化工专业英语练习题 题目 1-8

练习一

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)过程指引起一种物质和(多种)物质的混合物发生物理变化或化学变化的操作或一系列操

作。进入过程的物料称之为对该过程的输入或进料，而离开的物料称之为输出或产品。2) B.Braun成立于1839年，从一个生产医药产品的小生产厂家不断发展，以成为一个跨国公

司，现经营医药产品、医疗技术、药物及生物技术。

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1）In the same way that a complex plant can be divided into basic unit operations,so chemical reactions involved in the process industries can be classified into certain groups,or unit processes(e.g.,polymerizations,etherifications,and nitrations),have common characteristics. 2)The notion of a processing plant encompassing a number of operations,such as mixing,

evaporation,and filtration,and of these operations being essentially similar,whatever the product, led to the concept of unit operations.

3）The chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property data needed to design,operate,and optimize the process.

4）All fluids are compressible-even water-their density will change as pressure changes.Under steady conditions,and provided that the changes in pressure are small,it is usually possible to simplify analysis of the flow by assuming it is incompressible and has constant density.

5）In a region such as outer space,which is virtually void of gases,the pressure is essentially zero.

Such a condition can be approached very nearly in a laboratory when a vacuum pump is used to evacuate a bottle.The pressure in a vacuum is called absolute zero,and all pressures referenced with respect to this zero pressure are termed absolute pressures.

Many pressure-measuring devices like the manometer measure not absolute pressure but only difference in pressure.The reference pressure is actually the atmospheric pressure.Whenever atmospheric pressure is used as a reference,the possibility exists that the pressure thus measured can be either positive or negative.When this difference is positive,this type of pressure reading is called gage pressure.

练习二

1.将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1)图7所示的一个基本实例，是石油化工某部分的一个完整设计（主要是单元操作，换热网

络和控制回路）。系统包括反应和分离部分。反应属于催化反应，由于催化剂的失活（deactivation），其转化率在几个月的操作周期内是变化的。当催化剂活性较低时，反应转化率下降，相应地精馏塔的进料发生变化。精馏塔有自己的控制系统（未画出），以保证塔底产物(bottom product)组成保持稳定。塔顶组分（循环）组成是可变的，以抵消（to accommodate）催化剂失活的影响。

2)化学工程是处理那些原材料变化或分离成有用产品的工业过程。化学工程师必须能对全流

程以及所用的设备进行开发、设计和操作；选择合适的原料；高效、安全、经济地操作工厂，同时确保生产的产品能满足顾客的要求。

2.将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)The above examples teach us an important lesson,although it is the chemists who make and

discover the new chemicals which may have special properties,a considerable input from engineers and technologists may be required before the chemical can be processed and converted into a suitable form in which it can be used.

2)“Unit operations”evolved in meeting the need of economic large-scale manufacture of

commodity products.The concept of unit operations held that any chemical manufacturing process could be resolved into a coordinated series of operations such as pulverizing,drying, roasting,crystallizing,filtering,evaporating,distilling,electrolyzing,and so on.

3)The term“chemical engineer”implies that the person is primarily an engineer whose first

professional concern is with manufacturing processes—making something,or making some process work.The adjective“chemical”implies a particular interest in processes which involve chemical changes.

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练习三

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1）除对恒定平均值(mean values)可能的微小涨落外，如果一个过程的所有变量(variables)（即：所有温度、压力、体积、流速等）的值都不随时间变化，该过程可认为是处于稳定操作。

如有任何过程变量随时间变化，则可称为处于过度态或非稳态。将其本质而言，间歇过程和半间歇过程是非稳定态，而连续过程是稳态或过度态。

2）合成有机化合物可定义为从天然存在的原料（如石油、天然气、煤）中衍生出的产品，这些原料至少要经过一种化学反应过程（如氧化反应、加氢反应、卤化反应halogenations、磺化反应sulfonation,或烷基化反应）。

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1）A pilot plant is a collection of equipment designed and constructed to investigate some critical aspects of a process operation or perform basic research.It is a tool rather than an in itself.A pilot plant can range in size from a laboratory bench-top unit to a facility only marginally smaller than a commercial unit.The purposes for its construction and operation can vary widely: confirming feasibility of a proposed process;providing design data;determining the economic feasibility of a new process;determining optimum materials of construction;testing operability of a control scheme;determining the extent of plant maintenance;producing sufficient qualities of product for market evaluation;obtaining kinetic data;screening catalysts;providing areas of advanced technology;providing data for solutions to scale-up problems;providing technical support to an existing process or product assessing process hazards;determining operating costs;

optimizing an existing process;and performing basic process research.

