土木工程玻璃钢论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献
将玻璃钢外套用于钢筋混凝土框架结构
抗震加固的最优设计
主题：
外包纤维增强高分子复合材料(玻璃钢)是一项正在完善的为强化/改造钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的技术, 尤其玻璃钢与钢筋混凝土柱隔离外套已经被证明能非常有效地提高了柱的强度和韧性,成为的钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的关键技术但是大量的研究仅限于钢筋混凝土柱的力学性能、很少有研究含有FRP约束柱的钢筋混凝土框架的力学性能在用玻璃钢对钢筋混凝土框架结构进行抗震加固时,一个问题是框架结构的应力, 另外一个重要问题就是如何利用最少的材料及其用费达到所需的抗震性能.
从这两个问题出发, 本文讨论基于抗震设计性能出发的用玻璃钢外套加固钢筋混凝土建筑物优化技术. 我们采取玻璃钢外套厚度作为隔离柱设计变量因此,体积最小、材料成本最低就是是优化设计目标漂流的劝服是明确表示在使用的玻璃上浆变数,虚功原理泰勒级数的逼近.？？？？？最优准则(OC)的办法是采用非线性地震侧移的设计问题. 本文通过实例介绍和讨论,展示了该程序.
关键词:
约束；纤维增强聚合物(玻璃钢); 性能化设计; pushover分析; 钢筋混凝土; 抗震加固; 结构优化
1．介绍
在重力荷载下按旧规范设计装裱现有钢筋混凝土(RC)结构抗震性能或在最近的地震证明是不够的，横向承载能力有限,延性差[1] 这种结构具有一种内在的抵抗横向载荷能力低,地震期间造成很大塑性变形而且,结构特点是强梁弱柱，导致
在地面强烈震动脆性破坏或柱侧向倾倒 [2] 。为了减少结构在强震倒塌的风险, 这就迫切需要提升现有的钢筋混凝土建筑物的抗震性能,以符合现行抗震设计规范. 钢筋混凝土建筑物的抗震加固的缺陷可能涉及的地区加强针对性,增强实力刚度和/或提高结构延性、或提供多余承载机制. 一般来说,各种技巧可以结合运用在结构的抗震加固. 具体加固改造策略选择的目标应该是基于经济考虑 [1] 加固设计应以在指定震动下,确保没有损坏超过确定的程度或建筑物没有倒塌为适当的标准[3] 另外,实施的费用是业主和工程师都十分关心的[4] 整个钢筋混凝土框架抗震加固策略必须综合考虑的一系列关键问题。这些问题包括加强横梁, 柱和梁柱节点脆性破坏模式等, 用玻璃钢补强外部或其他适当方式以防止象剪切破坏的脆性破坏。一旦这些脆性破坏模式确定了，进行抗震加固的设计以满足地震强度要求，这取决于该柱下轴压和弯曲下的承载力和延性。改造柱是最广泛使用的提高钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震等级的办法改善柱子的力学性能通常涉及提高其强度,韧性、刚度、在大多数情况综合这些参数. 改造柱子常规措施包括加装铺混凝土或钢套管. 最近技术是利用纤维增强聚合物(玻璃钢)外套来限制柱侧向变形[5][6] 在这种外套, 纤维唯一或主要在法向约束混凝土,其抗压实力与最终压应变明显提高 [5]、[6]、[7]. 传统工艺相比,玻璃钢套管容易和更快地实施几乎不增加自重,对现行体制冲击微小并且抗腐蚀. 结果，玻璃钢套管已被发现比传统技术是一个更具成本效益的方法,因而,在许多情况被广泛接受[5]、[6]和[8].
用玻璃钢限制钢筋混凝土柱来对钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震加固, 除了加固结构的应力外、一个重要问题就是如何利用最少的玻璃钢材料达到所需的抗震等级. 这两个问题出发, 本文为优化技术性能的抗震设计的钢筋混凝土建筑物加装玻璃钢框. 玻璃钢外套的厚度在柱加固设计视为变量，而玻璃钢的最总材料成本(即费用等方面,不包括交通)作为一个统一的延性需求的弹性设计目标优化设计侧移的过程.
