(参考资料)TASK1-讲义

TASK1 数据图

1. 时态选择

2. 写作步骤

3. 开头段写法

4. 动态分析

5. 静态分析

6. 加分结构

7. 案例分析

1. 时态

1. 一般过去时(√)

2. 现在完成时

3. 一般现在时

4. 估计，预测

1)

It is likely/expected/projected/predicted/forecasted that…would do…

2)

这个对象be likely/expected/projected/predicted/forecasted to do….

E.g. The number of hamburgers sold is expected to reach 200,000 in 2018.

2. 写作步骤

1. analysing

2. planning

3. writing

4. checking

1. analysing：

1）确定类型：动态or 静态

2）确定对象：行业，支出项目，运输方式, etc.

2. planning：

1）确定结构：总总分or 总分总

2）确定思路：横比+纵比

a. 动态：趋势描述及比较：上升，下降，平稳，波动，先升后降/先降后升

b. 静态：数据描述及比较：同级，比较级，最高级，倍数法，平均数，求和

3）确定数值：极值法

a. 动态：最高值，(次高值)，最低值，初值，终值，巨变值，反转值(in spite of/despite a decline of 5%)，排位值(排名及超越)

b. 静态：最大值，(次大值)，最小值，倍数值，平均值，求和值，0值

3. writing

4. checking:

spelling and grammatical accuracy

3. 开头段

开头段：三句话

S1：改写题目指令

rephrase the topic

S2：补充图表信息

add the chart information

S3：单位衡量标准（可不写）

the unit measurement

S1:改写题目指令

方案1：替换单词（结合方案2使用）

1）已知图表：

The given line graph/ pie chart/bar chart/table/diagrams, flow/maps

Below (X)

2）转述题目：provide/describe/show/indicate/demonstrate/present/illustrate

3）关于：about/regarding/with regard to/in regard to/as to/in terms of

4）同义替换：Worldwide—global

5）词性转换：

USA—American,

Australian—Australia,

transportation—transport,

change—change

e.g.

the electricity production in the USA

= the American electricity generation

方案2：替换句子结构

1）通用结构：The given line graph provides the (detailed) information (in detail) as to 题目关键词/shows the data on 题目关键词/describes 题目关键词

2）静态结构：The given pie chart illustrates what 题目关键词be like in 时间/地点.

3）动态结构：The given bar chart indicates how 题目关键词changed/developed from 年to 年/between 年and 年.

4）对比结构：The given two maps make a comparison of 题目关键词/compare A with B.

S2: 补充图表信息

1) 介词短语：

S1, in terms of ….etc.

2) There be:

There be 数字categories/items/indicators recorded/reported/mentioned/surveyed and they are ….etc.

3) 被动语态：

数字categories/items/indicators are recorded/reported…, namely….

4) 定语从句：

The chart reported 数字categories/items/indicators which include/contain/consist of ….

Tips:

categories/items/indicators 为通用表达，具体问题具体分析：countries/assorts of films/industries/means of transport

S3: 单位衡量标准

The units are measured by billion minutes/million dollars/percentage/…

开头段改写练习

改写练习1

The table below shows the development of Australian Economy from 1986 to 1990.

Company profits before tax by industry ($ million)

Period manufacturing mining Retail trade others 1986-874650661586177810 1987-883840381635404992 1988-8961288613491373 1989-90123215111696397

改写练习2

The table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities.

改写练习3

The pie charts below show the online sales for retail sectors in New Zealand in 2003 and 2013.

4. 动态分析

4.1 时间表达法

4.2 上升/下降

4.3 数据表达法

4.4 平稳

4.5 波动

4.6 极值

4.7 超过

4.1 时间表达法

1) over/during the period/span of 数字yrs from 年to 年/between 年and 年.

