晓三藏，义贯两乘，不苦暗滞，其备三也；旁涉坟史，工缀典词，不过鲁拙，其备四也；襟抱平恕，器量虚融，不好专执，其备五也；耽於道术，淡於名利，不欲官衔，其备六也；要识梵言。乃闲正译，不坠彼学，其备七也；薄阅苍雅，粗谙篆隶，不昧此文，其备八也。热爱佛法，立志帮助别人，不怕费时长久。品行端正，忠实可信，不惹旁人讥疑。彦琮的“八备”说是我国翻译史上较早论及翻译主体译者
期末翻译复习
Unit One: Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is. The word science comes to us from a Latin word, scire, which means "to know". Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge.But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science. Unit 5: For anthropologists, culture includes much more than refinement, taste, sophistication, education, and appreciation of the fine arts. Not only college graduates but all people are cultured. The most interesting and significant forces are those which affect people every day of their lives, particularly those which influence children during enculturation. Culture, as defined anthropologically, encompasses features that are sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study, such as "popular " culture. To understand contemporary American culture, we must consider television, fast-food restaurants, sports, and games. As a cultural manifestation, a rock star may be as interesting as a symphony conductor, a comic book as significant as a book-award winner. Unit 7:This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere, for example, to a bigger wage packet. The demand for hi-tech personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and "fringe benefits" are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the "brain drain", the phenomena in which highly skilled people offer their service to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer. Unit 11: Where do these ideas come from? Max Luscher from the University of Geneva believes that in the beginning life was dictated by two factors beyond our control: night and day. Night brought passivity, and a general slowing down of metabolism; day brought with it the possibility of action, and increase in the metabolic rate, thus providing us
英语期末考试翻译内容
第一单元翻译1) 我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。 We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day. 2)我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday. 3) 学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。 Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far. 4) 看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking. 5)在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作 为人们结账的一种方式。Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts. 6) 该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. 第三单元翻译1) 萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法：今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages. 2)丈夫死后，她只好独自挑起抚养五个孩子的经济重担。After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself. 3) 证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience. 4) 亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点，这话很可能会引起一场争吵。Hunt's statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel. 5) 我当时对她绝对信任，无论她告诉我什么，我都会相信。I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me. 6) 一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题时，父亲一开头就说，每月存点钱是绝对必要 的，遇到紧急情况，我们可以依靠积蓄。When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings. 第五单元翻译1) 我确信这项所谓(so-called) 明智的决定，与期望相反，会带来极其严重的后果。I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences. 2)诚然，他曾欺骗你，但他已经承认自己做错了，并道了歉。所以你不应该老是以怀疑的态度对待他。It's true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized. So you shouldn't always treat him with suspicion. 3)他在这个问题公开进行辩论之前就已表明了自己的立场。He had taken a stand on the issue before it was openly debated. 4)在调查过程中，他们发现了种种形式的政治腐败，并揭露了许多贪官污吏(corrupt officials)。In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.