呼吸科常用英文

呼吸科常用英文

询问病史case history

You need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.

General/biographical data,marital status, nativity, occupation, informant, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s health status, menorrhea (menarche age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions ,premature delivery, stillbirths, difficult labor, family history (any congenital diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings and children)

常用的症状symptoms

fever

Cough 咳嗽

Sputum (dry, purulent脓性的, copious green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰

wheezing

Dyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困难

Orthopnea 端坐呼吸

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难

Shortness of breath （SOB）

Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感

Exercise intolerance

pleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛

Pharyngalgia ; pharyngodynia 咽痛

Hemoptysis 咯血

Bucking 呛咳

Sneeze喷嚏

snore 打鼾

malaise 不舒服

myalgia 肌痛

insomia 失眠

hoarseness声嘶

dysphonia 发声困难

常见的体征physical signs

clubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal and transverse

curvature ,loss of concave nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx, drumstick- like

nicotine staining

cyanosis:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa peripheral cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposures

central cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lips

hand flap: due to CO2 retention

asterixis 扑翼样震颤

papilloedema 视乳头水肿

chemosis球结膜水肿

enlarged supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes

increased respiratory rate

tachycardia 心动过速

pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)

barrel chest

hyperexpanded, decreased expansion

kyphosis 驼背，脊柱后凸

Inspection:

tachypnea 呼吸急促

accessory muscles of respiration: sternocleidomastoid muscle, arm support, alae flaring

wide or narrow intercostal space

tactile vocal fremitus 触觉语颤

subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感

Percussion:

resonance

dullness

flatness

hyperresonance

tympany

lower borders: scapular line X left/right intercostal space

range of mobility

Auscultation:

vocal resonance 语音共振

ronchi: wheeze , stridor , crackles, Velcro-like soundes

moist rales : coarse, medium, fine, crepitus捻发音

pleural friction rubs

complete absence of breath sounds

ankle edema

weight loss，cachexia恶病质，cachectic恶病质的

decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia食欲减退

常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings

(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)

temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)

sputum pot 痰盂

Blood/urine/stool routine, occult blood test

Blood biochemistry

Sputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity test

sputum cytology

Pulse oximeter 脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation

Arterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral artery puncture

PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbia

PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia

respiratory failure:

type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)

due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunt

type 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)

due to alveolar ventilation failure

obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis

restrictive: neuromuscular (sedatives, myasthenia), structural (ankylosing spondylitis), pleural diseases ,obesity

Chest X-ray/radiograph:

reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular, linear, military nodules粟粒样结节)

coin lesions 硬币样

cavities空腔：amphoric 空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)

opacification浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):

confluent shadowing and air bronchogram

collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)

segmental atelactasis

pleural effusion

mediastinal mass: thyroid ,thymoma, teratoma, TB lymph nodes,

terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysm

Chest CT scan( computed tomography)

Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)

PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)

Abdominal ultrasound

skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）

tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)

Pulmonary function test : Spirometry 呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitation

FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO

< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓

restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes

intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓

extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normal

FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FVC: force vital capacity

TLC: total lung capacity

RV: residual volume

KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)

PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate

flow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration)

bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支气管激发试验：histamine or methacholine-inhalation

bronchodilatation支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇

fiberoptic bronchoscopy: biopsies, bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

protected specimen brush (PS

transthoracic percutaneous needle aspiration

percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)

video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsy

open lung biopsy

pleural biopsy

biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes

D-Dimers

electrocardiogram (ECG)

echocardiogram超声心动图

V/Q isotope scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)

spiral CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography)

pulmonary angiography

Doppler USS thigh and pelvis (USS: ultrasound scanning)

cardiac monitor

PSG( polysommography)