2) over a 数字-year period from 年to 年

3) in the following/subsequent 数字yrs

4) in the first/early/late 数字yrs

4.2 上升/下降

1) 这个对象上升／下降(ｖ.) 如何地(adv.) from 年to 年/between 年and 年。

2) There be: In terms of 这个对象, there be/emerge a/an adj. 上升/下降(n.) from…to…/between…and…

3) 被动语态：A/an adj. 上升/下降(n.) was found/seen/witnessed in 这个对象from…to…/ between…and…

4) 这个对象be on a/an adj. 上升/下降(n.), rising/declining from…to…/…

5) 这个对象/时间段做主语(禁止出现介词over/during) The period of 数字yrs witnessed/ saw/experienced/went through/underwent a/an adj. 上升/下降(n.) in 这个对象from…to…

4.3 数据表达法

From 数据in 年to 数据in 年

From 数据to 数据between 年and 年

A rise of 5% …了

A decline by 5% …了

A increase (5%)…了

A amounted to 45%... 到

上升/下降：翻译练习1

在娱乐花销方面，2005年到2010年间有一个明显的上涨，从最初的20%增加到最终的45%。

上升/下降：翻译练习2

从2005年到2012年，整体上人口的数量呈现稳步上升的趋势。只有在2008年到2010年期间出现了一个5%的小幅度下滑。

4.4 平稳

1）这个对象kept/remained/stayed/held steady/stable/constant/unchanged/still +at 40 million/with 40 million/(40 million)

2）这个对象level off/level out/stabilise/hover/reach a plateau +at/with/()+ 数据

平稳: 翻译练习

在接下来的20年间，人口数量基本稳定在100万左右。据预测，数值将会在2020年后开始下滑。

4.5 波动

1) fluctuate/fluctuation/rebound 同上升/下降5个结构

2) ,with 数字bounces during/over the span …

3) Rises and falls were found/seen in 这个对象over the period …

波动：翻译练习

水果的销售量在1到8月间整体上呈现一个稳步上升的趋势，但在4月和5月分别出现了一次反弹。

4.6 极值

1) 最高值：

Reach the highest level at/hit the highest point at/ peak at/summit at/ (as high as 数据)

2) 最低值：

hit the lowest level/point at/reach the bottom at/bottom out at/hit the trough at (as low as 数据)

极值：翻译练习

水果的销售量在8月份达到高峰，然而在11月触底到最低点。

4.7 超过

1) v. : overtake/outnumber/outmatch/exceed/prevail over

2) prep. : be over/beyond/ahead of

3) phrase: the title was given to…

超过：翻译练习1

2005年，娱乐花销超过了书的花销。从此以后，前者持续地上升，然而后者却大幅度下滑。

超过：翻译练习2

在2000年，炸鱼和薯条的销量是最高的，但在2013年汉堡成为了最受欢迎的快餐。

5.1 百分比

5.2 这个对象由几部分组成

5.3 剩余的

5.4 大小比较

5.1 百分比

1. The percentage/proportion of 这个对象be …%

2. 这个对象占据(account for/take up/make up/occupy/represent/constitute/compose) +…%

百分比：翻译练习1

女警察构成警力的13%。

百分比：翻译练习2

中国的少数民族构成总人口的不到7%。

5.2 这个对象由几部分组成

1. A consist of/comprise B, C and D.

2. A be composed of/made up of B, C and D.

这个对象由几部分组成: 翻译练习

学校的开支由教职员工资、家具及设备、教学资源及保险组成。

5.3 剩余的others

剩余的: rest/remaining/further/surplus

剩余的others ：翻译练习

剩余的20%花销分配给了旅行和书，分别占了12%和8%。

5.4 大小比较

5.4.1 同级比较

5.4.2 比较级

5.4.3 最高级

5.4.4 倍数/分数

5.4.5 平均数

A is as many/much as B.

A equals to B.

A is equal to the sum of

B and C.

A is exactly/precisely (approximately/roughly/practically) the same as B.

