英语语法

外研社八年级上册英语知识点
一般现在时,一般过去式及一般将来时
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时
定义 表示现在的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。或表示现在经常反复发生的动作。 表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态或表示现在经常反复发生的动作 表示将来的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态
构成 1. am, is, are+其它
2. 实意动词+其它
注意:动词的单三变化 1. was, were+其它
2. 动词的过去式+其它 1. be going to+V原
2. will/shall+V原
句型转换 助动词:1. be
2. do/does 助动词:1. was/were
2. did 助动词:1. be
2. will/shall
注意:助动词后动词恢复原形
用法 1. 可以表示客观真理法则,如:The earth moves around the sun. 1. 写日记或讲述故事时,必须用一般过去时 1. 表示建议或征求对方意见,用shall如:Shall we meet in the classroom?
2. 问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时,用will。如:Will you go to the cinema with me?
时间状语 every day,
at the weekends
sometimes
always
often ,usually,
on Sundays three days ago
in 1906
yesterday
last night
long, long ago tomorrow,
before long
the day after tomorrow
in two weeks
some day
soon, next week
this week

make使动用法:
make sb. do sth.使某人做某事。如:Make me laugh.
make sb./ sth.+adj. 如:Make our country beautiful.使我们的国家美丽。
make sb./ sth.+n. 如:Make Kunling a good place.使昆林成为一个好地方。
Make pumpkin pies.制作南瓜饼。Make dumplings.包饺子。Make the bed.铺床。
Make a noise.制造噪音。Make a mistake.犯错误
Make a plan.制定一个计划。 Make a wish.许愿。Make sure.确定。

used to do与be/get used to doing的区别
used to do过去常常做某事,暗示现在不做了。
Get/be used to doing/ sth.习惯做某事。
如:I used to go to school by bike.我过去常常骑自行车上学。
I get used to getting up early.我习惯于早起。
use sth. to do.用某物做……

such as, like, as的用法比较
(1)such as:意为“例如,比如”,表示同类举例。
I like something popular things , such as MP4 and yoga.我喜欢流行的东西,例如说MP4和瑜珈。
(2)like:是介词,后加名词或代词,意为“像”
如:I’m quite like my brother.我很像我哥哥。
(3)as:是连词,后加一个从句。
如:He is a fine singer, as his mother used to be.他是一位出色的歌唱家,像他母亲过去一样。

wear, put on ,have on ,dress, in的区别
①in是介词,后加衣服或颜色,如:The girl in red is my sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是我妹妹。
②dress后+sb.如:When I was young, my mother often dressed me.
当我小的时候,我妈妈常给我穿衣服。
Be dressed in+衣服,如:I was dres

sed in a coat yesterday.我昨天穿了一件外衣。
③wear, put on+衣服,区别:wear表示状态,put on表示动作,wear还可以表示戴。
如:I’m wearing the school uniform today.
It’s too cold, please put on your jacket.
You had better wear the helmet .

a few,a little,few,little的区别
a few ,a little一点儿,a few 加可数名词,a little接不可数名词;
few, little几乎一点儿也没有,few接可数名词,little接不可数名词。

