高考语法专题复习------名词

高考语法专题复习------名词
高考语法专题复习------名词

高考语法专题复习------名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

(1)规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy —boys, pen —pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass —glasses,box—boxes, watch —watches, brush —brushes。

特例:stomach —stomachs。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如:

baby —babies, lady —ladies, fly —flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如:radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。如:wife —wives, life —lives, knife —knives, wolf—wolves, self —selves, leaf —leaves等。特例:handkerchief—handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief —chiefs, gulf —gulfs, belief —beliefs, cliff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如:man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet,

woman —women, tooth —teeth, goose —geese, ox —oxen。特例:child —children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair —armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore —bookstores。(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名

词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor —men doctors, woman driver —women drivers。(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:brother-in-law —brothers-in-law, passer-by —passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero —zeros 、zeroes, deer —

deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。

(2)不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,

Japanese, sheep, works(工厂),cattle。

②合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend —boy-friends, go-between—go-betweens(中间人),grown-up —grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods

货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes 灰尘, compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,

向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good in high spirits以很高热情地,give one’s regards to sb.

manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。

2、不可数名词的数

(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数

名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:

抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词)

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类

别。如:

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

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