红外-中英文资料

南京工程学院

毕业设计文献资料翻译（原文及译文）

原文名称： Infrared

课题名称：基于单片机的防盗报警器的设计与实现学生姓名：常小军学号： 240082410

指导老师：沙爱军

所在院系：康尼学院

专业名称：通信工程

2011 年 3 月南京

Infrared

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres (μm), and extending conventionally to 300 μm. These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz,[1] and include most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Microscopically, IR light is typically emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements.

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar dust. Infrared imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, observe changing blood flow in the skin, and overheating of electrical apparatus.

Much of the energy from the Sun arrives on Earth in the form of infrared radiation. Sunlight at zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.[2] The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the Earth's climate. Objects generally emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Therefore, the infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections.

Heat/Heating[5]

Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun only accounts for 49%[4] of the heating of the Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer

wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation mostly concentrated in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law)[5].

Heat is energy in transient form that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, radiation can propagate through a vacuum.

The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface which describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not "appear" the same temperature in an infrared image if they have differing emissivities.

Thermography[6]

Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.

Thermographic[8]cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example it

is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants, and also to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). FIR is also gaining popularity as a safe heat therapy method of natural health care & physiotherapy. Infrared can be used in cooking and heating food as it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent objects, rather than the air around them.

Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating. Efficiency is achieved by matching the wavelength of the infrared heater to the absorption characteristics of the material.

Climatology[6]

In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long term changes in the Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming together with solar radiation.

A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.

Night vision

Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons which are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light.[5] Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.[5]

The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with

thermal imaging which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.[6]

Astronomy[8]

Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of optical astronomy. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid helium.

The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.

The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)[9]

Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of active galaxies which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high redshift will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.

The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century[10].

Frome URL:https://www.360docs.net/doc/6f16799973.html,/wiki/Infrared

红外

红外(IR)是一种比可见光的波长还长的电磁辐射，从可见红光在0.74 微米（μ米）的额定边缘,传统上延伸到了300微米。这些波长对应的频率范围大约1到400兆赫[1],其中包括大部分接近温室的物体发出的热辐射。显微镜下,通常情况下红外光线的发射或吸收时,它们就会改变其自己的旋转振动运动。

红外线用于工业、科学和医学应用。夜视装置使用红外线照射，使没有被观察者察觉人或动物被检测出来认出。在天文学上，在红外波段的成像可以观察被星际尘埃遮挡的对象。红外成像摄像机是用来检测绝缘系统的热损失,观察皮肤中的血液流量的变化，和电气设备的过热。

大部分到达地球的太阳能量来是以红外辐射的形式。阳光在天顶提供了一个发光超过1千瓦海平面每平方公尺。这种能量,527瓦茨是红外辐射,445瓦茨是可见光,32瓦茨是紫外线辐射。[2]红外辐射的发射与吸收的平衡对地球气候有着重要作用。

通常在物体跨波长的频谱发出的红外辐射,但有时只有有限的频谱的区域的是有益的,因为传感器通常只在一个特定的带宽手机辐射。因此,红外波段常常是分成较小的部分。

热供暖[3]

红外辐射通常被称为“热量辐射”,但任何频率的光，电磁波会发热，吸收他们的表面。来自太阳的红外线光仅仅占49%[4]对地球的加热,其余的被吸收,然后是在较长的波长辐射的可见光引起的。可见光或紫外光线纸和激光器能够烘烤加热热物体并发出可见辐射。在室温条件下物体会发出大多集中在8-25微米波段的辐射,但这个是不可见光白炽灯对象和紫外线的排放量明显的更热的对象（见黑色的物体和维恩移定律）。[5]

热是由于温差的瞬态流动而产生的能量。与传输热量需要通过热传导或者通过热对流不同，辐射是可以在真空中传播的。

重要的是，了解对象的红外辐射的发射率的概念问题。这是一个表面，它描述如何偏离理想黑体热辐射的属性。进一步解释,如果他们有不同的发射率，即使两个物体有相同物理温度的情况下也不会“呈现”相同的温度下的红外图像。

热像仪[5]