2．现有最优的抗震设计
传统抗震设计方法对现有建筑抗震加固, 类似用传统方法新结构进行抗震设计, 都假设弹性结构在甚至是严重地震下反应是弹性的，[9]. 基于地震反应的抗震设计,看来是抗震设计规范未来的发展方向, 直接指出在结构在地震作用下弹性变形是非弹性的 [3],[9],[10]. 在评估框架结构抗震性能的非线性后、 Pushover 分析日益被接纳作为性能化设计程序. Pushover分析是一个简化的、静态的、非
线性的分析，在这个过程中预定的地震载荷模式逐步加到向结构,直到塑料破坏机制形成，结构崩溃. 这种方法采用理论分析,随菏载不断增加，裂缝随塑性变化在框架构件边缘形成塑性铰. 横向侧移性能是多层建筑一项重要指标,用来衡量不论在现有抗震设计方法还是当前的新发展表现为设计做法设计的建筑物结构性和非结构性部件损坏程度。 [1],[3],[9],[10]和[11]. 考虑在横向地震荷载下多层构件弹性、非弹性变化对构件进行经济设计是相当有难度的、具有挑战性的任务[12] 横向侧移设计尤为艰巨,因为它需要考虑在严重的地震中适当分配各构件刚度而,以及各构件塑性内力重分布.
在缺乏自动优化技术情况下、钢筋的等级的数量是基于直觉和经验来设计的[12]. 需要一个优化设计方法是显而易见的, 过去数几十年间动态结构优化一直积极研究的课题。[12]、〔13〕、〔14〕、〔15〕、〔16〕、〔17〕、〔18〕. 近年来,许多研究已经致力于专门的优化性能设计方法. 尤其是成与邹[12], 邹、邹、陈[16][17]和[18]提出了基于弹性、非弹性侧移性能的钢筋混凝土建筑物抗震设计优化技术. 他们发现自动优化技术是用最价廉的设计实现了最佳抗震性能. .优化现有结构抗震加固设计的具体研究太有限了. 马丁-拉、罗梅罗[19]提出一个简单的解决方法,从而优化了非线性粘性流体阻尼改造框架地震弯矩.
就作者所知，改造策略是用玻璃钢外套限制隔离柱以对钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固，目前还没有做过这方面优化设计的研究. 目前, 用玻璃钢限制隔离柱性能化改造钢筋混凝土结构设计只能基于主观经验和大量运算工作的试错法设计. 最后的设计可能过于保守, 改造费用昂贵造成不必要的干预和抗震性能比降低. 本文讲述考虑侧移性能对建筑物钢筋混凝土框架抗震加固设计优化技术，填补了现有研究的一项空白.加固策略是基于用玻璃钢限制柱的两端, 即在塑性铰潜在形成区域加固 [20],[21],[22]和[23]. 优化设计过程是一个已从原先成和邹[12], 邹、、陈[16][17][18] 制定的抗震设计体系适度修正而来的.
3. 进一步的设计优化问题
图1、所示. 玻璃钢薄板用纤维圈从法向约束柱.
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图1 ，柱抗震加固的玻璃钢外套约束区域
这项研究认为,一个钢筋混凝土框架结构潜在塑胶铰(假定每一个构件端部都存在一个铰) Nc柱、Nb梁, 2(Nc + Nb) 假定柱截面是长方形,宽度Bi和高度Di.由玻璃钢约束柱的潜在塑性铰区而取得抗震加固效果，如图. 1所示.