can的基本用法:
1. (1)表示体力或智力上的能力,即“能够,会”,可与be able to转换。
例如:①He can speak English./He is able to speak English. 他会讲英语。
②“Can you play basketball?”“No, I can’t.”
你会打篮球吗? 我不会。
(2)如果表示将来具备的能力,要用will be able to.
例如:If I have a good sleep ,I will be able to do the exercise.
假如我睡个好觉,我就能做那道练习了。
2. 示许可,主要用于口语,书面语一般用 may.
例如:①“Can we go home now, please ?”“No, you can’t.”
我们可以现在就回家吗? 不可以。
②You can only smoke in this room. 你只能在这间房间里抽烟。
③You can’t keep the library books for more than a month.
图书馆的书借期不可超过一个月。
3. (1)表示可能,与may同义。否定表示“不大可能”。
例如:①Anybody can make mistakes. 任何人都可能会犯错误。
②The news can’t be true. 那消息不大可能是真的。
(2)与第一、第二人称连用时,还可以就可能的解决问题的方式或可能的行为提出建议。
在这里,也可用could使语气婉转。
例如:Can/Could we meet again next week? 下周我们还可以再见面吗?
must的基本用法
(1)表示“必须”,强调说话人的主观意志。
例如:I must go now, or I’ll be late.
我必须现在就走,否则就迟到了。
You must be here by ten o’clock. 你一定要在10点钟之前到这里。
“Must I go with them?”“No, you needn’t” 我必须跟他们走吗? 不必。
(2)表示必须时,must的否定式为needn’t,而不是mustn’t.后者表示说话人禁止某人做某事。
例如:You mustn’t talk like that. 你不可以那样讲话。
They mustn’t stay there any longer. 他们不该在那里再呆下去了

Have to 的基本用法
(1)Have to可视为情态动词,又作have got to,意思是“必须,不得不”。
但它与其他情态动词在用法上稍有不同。其他情态动词没有人称和数的变化,而have to 却要视主语的不同而变化。
例如:I/You/We/They have to… He/She/It has to…
You don’t have to… Does she have to…?
(2)和must不同,have to强调客观需要。
例如:Sorry, I have to leave now.

对不起,现在我得走了。
I’ve got to go to a meeting. 我得去参加一个会议。
Will he have to work deep into the night? 他得工作到深夜吗?
You don’t have to knock, just walk in. 你不必敲门,直接进来就行。(don’t have to=needn’t)

borrow, lend, keep的区别
三个词都有借的意思,borrow,强调借入,lend强调借出,但两个词都是短暂性动词,
keep也是借,但是持续性动词,可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:Can I borrow your eraser? Can I borrow the eraser from you?
我可以借用一下你的橡皮吗?
Can you lend your eraser to me? Can you lend me your eraser?
你能把你的橡皮借给我吗?
How long can I keep the book? You can keep it for two weeks.
我能借这本书多长时间? 你可以借二周。
Leave的基本用法
leave sth.+形容词/介词短语 使……保持在某种状态
如:Can I leave the window open? 我可以开着窗户吗?
(1)leave sb. by oneself 使某人独自……
如:My mother left me by myself yesterday.
昨天我妈妈让我独自在家。
(2)leave 离开 如:I must leave now. 我必须离开了。
注意:leave for some place 动身去某地
如:We’re leaving for Shanghai sometime next week.
下个星期的某个时候我们要动身去上海。
leave behind 落在后边 如:I must run more quickly ,I don’t want to fall behind others.
我必须快跑,我不想落在别人的后面。
(3)leave 忘,落 Leave the key at home 把钥匙落在家里。
Keep的基本用法
keep在英语中是非常活跃的词。用法:
(1)保持,保留。
①keep+ sth. +adj.
如:Please keep the room warm. 请保持房间温暖。
Please keep the door open. 请保持房门开着。
②keep+ sth. +介词短语。
如:Please keep your hand behind the back请把手一直放在背后。
③keep doing 保持一直做某事。
如:When I take the train, I often keep watching the beautiful scenery out of the window.
当我乘火车时,我经常一直欣赏窗外的美景。
④keep +adj. keep 连系动词。Please keep quiet!请保持安静!
(2)养,如:My hobby is keeping plants. 我的爱好是一种植物