常见的病名diseases

acute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染

common cold 普通感冒

influenza 流感

pharynigitis 咽炎

acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎

pneumonia 肺炎

community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎

hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎

nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎

bronchiectasis 支气管扩张

chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎

pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作

bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘

allergic rhinitis过敏性鼻炎

respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭

lung abscess 肺脓肿

pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病

lung cancer: 肺癌

primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌

squamous cell carcinoma 鳞癌

adenocarcinoma 腺癌

bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌

small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌

pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤

pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞

pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症

pulmonary infarction 肺梗死

deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成

empyema 脓胸

pneumothorax气胸

pyopneumothorax 脓气胸

chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病

congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病

cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病

pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压

pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病

right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭

pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病

interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化

cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎

connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病

systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮

rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎

systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化

scleroderma 硬皮病

sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征

polymyositis 多发性肌炎

dermatomyositis 皮肌炎

sarcoidosis 结节病

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病

Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿

Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症X

Wegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿

extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎

pneumoconiosis 尘肺

drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病

aspergillosis 曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

pleural disease 胸膜疾病

broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘

oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮

osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变

glaucoma 青光眼

cataract白内障

acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤

acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征

urticaria 荨麻疹

eczema 湿疹

hypertension 高血压

diabetes 糖尿病

常用的药物drugs or agents

be administered, treat sb. with

empirical 经验性的, prophylactic预防性, remedial治疗性

Expectorant 祛痰药

Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂

bronchodilator

B2-agonists: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇

long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗

muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide 异丙托溴胺

aminophylline 氨茶碱

steroids inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松

systemic: prednisolone po., hydrocortisone iv.

mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠

leukotriene receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特

respiratory stimulants:

lobeline

nikethamide

cardiac tonic 强心剂

diuretics 利尿剂

albumin 白蛋白

antitussive agents 镇咳药

ammonium chloride 氯化铵

ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）

常用的治疗措施

low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae鼻导管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition

metered dose inhaler (MDI)

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)

intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)

non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)

mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive

(via intubation插管，tracheostomy 气管造口术，tracheotomy 气管切开术)

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气

pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气

thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术

chest drain/drainage 引流术

chemotherapy 化疗

radiation therapy 放疗

pneumonectomy 肺切除术

lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术

thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术

pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术

pleurectomy 胸膜切除术

pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术

thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术

inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器

常见的疾病

chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum

bronchiectasis:

cystic囊性的/varicose曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysis

physiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainage

long term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonale

medical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysis

lung abscess

usually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;

in the supine patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.

pneumothorax

accumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputure

lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tension

mediastinal deviation :trachea and apex shift contralaterally

CXR: translucency +collapse: visible rim between lung and chest wall＞2 cm =＞50% lung volume loss

aspiration吸引术，intercostal drain

refractory or recurrent: pleurodesis, pleurectomy, bulla stapling or lasering

pleural effusion

chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath

Transudate漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L or pleura: serum protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;

often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .

Exudate渗出液：capillary permeability increases or lymph drainage decreases

often seen in infection ,neoplasia, surgery or trauma.

CXR: meniscus-shaped,rises towards axilla

Appearance: clear ,straw-coloured: suggests transduate

turbid, green: indicates exudates(pus cells) or empyema (bacterial infection)

bloody( haemothorax血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis, trauma

white( chylothorax乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic duct, usually due to tumour

Therapy: transudate: diuretics

exudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)

intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain: to lyse fibrinous adhesions

pleural adhesion: tetracycline. bleomycin

lung cancer

hoarseness: due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

dysphagia

pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndrome

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, plethora, vein dilation, pericardial tamponade( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS

paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),

skin（dermatomyositis）

immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹

squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)

adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable state

small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes common

bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum

NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy

SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)

secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.