2)A batch reactor is used for small-scale operation,for testing new processes that have not been

fully developed,for the manufacture of expensive products,and for processes that are difficult to convert to continuous operations.The reactor can be charged through the holes at the top.The batch reactor has the advantage of high conversions that can be obtained by leaving the reactant in the reactor for long periods of time,but it also has the disadvantages of high labor costs per batch and the difficulty of large-scale production

练习四

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1）异庚烷由丁烯和异丁烷在浓硫酸的乳化液(emulsion)中反应生产。过程的新鲜进料以40,000 kg/h的速率加入。其中含25.00mole%的异丁烷、25.00mole%丁烯和50.00mole%的正丁烷，后者在过程中是化学惰性的。部分反应器的出料（effluent）循环至反应器的进口。其余部分流入分层槽（settler）在槽中水相（硫酸）和烃相得以分离。酸循环至反应器，烃则进入精馏塔。塔顶馏出物含正丁烷和异庚烷，而塔底产物全为异丁烷循环至反应器。

1)流化床催化裂化装置（cracker）的典型简图见图15。装置的特征是有两个巨大的容器

（vessel），一个用于使进料在热催化剂上进行反应，另一个用空气烧去碳以使用过的（spent）催化剂再生。新型（newer）分子筛催化剂的活性如此之高，使得物料和催化剂之间的接触时间必须急剧减少，否则石油就会过度裂解(overcrack)而得到不希望得到的气体和焦碳。

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)While technical advances and efficiency improvements in specific unit operations are occurring

the time,the big story is the hybridization of https://www.360docs.net/doc/702745046.html,bining individual unit operations, such as reaction,and heat exchange,into larger,concurrent operations will be major trend om upcoming years.Technologies such as reactive distillation,catalytic membranes,and phase-transfer catalysts all represent examples of hybridized processes where reaction and separation are combined.

2)The formulation of the thermodynamic equilibrium problem and the methodologies used for its

solution are presented in this chapter.The resulting equations need a number of pure component and mixture equilibrium properties,which,whenever not experimentally available at the conditions of interest,must be estimated.

3)Most of the problems in chemical engineering,however,are multivariable and nonlinear,with

constraints,and often require the use of discrete valued variables.Also,while optimization is a conceptually powerful framework,its impact has been somewhat limited in practice due to the lack of tools that facilitate the formulation and solution of these problems.

练习五

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

1）因为产物氨的分子的体积比反应物的体积小，所以提高压力会提高氨的平衡转化率。提高温度对平衡产生相反的效应，但会明显（greatly）提高反应速率。温度对平衡的负效应又兼具对反应速率很强的正效应，对其他许多反应也是常见的，为此，需要对各种条件精致地权衡以确保得到令人满意（good）的操作条件，获得可能的利润。较快的反应速率意味着减小设备尺寸，因而相应地降低设备成本。

2）硝酸广泛用于生产无机硝酸盐和有机硝酸酯、用于各种金属处理，以及用于光刻（photoengraving）。硝酸生产是铂-铑（platinum-rhodium）催化剂上将氨氧化成一氧化氮（nitric oxide），一氧化氮氧化成二氧化氮，然后将二氧化氮溶解于水。降低产品速率的副反应是氨氧化成氮气和水蒸气。

3）许多石油化工产品从木材制得，首先将木材转化为合成气，合成气然后转化为甲醇或者氨，通过进一步的加工就能够获得所需的产品。图1归纳了一些能够以甲醇和氨这两种基本中间体生产的化工产品衍生物。

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1)Much equipment for the separation of liquids and finely divided solids was invented

independently in a number of industries and is of diverse character.These developments have occurred without benefit of any but the most general theoretical considerations.Even at present, the selection of equipment for specific solid-liquid separation applications is largely a process of scale-up based on direct experimentation with the process material.