同级比较：翻译练习

2008年花在住房上的开支相当于食物和娱乐开支的总和。五年后，住房开支所占比例增长了7个百分点。

5.4.2 比较级

A is much/a lot/a great deal/considerably (slightly/somewhat) more/bigger/smaller than B.

A is 3 more than B. 三毛

A is 5% less than B.

比较级：翻译练习

同芬兰的老龄化人口相比，日本的老龄化人口高出很多。

5.4.3 最高级

A is the largest/highest

A ranks the top (rank the second and third, respectively)

A is second to none.

Adj.: maximal/minimal quantities of …

N.: maximum/minimum

具体分析：

important/main/major/dominant(dominate,dominance)/popular/prevalent/prevailing/favourable/ favour

最高级：翻译练习1

住宿的花费占最大的份额，达到了总数的一半。然而在书上的花费是最小的，仅仅占5%。

最高级：翻译练习2

中国运动员获得的金牌数量排在第一位，美国运动员紧随其后。

5.4.4 倍数/分数

a. 倍数表达法

adj. : twofold/two-fold, double/triple/quadrupled

V. : double/triple/quadruple

N. : two times/two folds/twice/

b. 倍数表达结构

A is N times as many/much as B.

= A is N times more/less than B.

e.g. Asia is four times as large as Europe.

= Asia is four times larger than Europe.

补充：

1. The expense is twice/two times as much as what it was.

2. The expense is as much again as what it was.

3. The expense is twice/two times the amount of what it was.

4. The expense has now doubled, compared with what it was.

5. The expense increased by 100%.

C.分数表达：

1/3

one third,

one in three

one out of three,

2/5

two fifths

two in five

two out of five

倍数/分数：翻译练习1

1992年看电影的人数只有2007年的1/9。在短短的15年里，看电影的人数增加了8亿。

倍数/分数：翻译练习2

在这五个开支项目中，住房所占比例最高，达到25%，相当于总收入的1/4. 存款所占比例最低，只占所有开支的5%。

7. 案例分析1

C8T4P101

The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport.

sample answer

P1: Introduction

通用结构:The given line graph illustrates the amount of cargos shipped in the United Kingdom from 1974 to 2002, by four means of transport (road, water, rail and pipeline).

动态结构: Given above is a line graph which depicts/elucidating how the amount of cargos shipped changed in the United Kingdom from 1974 to 2002, in terms of four means of transport, namely road, water, rail and pipeline.

P2: overview of main trends

横比(升降个数)+纵比(最大值/最小值)

As the chart presents, three forms of transport witnessed/saw an upward/increasing trend while the rail did not experience any significant growth.

It is also manifest that the road as the dominant means of transport shipped/transited the largest quantities of goods throughout the whole 28-year period/in every separate year.

P3: details

Between 1974 and 2002, the tendency of road ascended from 70 million tonnes to just under 100 million, with two bounces in 1981 and 1995 respectively.

Although the quantities of pipeline were the minimal in every separate year, the period/span of two decades still witnessed a stable rise in the figure for pipeline, peaking at 21 million in

1995 before it reached a plateau with the same figure until the end.

As to/with regard to/in regard to/in terms of water and rail, they shared a similar change over the first/early four years and hit the coincident point in 1978. The former, in the subsequent 24 years, was on a growth by 25 million, amounting to 65 million ; however, (while/whilst/whereas) the latter went through a less significant/ an insignificant fluctuation and returned to the original/initial level (40 million) in 2002.

Word count: 190+

7. 案例分析2

C8T1P30

The pie chart shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.

sample answer

P1: introduction

通用结构: Given above is a pie chart which indicates/ depicting the causes of global land degradation with a table elucidating how the triggers mentioned in the pie influenced these three different areas (North America, Europe and Oceania) during the 1990s.