obstructive sleep apnoea

obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension

Causes: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep study

Therapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine position

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

mandibular advancement device (MAD)

adenoidectomy （curative in children）

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术

maxillomandibular osteotomy

obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓

常用的化疗药

cisplatin 顺铂

Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)

paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）

docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）

常见的抗生素

beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis

penicillin skin test

amoxicillin 阿莫西林

piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠

ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾

cephamycin 头孢菌素类

cefradine 头孢拉啶

cefaclor 头孢克洛

cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦

ceftriaxone 头孢曲松

cefpiramide 头孢吡啶

ceftazidime 头孢他定

ceftizoxime 头孢唑污

carbopenems 碳青霉烯类

azactam 氨曲南

meropenem 美罗培南

imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）

Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assembly

vancomycin 万古霉素

norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素

teicoplanin 替考拉林

Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesis

roxithromycin 罗红霉素

clarithromycin 克拉霉素

azithromycin 阿奇霉素

erythromycin 红霉素

Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxic

inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis

amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）

gentamicin 庆大霉素

streptomycin 链霉素

Sulfamido 磺胺类

sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)

Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase

norfloxacin 诺氟沙星

ofloxacin 氧氟沙星

levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星

gatifloxacin 加替沙星

moxifloxacin 莫西沙星

ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星

Tetracycline 四环素类

minocycline 美满霉素

Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类

metronidazole 甲硝唑

tinidazole 替硝唑

ornidazole 奥硝唑

Antitubercular agents抗结核药

rifampicin 利福平

rifapentine 利福喷丁

isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼

pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺

ethambutol 乙胺丁醇

Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药

nystatin 制霉菌素

amphotericin 两性霉素B

fluconazole 氟康唑

voriconazole 伏立康唑

itraconazole 伊曲康唑

Antivirus agents

ribavirin 利巴韦林

oseltamivir 奥司他韦

acyclovir 阿昔洛韦

ganciclovir 更昔洛韦

valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦

foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）

lamivudine 拉米夫定

entecavir 恩替卡韦

常见的病原微生物

microorganism, microbe 微生物

bacterium 细菌

lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖

antibiotics 抗生素

pyrogen 致热原

exotoxin 外毒素

endotoxin 内毒素

Gram stain 革兰染色

Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位

antibacterial agents 抗菌药

resistance 耐药性

ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶

MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌

bacteremia 菌血症

toxemia 毒血症

endotoxemia 内毒素血症

septicaemia 败血症

pyemia 脓毒血症

pathogen 致病原

pathogenicity 致病性

virulence 毒力

median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量

median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量

virus 病毒

replication 复制

viremia 病毒血症

normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群

flora disequilibrium 菌群失调

dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症

opportunistic infection 机会性感染

conditioned infection 条件致病性感染

endogenous infection 内源性感染

exogenous infection 外源性感染

antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度

minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度

disinfection 消毒

sterilization 灭菌

asepsis 无菌

aseptic technique 无菌技术

bacteriostasis 抑菌

antisepsis 防腐

disinfectant 消毒剂

bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂

bactericide 杀菌剂

autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线

isolation precaution 隔离预防

artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫

vaccination 疫苗接种

killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗

attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗

toxoid 类毒素

artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫

antitoxin 抗毒素

gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白

Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌

Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌

Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌

Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌

Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌

Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌

Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌

Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌

Legionella 军团杆菌属

Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌

Serratia 沙雷菌属

Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌

Acinebacter 不动杆菌属

Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌

Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌

Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌

Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌

Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌

Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPD

Old tuberculin,OT

Atypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌

Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌

Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌

Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌

Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌

Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌

Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌

antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌

Yersinia 耶尔森菌属

Brucella 布氏菌属

Actinomyces 放线菌属

Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)

Rapid plasma regain (RPR)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体

Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体

Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒

Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒

Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS

Adenovirus 腺病毒

Rubella virus 风疹病毒

Rhinovirus 鼻病毒

Enterovirus 肠道病毒

Rotavirus 轮状病毒

hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒

Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒

Hantavirus 汉坦病毒

Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热

Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒

Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒

Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒

Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒

Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型

Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒

Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS

Human T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒

Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病

Rabies virus 风疹病毒

Fungus 真菌

Yeast 酵母

Spore 孢子

Hypha 菌丝

Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌

Trichophyton 毛癣菌属

Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属

Tinea 癣

Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属

Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病

Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌

Candidiasis 念珠菌病

Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌

Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎

Aspergillus 曲霉菌

Mucor 毛霉菌属