红外辐射，可用于远程检测的物体的温度(若已知发射率)。这被称为热,或如非常热的物体或可见它的情况下，它被称为近红外测温方法。热像仪(热成像)主要用于军事和工业应

用中，但技术已经达到了在公开市场上大规模降低生产成本，比如汽车的红外摄像机的形式。

热成像[6]相机在红外检测辐射范围的电磁频谱(大约900 - 14000纳米或0.9-14微米),产生辐射的图像。从红外辐射物体发出的所有对象，基于他们的温度,根据黑体辐射法、热，使人们能够“看到”一个人的环境中使用或不可见的照明。数随温度的对象增加所产生的热辐量,因此热像仪使人们能够看到的温差变化,(因此而得名)。

红外辐射可以用来作为一个主动供暖热源。例如,用于热红外桑拿使用者,并移除飞机翅膀上的冰(除冰）。远红外辐射作为一种安全的天然保健理疗的治疗方法而受到欢迎和普及。红外可用于烧饭和取暖,因为它主要食物加热不透明的、吸水性强的物体,而不是他们周围的空气。

在工业生产过程,如固化涂料、成型铆接、退火、塑料焊接、打印干燥中，红外加热也变得越来越受欢迎。在这些应用中,红外加热器取代对流烤箱和接触式的加热。效率的获得是通过匹配的波长红外加热器,吸收特性的物质。

气候学[7]

在气候学领域，大气红外辐射检测，以发现地球和大气之间的能量交换的趋势为依据。这些趋势对地球气候的长期变化提供信息。它是在研究和探讨全球变暖与太阳辐射的主要参数之一。

利用一个地球辐射表为这一领域的研究进行连续户外测量。这是一个宽带红外辐射计与红外辐射敏感性之间和50μm大约4.5μm。

夜视[7]

红外线夜视设备用于当没有足够的可见光。[7]夜视设备操作过程中涉及的环境光线的光子转换成电子是由电气，化学和过程，然后放大，然后转换回可见光。红外光源能被用来扩大现有的环境光转变为夜视装置,增加黑暗中能见度，实际上并没有使用可见光源。热成像基于表面温度差异，通过检测对象和周围的环境产生的红外辐射（热）的基础上创建的图像，与红外光夜视设备的使用不应该混叠。

天文学[8]

天文学家观察物体的电磁频谱红外部分使用的光学部件,包括反射镜、透镜和固态数字探测器。因为这个原因,它被列为光学天文学的一部分。形成一个图，像红外望远镜的部件必须仔细屏蔽热源,探测器使用液态氦冷却。

地面红外望远镜的敏感性明显受制于在大气中的水蒸气,它吸收红外辐射从太空到达选定的大气窗口之外的部分。这种限制可以放置在高海拔天文台的望远镜,或者带着望远镜高空球囊或一架飞机。空间望远镜不受这些障碍,使外层空间红外天文学的理想位置。

在天文学家眼里，红外光谱的部分有几个有用的好处。寒冷,黑暗的分子的气体云和尘埃在我们的银河星系将闪耀着热辐射,因为它们是根深蒂固的星星。红外也可以被用来检测恒星之前,他们开始发出可见光。恒星发出的红外光谱一个较小的部分能量，他们的能量较小。所以附近的阴凉对象如行星可以更容易发现。(在可见光光谱,耀眼的球星将淹没了从地球反射的光。)[9]

红外线光也可以用作观察活跃星系的核心,而这些星系通常是被气体和尘埃所笼罩的。遥远星系的红色关栅偏移会有部分转移其频谱向波长较长的波峰,其波长会变长,所以他们更容易在红外中被观察到。

红外辐射被认为是在19世纪早期被天文学家威廉·赫歇尔发现的。赫歇尔在1800年之前，在伦敦皇家学会上发表他的结果。赫歇尔利用三棱镜折射太阳的光线和检测红外线，通过记录温度计上的温度上升，超过了频谱的红色部分，他感到惊讶的结果，并称他们为“热射线”。直到19世界末之前，“红外”一词从没有出现过[10]。

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