英美语文名词解释
1. American Romanticism
(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness”in their work. (3) It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.”(5) American Romanticism include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.
2. Free V erse
Free verse is also known as “open form” verse, is the verse without regular meter, line length, rhyme (scheme), or stanza form, depending on natural speech rhythms related to the actual cadence of the poet expressing himself. Instead, it relies on alliteration, assonance, imagery, and parallel structure
3. Naturalism
As a genre, naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters that were presented in special and detailed circumstances. At bottom, life was shown to be ironic, even tragic. It flourished in 1890s. Its representatives are Stephen Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreiser.
4. Lost Generation
Lost Generation refers to many prominent American writers of the decade following the WWI, disillusioned by their war experience and alienated by the crassness of American culture and its commercialization. A number of these writers moved to Europe in the quest for a richer literary and artistic milieu. The name of “Lost Generation” was given by the female writer Gertrude Stein and the representatives of the group should be Fitzgerald and Hemingway.
5. Modernism
Modernism is a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature (and other arts) of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, V orticism, Dada and Surrealism, along with the innovations of unaffiliated writers. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader.
6. Imagism
Imagism is a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and discursiveness typical of much Romantic and V ictorian poetry. This was in contrast to their contemporaries, the
Georgian poets, who were by and large content to work within that tradition. Group publication of work under the Imagist name appearing between 1914 and 1917 featured writing by many of the most significant figures in modernist poetry in English, as well as a number of other Modernist figures prominent in fields other than poetry.
7. Gothic fiction
A gothic story usually takes place in an antiquated or seemingly antiquated space—a castle, a foreign palace, an abbey, a vast prison, a subterranean crypt, a graveyard, a primeval frontier of island, a large old house or theater, an aging city or urban underworld, a decaying storehouse, factory, laboratory, public building, or some new recreation of an older venue, such as an office with old filing cabinets, an overworked spaceship, or a computer memory. Within this space, or a combination of such spaces, are hidden some secrets from the past (sometimes the recent past) that haunt the characters, psychologically and physically. It is an entirely post-medieval and even post-Renaissance phenomenon. It exploded in the 1790s through out the British Isles, on the continent of Europe, and briefly in the new United States, particularly for a female readership; a popular literary mode through out the Romantic period in European literature.The classic gothic tales are: The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story(Horace Walpole, 1764), The Mysteries of Udolpho (Ann Radcliffe, 1794), The Monk(M.G. Lewis, 1796), Frankenstein (Mary Shelly, 1818) , Dracula (Bram Stoker, 1897), The Turn of The Screw(Henry James,1898), etc.
8. American Renaissance
American Renaissance is also called New England Transcendentalism period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit. The literary scene of the period was dominated by a grou p of New England writers, the “Brahmins,” notably Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell. They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models. Longfellow adapted European methods of storytelling and versifying to narrative poems dealing with American history.
9. Expressionism
Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements. Expressionism in literature arose as a reaction against materialism, complacent bourgeois prosperity, rapid mechanization and urbanization, and the domination of the family within in pre-World War I European society.
10. Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is the use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also
prepares the reader for the ending of the story. The disastrous flood that occurs at the end of George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss (1860), for example, is foreshadowed by many references to the river and to water in general throughout the book.
11. The Era of Modernism
The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism. The term modernism refers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War One period. The ordered, stable and inherently meaningful worldview of the nineteenth century could not, wrote T.S. Eliot, accord with "the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history." Modernism thus marks a distinctive break with Victorian bourgeois morality; rejecting nineteenth-century optimism, they presented a profoundly pessimistic picture of a culture in disarray. This despair often results in an apparent apathy and moral relativism. In literature, the movement is associated with the works of (among others) Eliot, James Joyce, V irginia Woolf, W.B. Y eats, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, H.D., Franz Kafka and Knut Hamsun.
12. T ragedy
In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, this main character, or tragic hero, is brought to a final downfall. The causes of a tragic hero’s down vary. In traditional dramas, the can be fate, a flaw in character, or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range fro moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society. The tragic hero, though defeated, usually gains a measure of wisdom or self-awareness.
13. Calvinism
(1) Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by god to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.
14. T ranscendentalism
(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over-soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. (2) New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.
15. Symbol
(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.
16. Theme
(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides an answer to such question as “What is the work about?”(3) Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.
17. Darwinism
(1) Darwinism is a term that comes form Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory. (2) Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically. (3) Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.