在这项研究中只有约束柱塑性铰玻璃外套的厚度被作为设计变量. 这种方法是现实的,同时也降低了设计的管理规模. 外套所需的厚度首先满足该构件的抗剪承载力[5]、但本文的优化设计程序中都没有讨论这些厚度. 在实际执行的抗震加固策略时,对任何一个柱子潜在的塑性铰区玻璃钢外套总厚度的应该是3种失效模式分别需要厚度的总和, [5].鉴于现阶段知识技术水平，这是一个保守而务实的考虑. 在优化过程设计变量,是厚度ti、即约束每个构件塑性铰的玻璃外套的厚度. 对于某一类玻璃钢材料如果拓扑结构是预先假定的每柱子有同样厚度的玻璃钢外套而同样长度的两端约束区域, 用于约束柱玻璃钢复合材料的总成本由下式给出：
(
1)
其中wi为玻璃钢复合材料成本系数、wi = 4Lci(Bi + Di)ρ; ρ为单位体积的玻璃钢复合材料的费用; Lc,是原来每个柱端部约束区域的长度,即最大的可能塑性铰长度、0.5D和构件长度12.5%中的较大值 [5][21]. 在实际执行过程中，与原先约束区域毗邻的二级约束区也应约束,但玻璃外套厚度减至原约束区的一半. 本文没有进一步考虑二级约束区所需玻璃钢材料费用金额.
附件：外文原文
Optimal performance-based design of FRP jackets for seismic retrofit
of reinforced concrete frames
Abstract
External bonding of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is now a well-established technique for the strengthening/retrofit of reinforced concrete(RC) structures. In particular, confinement of RC columns with FRP jackets has proven to be very effective in enhancing the strength and ductility of columns, and has become a key technique for the seismic retrofit of RC structures. Despite the large amount of research on the behavior of RC columns confined with FRP, little research has been conducted on the behavior of RC frames with FRP-confined columns. For the seismic retrofit of RC frames with FRP, apart from the structural response of a retrofitted frame,an important issue is how to deploy the least amount of the FRP material to achieve the required upgrade in seismic performance.
With these two issues in mind, this paper presents an optimization technique for the performance-based seismic FRP retrofit design of RC building frames.The thicknesses of FRP jackets used for the confinement of columns are taken as the design variables, and minimizing the volume and hence the material cost of the FRP jackets is the design objective in the optimization procedure. The pushover drift is expressed explicitly in terms of the FRP sizing variables using the principle of virtual work and the Taylor series approximation. The optimality criteria (OC) approach is employed for finding the solution of the nonlinear seismic drift design problem. A numerical example is presented and discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.
Keywords:
Confinement; Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); Performance-based design; Pushover analysis; Reinforced concrete; Seismic retrofit; Structural optimization
1. Introduction
The seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures designed for gravity loads or according to old codes has proven to be poor during recent earthquakes, due to insufficient lateral
load-carrying capacity and limited ductility [1]. Such structures possess an inherently low resistance to horizontal loads, resulting in large inelastic deformations during earthquakes. Moreover, their structural behavior is of the weak column/strong beam type, which results in brittle soft-story or column sideway collapse mechanisms during strong ground motions [2]. In order to reduce the risk of structural collapses during strong earthquakes, there is an urgent need to upgrade existing RC buildings to meet the requirements of current seismic design codes. The seismic retrofit of an RC building may involve targeted strengthening of deficient regions, to increase the strength, stiffness and/or ductility of the structure, or to provide redundant load-carrying mechanisms. In general, a combination of different techniques may be employed in the seismic retrofit of a structure. The selection of a specific retrofit strategy should be based on the retrofit objectives as well as on economic considerations [1]. The retrofit design should be based on appropriate performance criteria to ensure that a defined level of damage is not exceeded or the collapse of the building is prevented during specified ground motions [3]. In addition, the cost of implementation is of great concern to both building owners and practicing engineers [4]. The overall seismic retrofit strategy for an RC frame must consider a number of key issues in an integrated manner; these issues include the strengthening of beams, columns and beam-column joints to prevent brittle failure modes such as shear failure to become critical using external FRP reinforcement or other appropriate methods。Once these brittle failure modes are suppressed, the seismic retrofit design to enable
the frame to satisfy specific demands of an earthquake depends on the strength and ductility of the columns under combined axial compression and bending. Retrofit of the columns is one of the most widely used seismic upgrading approaches for RC frames，Improving the column behavior typically involves increasing its strength, ductility, stiffness or in most cases a combination of these parameters. Conventional retrofit measures for columns include RC overlays or steel jacketing. A more recent technique is the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets to confine columns [5] and [6]. In such jackets, the fibers are oriented only or predominantly in the hoop direction to confine the concrete so that both its compressive strength and ultimate compressive strain are significantly enhanced [5], [6] and [7]. Compared to conventional techniques, FRP jacketing is easier and quicker to implement, adds virtually no weight to the existing structure, has minimal aesthetic impact and is corrosion-resistant. As a result, FRP jacketing has been found to be a more cost-effective solution than conventional techniques in many situations and has thus been widely accepted [5], [6] and [8]. For the seismic retrofit of RC frames employing FRP confinement of RC columns, apart from the structural response of a retrofitted frame, an important issue is how to deploy the least amount of the FRP material to achieve the required upgrade in seismic performance. With these two issues in mind, this paper presents an optimization technique for the performance-based seismic FRP retrofit design of RC building frames. The thicknesses of FRP jackets in the columns are considered as the design variables, while the least total material cost (i.e. costs associated with other aspects such as transportation are not included) of FRP and a uniform ductility demand are taken as design objectives of the inelastic drift design optimization process.
