考研英语阅读理解长难句精选50句1-17句解析

考研英语阅读理解长难句精选50句1-17句解析

1. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.

【结构分析】主句为television is moving into a new era。其中the most...和marked by..为插入语做定语修饰television；an era of是前面的new era的同位语；which引导非限定性定语从句修饰era。

【语法难点】名词短语和分词短语做插入语；逗号后出现名词短语做同位语；which引导非限定性定语从句，此时不能用that。

【词汇知识】pervasive普遍的[易混词]persuasive有说服力的sophistication先进，精致；世故versatility多样化；多功能性promise承诺；预示；给予……希望

【参考译文】电视，这项以迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和我们的世界。2. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.

【结构分析】主句为only recently has literature focused on the role of a father

让步状语从句;only放在句首后接状语引导倒装句，表示强调，主语为literature

【语法难点】although引导让步状语从句，注意此时不能和but连用；only放在句首后接状语引导倒装结构，同理，当表否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，或当if引导的虚拟语气省略if时，以及当表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首时句子的主谓语必须倒装。

【词汇知识】focus on集中[同义词组]center on，concentrate on You must try to focus your mind on work and study.

你应该努力把思想集中在工作的学习上。

【参考译文】虽然关于美国母亲的书不胜枚举，但直到最近才有以父亲这一角色为中心的作品问世。

3. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give

a reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.

【结构分析】全句为并列复合句，第一个it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句；第二个it 是形式主语代替后面的不定式；the time...是expectation of life的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。句子的层次较多，翻译时需要作必要的调整。

【语法难点】并列结构通常由but, and, for, or四个并列连词引导；it做形式主语时一般代替后面的从句和不定式短语等。

【词汇知识】expectation of life预期寿命

exhaust vt. 用尽，耗尽，抽完，使精疲力尽

be exhausted by/with 因而疲劳

【参考译文】可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

4. There is a general support for the argument Democrats are beginning to make that priority should be given to improving the ability of the government to prevent the smuggling of v weapons of mass destruction into the entry and to respond effectively should such an attack occur.

【结构分析】本句为主句there be句型加上三个从句。其中Democrats...为定语从句修饰

argument；that...引导同位语从句说明argument的具体内容；should such an attack occur为虚拟语气，省略了引导词if,并引起句子倒装。另外，to improving 为介词短语修饰priority; to prevent为不定式短语修饰ability。

【语法难点】引导词的省略情况：引导定语从句并在从句中做宾语时；引导宾语从句时，that 不表示任何意义时；if引导虚拟语气时，同时该句主谓倒装。

【词汇知识】argument争论，辩论；论据，论点，主张smuggle走私，偷运

entry登录，条目，进入，入口；引申为“入境”

【参考译文】人们普遍支持民主党人开始提出的主张，即政府应当优先考虑提高其预防有人把大规模杀伤性武器走私到国内的能力。同时，假如出现类似的袭击，还应当提高政府作出有效应对的能力。

5. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

【结构分析】句子主干为it becomes important...。it为形式主语代替that从句；if引导条件状语从句做插入语，翻译时一般要将其提到句首。

【语法难点】it做形式主语的结构；从句作为插入语及其翻译方法；there be句型。

【词汇知识】information和advice没有复数形式。

【参考译文】因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个总是显得越来越重要了。

6. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

【结构分析】此句是由for引导的一个并列复合句;，共有三层含义，但位置比较特殊。其中结果在前，原因在后，让步从句在句中。翻译时必须按照汉语习惯顺序作必要的调整。【语法难点】for引导的并列句；as...as比较结构。

【词汇知识】standby袖手旁观；待机；维持，遵守in case of 如果；万一emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件，非常时刻，紧急事件

【参考译文】尽管警察已接到命令，要做好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

7. The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

【结构分析】该句主干为The change met...and prevented。that后边引导的是一个定语从句, 做后置定语，修饰the decline in efficiency；介词短语in the second and third generation 做状语修饰spoiled

【语法难点】并列谓语；that引导定语从句并在从句中做主语。

【词汇知识】meet requirement 满足要求[同例]meet one's needs/wants efficiency效率，功效[比较]effective有效的，有生力量

【参考译文】这一变化适应了新时代技术的要求，防止了效率下降，而效率下降已使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛。

8. In the Middle Ages widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.

【结构分析】句子的主干为use was made。of arguments from analogy是use的定语。On the

belief是介词短语，做状语。belief后面有两个以that引导的同位语从句:that the universe... structure 和that the microcosmic ...of parts。so that 引导的是一个状语从句，表结果。

【语法难点】被动语态；同位语从句；状语从句。

【词汇知识】macrocosmic宏观世界的[比较]microcosmic微观世界的

【参考译文】在中世纪，广泛采用类推法的各种论点，这些论点基于下述观念，即宇宙形成一个有次序的结构，整体的宏观格局是部分微观格局的再现，因此，有可能通过类推法作出由此及彼的推断。

9. And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.

【结构分析】主句为experiments have shown。动词shown后面是一个主从复合句。连词once 引导的是宾语从句中的状语从句。宾语从句的主句是other things...strain; consistent...of self 是形容词短语做定语，修饰other things,它使宾语从句的主语和系动词分隔开。without strain 是介词短语做状语，意为“毫不费力地”，翻译时要根据汉语习惯将隔开的部分还原出来。【语法难点】宾语从句中带状语从句。

【词汇知识】self n.自己，自我；本性，本质

consistent (常与with连用）与……一致的accomplish vt.完成，达到，实现

【参考译文】而且大量事实证明，自我感观一旦改变，其他一些与新的自我感观相一致的事情就可以轻而易举且毫不费力地完成。

10. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

【结构分析】本句是由and连接的并列结构，每个并列结构中各有一个when引导的时间状语从句。在第二个时间状语从句中有一个what引导的主语从句。

【语法难点】and引导并列句并表转折关系；what引导主语从句。

【词汇知识】measure n.尺寸，方法，测量，措施[注]表"措施，方法时”一般用复数precisely ad.精确地，准确地；.明确地；正好；恰恰

【参考译文】一般说来当要测定的特征能得以十分精确的界定，测试的就最佳；反之，如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。

11. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

【结构分析】句中的定语从句out of which grows the hope..是完全倒装句。主语the hope of a society和定语where there will be.. .fear较长，置于动词grows之后。由于限制性定语从句out of which grows the hope., .of a society与主句关系紧密，所以采用融合法将This is the world...of a society译成一个单句。where引导的定语从句太长，可用后置法译成一个单句。【语法难点】完全倒装句；插入语；where引导定语从句，此时不能用that。

【词汇知识】free from没有……的，免除……的；不受……拘束的[同例]keep from避开；禁止；隐瞒；克制

【参考译文】这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。在这个世界上有希望诞生一个没有贫困、没有暴力的社会。

12. Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition—a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.

【结构分析】句子主干为researchers think...and it comes down:。破折号后面的部分是answer 的同位语；that could help是finding的定语从句。

【语法难点】同位语从句的分列式表达法。

【词汇知识】come down to归结为，涉及到，变为rid...of使摆脱，使去掉process v.加工，处理

【参考译文】为什么奶酪会比黄油更容易变质？一些研究者认为他们已经找到了答案，并将其归结为食物的构成，不是化学成分——这一发现能使有些加工食品不再使用化学防腐剂。

13. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

【结构分析】句子框架为"Children will play with dolls..., computers…will be regarded as workmates..., relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.",其中equipped with personality chips 是做定语的分词短语，修饰dolls

【语法难点】多重并列句。

【词汇知识】chip (砖、木等的）碎片；油煎土豆片；集成电路块；[计]芯片inbuilt内置式的rather than不是别的……而是（否定其后面的内容）

【参考译文】儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，那时数字化时代就来到了。

14. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.

【结构分析】本句结构为形式主语it引导两个由that引导的并列主语。

【语法难点】原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,.译成汉语变成主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。

【词汇知识】by no means决不，一点也不

by all means (表示同意）当然可以，没问题by any means [口]用一切可能的方法或手段by means of通过;.用；借助于

【参考译文】许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

15. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

【结构分析】本句为it引导一个表语从句，表语从句为not that, but that连接的并列复合句中后置修饰语较多。

【语法难点】句型not that (不是)...but that (而是)...；代词的替代关系。

【词汇知识】the former (前者)...the latter (后者),

【参考译文】这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天秤在构造原理和工作方法上存在多少差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，在计量上必然比前者准确得多。

16. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【结构分析】How...performance为主语从句，depends upon为谓语动词。with which引导定语从句，修饰skill and wisdom；which 指skill and wisdom；在本句中it 指代information。【语法难点】主语从句；介词+which引导定语从句，其中介词一般取决于后面从句中的动词搭配或形容词搭配，或取决于先行词。

【词汇知识】validate vt.[律]使有效，使生效，确认，证实，验证validity n.有效性，合法性，

正确性

depend on/upon依靠；由……而定，取决于；从属于；依赖其维持reliability n.可靠性；可信赖[比较]liability责任；倾向；债务appropriate a.适当的

【参考译文】这些测试在多大程度上能被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

17. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 【结构分析】本句为带有三个由that引导的宾语从句的主从复合句。it为形式宾语，代替三个真正的宾语从句，句中有许多介词短语做状语。

【语法难点】it做形式宾语，常常代替后面的从句或不定式或分词短语；介词短语作为插入语放在句中时，常常用逗号将其与其他成分区分开来。

【词汇知识】induction and deduction归纳法和演绎法

extract... from从……中提取（拔出，抽出，提练，选取，摘录）build up逐步建立，逐步形成；发展，增大；加强；增强；增进

【参考译文】你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。

18. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.

【结构分析】It seems to me that是系表结构，that实际上引导一个宾语从句。其中which引导定语从句修饰system; being为分词短语做定语修饰wealth;最后一个that引导定语从句修饰前面的三个名词。

【语法难点】句型It seems to me that = I think;现在分词短语做后置定语。

【词汇知识】application申请；应用，运用；勤奋刻苦economic经济的；经济学的；可赚钱的；有利润的；节约的；合理的revise vt.校阅；校订；修正；改变；温习；重温

【参考译文】我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。