含比较级的同义词转换
1. “not as/so+原级+as”结构可转化为比较级than的结构。
如:① David didn’t run as fast as Li Lei.
——Li Lei ran faster than David.
——David ran more slowly than Li Lei.
② This book isn’t as interesting as that one.
——That book is more interesting than this one.
——This book is less interesting than that one.
2. 两个原级的句子合并成含有比较级的句子。
Li Ping is ten years old.
Wei Hua is seven years old.
Li Ping is older than Wei Hua.
Wei Hua is younger than Li Ping.
LiPing is three years older than Wei Hua.
Wei Hua is three years younger

than Li Ping.
3. 两个原级的句子合并成含有as… as的原级比较的句子。
(1)I’m ten years old. Lucy is ten years old too.——I’m the same age as Lucy.
(2)I read two books Lucy read two books too. ——I read as many books as Lucy.
4. 比较等级的句子中含有any, anyone, anything, other等时,可与最高级的句子进行转换。
如:(1)Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.
the other cities in China.
——ShangHai is the biggest city in China.
the others in China.
(2)Zhang Hai jumps higher than any other student in the class.
the others in his class.
——Zhang Hai jumps(the)highest in the class.
the other students in the class.
anyone else in the class.
5. 含有比较级的句子可与含有反义词的句子进行转换。
如:This ruler is longer than that one.
——That ruler is shorter than this one.
Traveling by air is more expensive than traveling by train.
——Traveling by train is less expensive than traveling by air.
6. “like……better”可与“prefer”进行转换。
(1)Which coat do you like better? ——Which coat do you prefer?
(2)I like red better than black. ——I prefer red to black.
(3)I like singing better than dancing. ——I prefer singing to dancing.
7. “like……best”与“favorite”进行转换。
(1)Which coat do you like best?
——Which is your favorite coat?
(2)I like bananas best.
——My favorite fruit is bananas.
8. “as ….as” 与 “the same…as”进行转换。
This bike is as big as that one. ——This bike is the same size as that one.

形容词和副词的用法
1)形容词是用来描写或修饰名词或代词的一类词。
2)在句中主要做定语和表语等成分。做定语时修饰名词或代词(一般为不定代词),
修饰名词时常放于名词前,修饰不定代词时常放于不定代词后,
做表语时和系动词连用,构成一个系表结构。
例如:
Can you hear the loud noise?(定语)你听到大的喧闹声了吗?
The noise is very loud.(表语)喧闹声很大。
The quiet girl is my sister.(定语)那个安静的女孩是我妹妹。
My sister looks very quiet.(表语)我妹妹看起来很安静。
I have nothing new to tell you.(定语)我没什么新东西告诉你。
3)常和形容词连用构成系表结构的连系动词有:
Look(看起来,看上去),feel(感觉),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),
get(变得),turn(变),become(成为,变得),sound(听起来)等。
例如:The weather gets warmer and the trees turn green in spring.
春天天气变暖和了,树变绿了。
The flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来很香。
You look fine.你看起来气色很好。
4)副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词

以及全句的词。
例如:The men and the women walk quickly.这些男人和女人走得很快。
The children walk slowly. 孩子们走得很慢。
They often laugh loudly. 他们经常大声地笑。
Unluckily he hurt his leg. 不幸的是,他伤了腿。

形容词和副词最高级的变化
1)规则变化
*这种双音节词很多都是以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节形容词。
2)不规则变化

3)adj,adv最高级的用法:
注意:1. 它是在一定范围内的最……样 (≥3)He is the tallest of those three.
2. 所举的对象一定在范围内。
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
用最高级的几种情况(句式)
1. 当有in/ of 时,而且of 后不是两者时。
2. 在one of –adj的最高级+ns中。One of the most famous sights.
3. Which is the best, the red one ,the white one or the green one?
Which / whose/ who,引导的选择疑问句,有三者以上的选项时。
4. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长河。
当形容词和副词前有序数词修饰是,多用最高级
形容词,副词的比较级的构成及其用法。
1. 形容词和副词的比较级的构成
1)规则变化

2)不规则变化

2. 用法:
1)表示两者(人或事物)的比较,形容词或副词比较级之后用than引出比较对象。
China is bigger than the USA.This book is more exciting than that one.
注意:比较的对象要表达明确。My ruler is longer than yours.
2)自身不能与自身进行比较。
I’m taller than any other student in our class.
I’m taller than the other students in our class.
3)在形容词或副词比较级前,有时可以用much, a little, far, a lot ,even等来修饰,如much better;a little taller。