2. Existing work on optimal performanced-based seismic design
Traditional design approaches for seismic retrofit, similar to traditional approaches for seismic design of new structures, assume that structures respond elastically even to severe earthquakes [9]. Performance-based seismic design, which appears to be the future direction of seismic design codes, directly addresses inelastic deformations induced in structures by earthquakes [3], [9] and [10].
In assessing the nonlinear seismic behavior of framed structures, pushover analysis has been increasingly accepted as part of the performance-based design procedure. Pushover analysis is a simplified, static, nonlinear procedure in which a predefined pattern of earthquake loads is applied incrementally to the structure until a plastic collapse mechanism is reached. This method of analysis generally adopts a lumped-plasticity approach that tracks the spreading of inelasticity through the formation of plastic hinges at the ends of the frame elements during the incremental loading process. The lateral drift performance of a multi-story building is an important indicator that measures the level of damage to the structural and
non-structural components of a building in current seismic design approaches and also in the newly developed performance-based design approach [1], [3], [9], [10] and [11]. The economic design of structural elements for various levels of elastic and inelastic lateral drift performance under multiple levels of earthquake loads is generally a rather difficult and challenging task [12]. Lateral drift design is particularly challenging as it requires the consideration of an appropriate stiffness distribution of all structural elements and, in a severe seismic event, also the occurrence and redistribution of plasticity in the elements. Structural engineers are thus faced with the problem of efficiently distributing materials throughout the structure to optimize the elastic and inelastic drift responses of structures. In absence of an automated optimization technique, sizes of members and amounts of steel reinforcement are designed by trial-and-error
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
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本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
土木工程外文翻译
转型衰退时期的土木工程研究 Sergios Lambropoulosa[1], John-Paris Pantouvakisb, Marina Marinellic 摘要 最近的全球经济和金融危机导致许多国家的经济陷入衰退，特别是在欧盟的周边。这些国家目前面临的民用建筑基础设施的公共投资和私人投资显著收缩，导致在民事特别是在民用建筑方向的失业。因此，在所有国家在经济衰退的专业发展对于土木工程应届毕业生来说是努力和资历的不相称的研究，因为他们很少有机会在实践中积累经验和知识，这些逐渐成为过时的经验和知识。在这种情况下，对于技术性大学在国家经济衰退的计划和实施的土木工程研究大纲的一个实质性的改革势在必行。目的是使毕业生拓宽他们的专业活动的范围，提高他们的就业能力。 在本文中，提出了土木工程研究课程的不断扩大，特别是在发展的光毕业生的潜在的项目，计划和投资组合管理。在这个方向上，一个全面的文献回顾，包括ASCE体为第二十一世纪，IPMA的能力的基础知识，建议在其他：显著增加所提供的模块和项目管理在战略管理中添加新的模块，领导行为，配送管理，组织和环境等；提供足够的专业训练五年的大学的研究；并由专业机构促进应届大学生认证。建议通过改革教学大纲为土木工程研究目前由国家技术提供了例证雅典大学。 1引言 土木工程研究（CES）蓬勃发展，是在第二次世界大战后。土木工程师的出现最初是由重建被摧毁的巨大需求所致，目的是更多和更好的社会追求。但是很快，这种演变一个长期的趋势，因为政府为了努力实现经济发展，采取了全世界的凯恩斯主义的理论，即公共基础设施投资作为动力。首先积极的结果导致公民为了更好的生活条件（住房，旅游等）和增加私人投资基础设施而创造机会。这些现象再国家的发展中尤为为明显。虽然前景并不明朗（例如，世界石油危机在70年代），在80年代领先的国家采用新自由主义经济的方法（如里根经济政策），这是最近的金融危机及金融危机造成的后果（即收缩的基础设施投资，在技术部门的高失业率），消除发展前途无限的误区。 技术教育的大学所认可的大量研究土木工程部。旧学校拓展专业并且新的学校建成，并招收许多学生。由于高的职业声望，薪酬，吸引高质量的学校的学生。在工程量的增加和科学技术的发展，导致到极强的专业性，无论是在研究还是工作当中。结构工程师，液压工程师，交通工程师等，都属于土木工程。试图在不同的国家采用专业性的权利，不同的解决方案，，从一个统一的大学学历和广泛的专业化的一般职业许可证。这个问题在许多其他行业成为关键。国际专业协会的专家和机构所确定的国家性检查机构，经过考试后，他们证明不仅是行业的新来者，而且专家通过时间来确定进展情况。尽管在很多情况下，这些证书虽然没有国家接受，他们赞赏和公认的世界。 在试图改革大学研究（不仅在土木工程）更接近市场需求的过程中，欧盟确定了1999博洛尼亚宣言，它引入了一个二能级系统。第一级度（例如，一个三年的学士）是进入
