英语情态动词canmaymust与汉语能愿动词能可以在情态意义上的比较

英语情态动词canmaymust与汉语能愿动词能可以在情态意义上的比较
英语情态动词canmaymust与汉语能愿动词能可以在情态意义上的比较

英语情态动词can may must 与汉语能愿动词能可以在情态意义上的比较(一)英语情态动词与汉语能愿动词表达的情态意义

1.英语情态动词及其所表达的主要情态意义如下

情态意义情态动词

能力

允许、请求

建议、提议

肯定、可能、推论

应该、必须

意愿

习惯

其他

can,could,be able to

can,could,may,might,be allowed to,be permitted to

will,would,shall,can,could,may

must,should,ought to,may,might,could,

will,would

should,ought to,must,have to,had better

will,would

will,would,used to

should,might/could(at least)

2.汉语能愿动词从语义上可以分为两类。一类表示意愿和对情理、事理、主客观条件、价值的主观判断,一类表示对事情发生的可能性的判断。汉语能愿动词及其所表达的主要情态意义如下

情态意义能愿动词

意愿

对情理、事理的判断

对主客观条件的判断

准许、允许

评价

可能

要、想、愿意、肯、敢

应该、应当、应、该、得(d§i)

能、能够、可以

能、可以、可、准许

配、值得

可能、会、要、能

3.对比分析结果。由以上两个表,可以看出,英语情态动词与汉语能愿动词所表达的主要情态意义基本一致,并且一种情态意义往往可以由若干个情态动词或能愿动词来表达。但英语情态动词还可以表达其他一些意义,而

这些意义是能愿动词无法表达的,例如should可以表惊

讶,I'm surprised that he should feel like that.我奇怪他会有

这种感觉。May/might(at least)表示唠叨/指责。You

might(at least)clean the bathtub after you,ve used it.你用

过浴盆之后,(至少)应该洗刷干净才是。另外在表示作

礼貌的建议或提议的时候,英语常常借助于情态动词,例

如Will you come for a walk with me?/Would you like to come for a walk with me?你来和我一起散步好吗?从译句

中不难看出,汉语在表达同样的意思时往往无需借助能愿动词,而是使用“??好吗”这样的句式。汉语能愿动词能够用“配”、“值得”来表达评价,在英语情态动词系统中没有这样的词,英语会用worth这样的实意动词来表达此

意义。

(二)英语情态动词can和may与汉语能愿动词“能”、“可以”的比较

在英语情态动词和汉语能愿动词中都存在一词多义现象,但它们之间的对应关又呈现错综复杂的局面。本文仅选择can和may与汉语中对应的能愿动词“能”、“可以”等分别进行比较。

1.can。张道真指出英语情态动词can有以下几种意思:能力、可能性(可以、可能做某事)、有时会(不经常如此)、(用于否定句及疑问句)可能、允许(做某事)¨1。笔者认为“可能性(可以、可能做某事)”、“有时会(不经常如此)”和“(用于否定句及疑问句)可能”都是对某一可能性的估计,故将其合并为一类;在分“能”和“会”时,汉语要强调具备某种能力和具备某种经过学习得来的技能,因此,将“能力”又加以细分。经过这样的分析,can可以分别与汉语的能愿词“能”、“会”、“可以”相对应。具备某种能力,汉语用“能”。例如:She can run very fast.她能跑得很快。Who can answer this question?谁能回答这个问题?

具备某种经过学习得来的技能,汉语用“会”。例如:

I can swim.我会游泳。

Can you speak French? No.你会说法语吗?不会。

被允许这样做,与may通用,汉语用“可以”。例如:

Can I leave now? No.我现在可以走了吗?不可以。

You can’t smoke here.这儿不可以吸烟。

对某一可能性的估计,汉语用“会”或“可能”。例如:

Can he still be alive? No.他会不会还活着?不会(不

可能)。

It Can be true for all I know.据我所知,这可能是真的。

2.may。张道真指出英语情态动词may表示的意思是:用来提出问题,问可不以;用于陈述句,表示“可以”或“不可以”;表示“可能”;用于某些状语从句中;表示祝愿;用于某些成语中15]。为便于找出may与能愿动词对应关系,笔者把“可不可以”和“可以”或“不可以”合并为一类,因为它们都与汉语能愿动词“可以”对应,表示请求允许或被允许、被禁止。另外,may用于某些状语从句中和用于某些成语中的意义基本上是“可以”或“可能”,如:Speak clearly SO that they may understand you.You mayas well bring me a chocolate too.因此把它们并在这两类中。由此,英语情态动词may分别有以下意义:表示被允许或请求允许,汉语用“可以”。否定式英语是may not或是can not,而汉语是“不能”或“不可以”。例如:

You may take this dictionary away.你可以把这本字典

拿走。

May I ask a question? 我可以问个问题吗?

表示说话人的估计,汉语用“可能”、“也许”等副词表达。否定式英语是may not,而汉语是“也许不”、“可能不会”。例如:

He may be busy now.他现在也许有事。

It may or may not rain in the evening,who knows!

明天也许下雨,也许不下,谁知道!

在书面语中,表示祝愿,汉语用“祝”、“愿”来表达。

例如:

May you have a very pleasant trip.希望你们旅途愉快。

May you return safe and sound.愿你们平安而归。

3.对比分析结果。从上述例子中不难看出:一个英语情态动词往往在意义上对应几个汉语能愿动词,如can可分别对应“能”、“会”、“可以”和“可能”;不同的情态动词之间可能有意义重叠的部分,如Can和may都可以表允许和估计。can和may有意义重叠的部分:can和may都可以表允许,但may比较正式,现在人们更倾向于用can来表达此意;can和may也都可以表示可能性哺]。这种错综对应、一词多义以及词与词之间意义上的重叠都给情态动词学习造成很大的困难。

(三)英语情态动词在表达情态意义的某些方面比汉语能愿动词更细微、更广泛1.表达主观性与客观性。情态意义可以从主观和客观两个角度来表达,说话人可以明确地表明某个观点是他自己的意见,即通过情态动词来表达他的主观性;或者说话人也可能使自己的观点客观化,使听话人听起来客观自然。他也可以借助情态动词来表达客观性H】。如果说话人想突出他自己的观点,那么他就倾向使用能突出主观性的情态动词。

I really must do something about the weeds in this garden.

我确实必须除去花园里的杂草了。

I should stop smoking.

我应该戒烟。

must,should都是表示说话人或作者的主观判断,具主观性。在下面的例句中,说话人似乎表现出对听话人所施加的压力或责任毫无关系,使人感觉到压力来自于外界,而不是说话人自己,从而体现出客观性:

I ought to stop smoking.

我应该戒烟。

Have to和have got to都表示外在的权力,在例句中,指外在的法律或规定要求我们这样做;ought to比should语义略强,有时表示来自外界的规则或义务,再如:You ought to vote.你应该投票(这是你的公民义务)。

2.表达礼貌意义。在言语交流中,话语越间接,供听话人选择的余地就越大话语的不确定性就越强,话语也就越礼貌¨’。例如在下列句子中,might,could would分别比may,can,will的不确定性强,因而也就更委婉、礼貌

May 1 go home now?

Might I go home now?

Can I go home now?

Could I go home now?

Can you do me a favor?Would you do me a favor?

礼貌与情态的主客观性也有关系,

具有客观性的情态表达似乎能够使压力、责任等类似的意义来自于说话人以外的其他方面;因而对方不会感到束缚或压力,即使是拒绝了,也不会感到为难?。这样就能给听话人留有充分的回旋余地。例如在下面两句中,第二句较第一句更为礼貌:

You must come back home before 12.(主观性)

You have to come back home before 12.(客观性)

3.表达程度差别。亚历山大指出有9个情态动词可以表达说话人对某种可能性感到的肯定或不肯定的程度。这些情态动词可以从最不肯定might到最肯定must按顺序列出来。在might和must之问的各情态动词的排列顺序并不是绝对定的。它会根据不同情况而有所变化。

【参考文献】

[1]李杰,钟永平.论英语的情态系统及其功能[J].外语教学,2002(1):9—14.

[2]李基安.情态意义研究[J].外国语,1998(3):57—60.

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[4]刘月华,潘文娱,故群.实用现代汉语语法[M].商务印书馆,2001.

[5]张道真.实用英语语法[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2002.

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[9]Ellis,R.Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford University Press,1997.

[10]吕叔湘.中国人学英语[M].商务印书馆,1995.

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(2017-2019)高考英语真题专项汇编卷:知识点03情态动词和虚拟语气(含答案)

高考英语真题专项汇编卷(2017-2019): 知识点03 情态动词和虚拟语气 1、The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in half the time. A. accomplished B. had accomplished C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished 2、What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together. A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had 3、In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company. A.need B.should C.can D.must 4、They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. A.drove B.would drive C.were to drive D.had driven 5、I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure. A.should leave B.must have left C.might leave D.could have left 6、If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now. A.had caught B.caught C.have caught D.would catch permission. 7、It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s A.would B.should C.could D.might 8、There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved. A.had B.will have C.would have had D.have had 9、My room is a mess, but I ___________ clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning. A.daren't B.shouldn't C.needn't D.mustn't 10、—Do you have Betty’s phone number? —Yes. Otherwise, I ___________ able to reach her yesterday. t have been A.hadn’t been B.wouldn’ C.weren’t D.wouldn’t be 11、Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ___________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.

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