P2: details of pie

As the pie presents, over-grazing as the main reason that leads to 35 percent of land degradation on a global scale, which is followed by deforestation and over-cultivation, composing 30 percent and 28 percent separately. The residual parts of land deterioration (7% collectively) is due to other reasons.

P3: details of table 横比+纵比

In the accompanying table, Europe was threatened by the most serious/severe land deterioration at 23%, even closing to a quarter of the total. The reasons were the ones mentioned above, namely 9.8%, 7.7% and 5.5% respectively. In contrast, the situation of Oceania, whose percentage of total land degeneration registered 13%, was less graver than that of Europe. Of those reasons, over-grazing was second to none (11.3%) and surprisingly, over-cultivation had no impact on the local agricultural land. As to North America, the minimal amount of land degraded was found in this region with 5%.

P4: overview

Overall/To sum up/clearly, over-grazing is the culprit/main contributor for land degradation globally. We can also see that Europe suffered from the largest quantities of less production of farm land . (be subjected to)

word count: 200+

TASK1 流程图

1. 常见问题

2. 连接方法

3. 开头段写法

4. 词性转换

5. 句型转换

6. 案例分析

1. 常见问题

①一般现在时95%+

②文字99%+ ；数据1%+

③描述90%+；比较10%+

④信息描述100%；

⑤分段灵活：差别明显，即可另起一段

⑥总结段：写or不写，分数都在那里，不增不减.（tips: 建议写：凑字儿）

2. 连接方法

第一阶段：

①The first step is to do…

②The process starts from/with +n./doing

③The beginning of the whole cycle/process/

procedure is marked by + n./doing

④n./doing is the first step in the process of n./doing

⑤During the initial stage /phase, + s+v+o

⑥At the first/ initial stage, + s+v+o

⑦At the beginning of the cycle, + s+v+o

第二、三、四。。。阶段：

①The second/following/next/subsequent stage is to do…

②In the following/subsequent phase, ….

③, which is followed by…

④When…is finished/completed,…

⑤Then/subsequently/afterwards （位于句中）/after that/, after which …

最后阶段：

①n./doing is the final stage.

②n./doing is the last step in the procedure.

③The final phase of the procedure is to do…

④In the final phase,+ s+v+o

⑤Entering the final phase, + s+v+o

⑥Finally/eventually/ultimately

描述步骤持续的时间：

The first step lasts for …

The second stage takes … to do…

3. 开头段写法

S1:

①The given diagram illustrates how 题目关键词be made/produced/…

②The given diagram demonstrates the process/procedure/cycle of 题目关键词

S2:

With different raw materials/ingredients/(in various tools/equipments/facilities)

S3:

, which is roughly divided into数字stages/steps/periods.

Tips: 第三句话可位于结尾段

补充结构：

这个流程大体上分多少个步骤。

①The (n./doing) process consists of 数字(consecutive) steps.

②The (n./doing) process can be roughly divided into 数字stages.

③There are 数字(successive) steps in the (n./doing) flow.

4. 词性转换

名词—动词---过去分词/

动词—动名词/名词

heater—heat—heated—heating

radiator—radiate—radiated-radiating

mixer—mix—mixed-mixing

grinder—grind—ground-grinding

5. 句型转换

句式1：before/after + doing

S1: The powder is placed on the conveyor belt.

S2: The powder is ground by the grinder.

1. Before being ground by the grinder, the powder is placed on the conveyor belt.

2. After being placed on and sent by the conveyor belt, the powder is ground in the grinder.

句式2：once/until 从句

e.g.

Once the materials are rotated in the mixer, they are turned into concrete.

The materials are rotated in the mixer, until they are turned into concrete.

句式3：定语从句

S1: The mixture is subsequently sent to the rotating heater.

S2: The mixture is heated and rotated.

Which/that:

The mixture which is sent to the rotating heater is then heated and rotated.

The mixture which is then heated and rotated is sent to the rotating heater.

Where=in which

The mixture is then sent to the rotating heater, where=in which it is heated and rotated.