土木工程岩土类毕业设计外文翻译
姓名： 学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月
开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
土木工程外文翻译.doc
项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确
土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
土木工程毕业设计外文翻译最终中英文
7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.
土木工程外文翻译参考3篇
学校 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号： xxxxx 姓名： xxx 所在系别： xxxxx 专业班级： xxx 指导教师： xxxx 原文标题： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing 2012年月日 .
建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理1 摘要 混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。 关键词：混凝土裂缝预防处理 前言 混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题，硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝，正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝，对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后，微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通，最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝，也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。 混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的，由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀，降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力，影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命，严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明，在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的，在一定的范围内也是可以接受的，只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定：有些结构在所处的不同条件下，允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生，使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度，尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现，从而确保工程质量。 混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多，有变形引起的裂缝：如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝；有外载作用引起的裂缝；有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。在实际工程中要区别对待，根据实际情况解决问题。 混凝土工程中常见裂缝及预防: 1.干缩裂缝及预防 干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩，且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果：混凝土受外部条件的影响，表面水分损失过快，变形较大，内部湿度变化较小变形较小，较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束，产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低，水泥浆体干缩越大，干缩裂缝越易产 1原文出处及作者：《加拿大土木工程学报》
土木工程毕业设计中英文翻译
附录：中英文翻译 英文部分： LOADS Loads that act on structures are usually classified as dead loads or live loads are fixed in location and constant in magnitude throughout the life of the the self-weight of a structure is the most important part of the structure and the unit weight of the density varies from about 90 to 120 pcf (14 to 19 KN/m)for lightweight concrete,and is about 145 pcf (23 KN/m)for normal calculating the dead load of structural concrete,usually a 5 pcf (1 KN/m)increment is included with the weight of the concrete to account for the presence of the reinforcement. Live loads are loads such as occupancy,snow,wind,or traffic loads,or seismic may be either fully or partially in place,or not present at may also change in location. Althought it is the responsibility of the engineer to calculate dead loads,live loads are usually specified by local,regional,or national codes and sources are the publications of the American National Standards Institute,the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and,for wind loads,the recommendations of the ASCE Task Committee on Wind Forces. Specified live the loads usually include some allowance for overload,and may include measures such as posting of maximum loads will not be is oftern important to distinguish between the