动词不定式在句子中的语法作用
由于动词不定式或动词不定式短语具有名词、动词、形容词的特征,所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语等句子成分。
1、动词不定式做主语,表示句子说的是什么(指具体动作)。
例:To answer the teacher’s questions is very difficult.
To do my homework often takes me about two hours every day.
由于动词不定式或动词不定式短语做主语放在句首太长,有头重脚轻之嫌,所以常常用人称代词it来代替它作主语,称为形式主语,而真正的主语(动词不定式或动词不定式短语)被放在句尾。
例:It often takes me about two hours to do my homework every day.
It is good for us to do morning exercises every day.
于是就出现了初中两个重要句型“it takes sb. time to do sth. ” “it is+形容词+(for /of sb.)to do sth.”例:It takes me half an hour to come to school.
2、动词不定式作表语用于“主系表”结构中
例:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
3、动词不

定式作宾语。
有些动词或动词词组常用不定式作宾语,常见的有agree, ask, choose, decide, hope, want, wish, would like等。
例:She asked to go there herself.
I agreed to go there with her.
4、动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语补充说明宾语怎么样,用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有以下两种情况,一种是用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词,另一种是用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词。
(1)常见的能用带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或动词短语有tell, want, ask, teach, like, allow, would like…, expect, invite, love, prefer, wait for等。动词不定式作宾语补足语的否定形式是在不定式符号to的前面加否定副词not。
(2)有些动词要求用不带to的动词不定式作其宾语补足语。这些动词主要是一些表示感官的动词和使役动词,在初中阶段这类动词主要有以下几个:
一感:fell
二听:hear, listen to
三让:let, make, have
四看:see, watch, notice, observe
半帮助:help
5、动词不定式作定语。
动词不定式作定语时,常放在被修饰的词后面,作后置定语。
例:Can you tell me the way to go to the nearest post office?
Do you have anything to say for yourself?
6、动词不定式作各种状语
(1)动词不定式作目的状语,常用的结构是“in order to do sth.”。例:We use knives to cut things.
(2)动词不定式作结果状语,常用于“too+形容词或副词+to do sth.”和“形容词或副词+enough +to do sth.”结构中,分别表示“太……而不能做……”和“足够……来做……了”。
例:My mother is too tired to cook for us.
Your question is difficult enough to answer.
7、“疑问词+不定式”结构在句子中可以做主语、表语、宾语等。
例:When to start became a big problem.
Can you tell me how to go to the post office?
动名词作宾语:
形式:用V.+ing 或doing表示
动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
现在分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征;动名词兼有名词和动词的特征。
动词-ing除了不能作谓语之外,原则上还可充当其它各种成分。但须注意:动词-ing作主语、宾语时,往往表达的是一个抽象的动作概念,而非一个正在进行中的动作。
例如:Saving is having. 节约即收入。
动名词具有名词性质,现在分词有形容词性质。
(1)作宾语:在某些动词如suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind(在乎),admit, advise, consider, deny, enjoy, require, postpone , delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, miss(错过)等后面不能用不定式,而必须用动名词作为宾语。
如:I can’t help laughing. 我禁不住笑了起来。
He enjoys watching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧。
注意:有些动名

词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式。在动词love, like, begin, start, continue等后,既可用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,有时候两种结构的意义差别不大。
(2)介词宾语
如:He was fond of playing violin. 他喜欢拉小提琴。
I’m not used to climbing.我不习惯爬山。
动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义区别:
部分动词可加动名词作宾语,也可加动词不定式作宾语,但意思不同。
如:remember doing sth.记得过去做过某事;remember to do sth.记得要去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做过某事;regret to do sth. 对还没做或正在做的事情后悔
stop doing sth.停止正在做的事;stop to do sth.停下来,去做另一件事
forget doing sth.忘记曾经做过某事;forget to do sth.忘记要做某事
try doing sth.尝试着做某事;try to do sth.设法做某事
mean doing sth.意味着,意思是;mean to do sth.打算、想要做某事

相关文档
最新文档