2）The unit operations are largely used to conduct the primarily physical steps of preparing of reactants,separating and purifying the products,recycling unconverted reactants,and controlling the energy transfer into or out of the chemical reactor.We also can say that,the unit operations deal mainly with the transfer and change of energy and the transfer and change of materials primarily by physical means but also by physical-chemical means.

习题六

把下列句子或短文翻译成中文；

1．Unlike many products whose structure and reactions were well known before their industrial application,some polymers were produced on an industrial scale long before their chemistry or physics were studied.

2．Configurational isomerism is then due to the presence in the molecule of one or more dissymmetric centers,in the simplest case asymmetric carbon atoms each of which can have(R)and(S)absolute configuration;and,or,to the presence of double bonds which can give cis-and trans-geometrical isomers.

3．The homologes of benzene are those containing an alky group or alkyl groups in place of one or mote hydrogen atoms.

4．Objectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed.

5．Gas absorption is an operation in which a gas mixture is contacted with a liquid

for the purposes of preferentially dissolving one or more components of the gas and to provide and to give a solution of these in the liquid.

6.The continuous process although requiring more carefully designed equipment than the batch process,can ordinarily be handled in less space,fits in with other continuous steps more smoothly,and can be conducted at any prevailing pressure.

7．Normally,in evaporation the thick liquid is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded.Mineral-bearing water is often evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed,for special process requirements,or for human consumption.This technique is often called water distillation,but technically it is evaporation.In one specific situation,however,the reverse is true.

习题七

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英文

1）将甲烷转化成石油化工产品的最重要的工艺路线是借助于氢气，或借助于氢气和一氧化碳的混合气，后者称之为“合成气”(synthesis gas)。以煤来生产氢气和一氧化碳混合物最初实现工业化（to establish industrially）是通过著名的水煤气反应（water-gas reaction）。

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1）When two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact,heat flows from the object at the high temperature to that at the lower temperature.The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease.The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three:conduction,convention,and radiation.

2）To understand the contributions which are feasible and desirable from the two understanding of the individual knowledge bases,perspectives and interests.Put simple,the contribution of the chemist is to identify the various combinations of chemicals,catalysts and conditions which will lead to optimal conversions to the desired product or products,the engineer’s contribution is to identify practical, economic and safe equipment configurations which will allow circumstances to be achieved.

3）The removal of one or more selective components from mixture of gases by absorption into a suitable liquid is the second major operation of chemical engineering that is based on interphase mass transfer controlled largely by rates of diffusion.

4）chemical oxygen demand.Abbrev.COD.A measure of the amount of potassium dichromate needed to oxidize reducing material in a water sample.It is expressed as the concentration of million,chemically equivalent to the amount of dichromate consumed.It is generally higher than the biological oxygen demand,as some materials,such as cellulose,will react with dichromate but not with oxygen under biological conditions.

习题八

1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语

Westfalia Separator从事离心分离(centrifugal)技术已有近一百年的历史。生产的设备用于下列工业部门：生物工程、化学与制药工业、食品工业、矿物油加工及废水处理。Westfalia Separator公司通过人力开展研究和开发工作，使它成为拥有最现代化工艺和系统技术的专业公司

2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语

1）This paper seeks to review the various purpose of pilot plant operations and show in each context the benefits which can be obtained by the application of chemical engineering expertise and the enhanced benefits which can be achieved by gaining an understanding of the implications of the results for the design of the ultimate production plant and future bench scale experiments.

2）The essential difference between distillation and absorption is that in the former the vapor has to be produced in each stage by partial vaporization of the liquid which is therefore at its boiling point,whereas in absorption the liquid is well below its boiling point.In distillation there is a diffusion of molecules in both directions,so that for an ideal system equimolecular count-diffusion exists,but in absorption gas molecules are diffusing into the liquid,and the movement in the reverse direction is negligible.

3）Distillation is a process in which a liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity by the application and removal of heat.It is well known that pure liquids exhibit different volatilities(e.g.

vapor pressure)at a given temperature,thus if heat is applied to a liquid mixture of these substances,the vapor so generated will be richer in the more volatile substances—those having higher vapor pressure.

4）First a tubular heater supplies hot oil to an efficient distillation column which separates the material by boiling points into products similar to those obtained with the batch still,but more cleanly separated;then later units convert the less salable parts of the crude(the so-called bottom half of the barrel)into desired salable products