18. Local Colorists
(1) Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. (2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Y et for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. (3) Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain, Kate Chopin, etc..
19. Hemingway Code Hero
(1) Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in fact of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself. (2) Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.
20. Harlem Renaissance
(1) Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United States during the 1920’s. (2) The Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile, instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride. (3) The center of this movement was the vast black ghetto of Harlem, in New Y ork City. (4) The leading figures are Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc..
21. Impressionism
(1) Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character of setting or action. (2) Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods
rather than realistic moods.
22. The Beat Generation
（1）The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. (2) The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and fro its non-conforming style. (3) The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.
23. American Dream
(1) American Dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck. (2) In literature, the theme of American Dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
英美概况名词解释
The bill of rights The bill of rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791 .the bill of rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech , the rights to assemble in public places , the rights to own weapons and so on . The great depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. WASP It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant. it is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power The civil rights movement The American civil rights movement (1955-1968)refers to the reform movements in the united states aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African American and restoring suffrage in southern states The westward movement American Westward Movement, movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, Anglo-American peoples and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America republic , he was the commander-in –chief of the Continental Army in the war of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first president of the the United States Industrial Revolution in American After independence ,America was principally an agricultural country ,the industrial revolution in England brought many to American industry between 1776 and 1860 , one key development was the introduction of the factory system , A second development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks ,A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation Three faiths in the US By the 1950s ,the three faiths model of American religion had developed , American were considered to come in three basic varieties : protestant , catholic and Jewish ,in terms of numbers ,the protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the groups Boards of education Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and district level ,they also make decision about the school curriculum , teachers standards and certification ,and the overall measurement of student progress Consumer economy an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP
英语国家概况名词解释新
英语国家概况名词解释 1、The Constitution:Britain has no written foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law,which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through commom practice in courts;and conventions. 2、The house of Common: It’s the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate policy,These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. 3、The electoral campaign:Before a general election,the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning,postal deliveries of leaflets and ‘party electoral broadcasts” on the parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents’,these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. 4、Class system in British society:The class system does exist in British of British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as of different classes may defferent may differ in the kind of newspaper they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of education they of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited. 5、Relative decline of the UK economy:The UK has experienced an economic decline since this is a relative decline rather than an absolute is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the six. 6、Comprehensive schools:are the most popular secondary schools in Britain schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking 7、Grammar school s:it’s a type of secondary schools in schools select children at the age 11,through an examination called “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities. 8、Independent schools:are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates,with some government schools are not part of national education system,but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich. 9、the first English settle in North America:The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of 1619,the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslaved
英美文学名词解释
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
英美概况名词解释
名词解释： 1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island on which England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands . 2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom . 3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom. https://www.360docs.net/doc/6f13713240.html,ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District of England and were inspired by it to create romantic works . 5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 . 6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行 的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century . 7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the House of Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。 8.The Petition of Right （权利请愿书）：a document produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War .It was addressed to Charles I of England in 1628. 9.T he Hundred Years' War: The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between Englan d and Franc e that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes o f the war wer e partly territorial and partly economic. ①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the F rench kings grew stronger, the y increasingly coveted this large slice. ②The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to ③s top France from giving aid to Scots and ④a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.一。 The English's being driven out of France is ①regarded as a blessing for both countrie s. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would h ave ②hindered the development of a separate English national identity, ③while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 10.Constitutional monarchy (君主立宪制):The United Kingdom ,as the name implies, rem ains a monarchy, but one with limited power 11.Social Security (社会保障):The Social Security system is designed to secure a basic st andard of living for people in financial need “from the cradle to the grave”. 12.The church of England :The Church of England ,also called the Anglican Church(英 国国教),is the established or national church in England . 13.Westminster Abbey :a famous church located in London ,where English monarchs are crowded and distinguished English subjects are buried .The Poets’Corner contains th e graves o f great English writer ,includin g Geoffrey Chaucer and Robert Browning.
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young
英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized
英美概况期末考试名词解释整理
The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The industrial revolution A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The Industrial Revolution, was a period of unprecedented technological, economic and social change that completely transformed British culture from a largely rural, static society with limited production and division of labour into the world's first modern industrial society. the Black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences. The Black Death----It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started in Central Asia. It came without warning, and without any cue.The Black Death is estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europe's population and had profound effects on the course of European history. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms. In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.) Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain were