大学法律英语重点
Legal English
考试分数占70 上课回答问占10 Presentation 占20
客观题
填空 主观题 名词解释
占20 判断 占80 简答题
选择 翻译
论述题
第一章 总体介绍
重点 前五个
关键词 法系 英美法特点 两个主义 遵循先例 三推一
1.【legal family 】
The doctrine of legal families seeks to establish common groups, identifying similar legal practices, activities and subject matter and thereby classifying the entirety of global legal transactions and activities into "families" according to particular criteria. The traditional and almost exclusive focus on the continental European and Anglo-American systems.
法系的信条是争取建立共同的团体,识别相似的法律实践,活动和主题从而将整个全球法律事务和活动分为“家庭”根据特定的标准。传统的和几乎独有的法律都集中在欧洲大陆和英美系统。
Main characteristic
① In the way of thinking and mode of operation of law, the common law system is the use of inductive methods. 归纳法
② in the legal form, the case law plays an important role.判例法很重要
③In the classification of the law, common law there is not strictly department law In the classification of the law, common law there is not strictly department law 普通法无严格分类 ④In education law area, common law in the United States is mainly located in vocational education.职业教育
⑤In the legal profession, judges of the Federal Court of Justice are generally from lawyers. 从律师做到法官
4.【遵循先例原则】
后文也有此处提到The Doctrine of Stare ; The doctrine of stare decisis; Stare Decisis; the principle of stare decisis; the Precedent Principle.
5.【犯罪构成理论：三推一】
The theory of constitution of crime in civil law system.
犯罪构成理论，强调严格以制定法为依据，将行为人和行为带入犯罪构成体系中进行衡量，得出是否构成犯罪的结论。
Criminal facts Illegality accountability Declare guilty
犯罪的事实基础对行为的法律评价对行为人的主观评价犯罪、违法有责
6.【英美法系中的犯罪的宪法理论】
Step I Jury 陪审团可以独立做出被告人有罪或无罪的裁断，只有做出有罪裁断时，法官才适用刑法。
Step 2 discretion 自由裁量权法官通过习惯法否定制定法
Step 3 right of appeal 上诉权国家从上诉内容和上诉人权上进行严格的限制，为了维护法官
的自由裁量权，上诉法院只对特别明显的错误进行改判
7.【Dictation 听写】
There are many different legal systems in the world. In fact, every ___legal system has its own characteristics. However, the degree of difference varies, with some systems bearing more ______to others. As a result, the world can __ ____ __ several legal families. Without doubt, the ___ __ __ __and __ __ ___Legal System are the most important legal families in the world. The former is also called the English Legal System or _ _____Legal System, while the latter is also called __ ___ __ ___or the __ __ __ ＿＿or ＿＿Legal System.
是否应该引入陪审制度Whether China's jury system should be adopted
①我认为引进陪审制度能够让公民投入法律实践中，陪审制度可以增进公民对于司法的了解。
I think the introduction of jury system can let citizens in legal practice, jury system can improve citizen for the judicial understanding.
②我们都知道现在法官压力很大，陪审团的设立能够让判决透明化和公正化，陪审团有利于分担法官的压力。
We all know that the judge has a lot of pressure right now, the jury can make decision of judge transparent and justice, the jury contribute to share the pressure of the judge.
③陪审团制度能够避免司法腐败，保证司法的廉洁。
The jury system can avoid the judicial corruption, and ensure judicial integrity.
第二章 英国发展史
重点：注重客观题 判断题 御前会议；末日审判书；贤人会议；骑士制度
主观题 巡回法院的目的；令状制度Writ ；衡平法出现的原因
Origin and Historical Development of Anglo-American Law
The Origins and historical development of English Law
The Origins of Common Law
The Origins of Equity (equity law)
（1） The Anglo-Saxons(5CD-1066)
Custom God-judging / Consanguinity Revenge -----SALIKE
leges barbarorum (barbarian) 野蛮法典
Witan/ Witenagemote 贤人
一 The Shaping of common law 普通法的形成
（2） Norman conquest knight service 骑士制度
feudal system established 封建制度的确立 Domesday Book 末日审判书
（3） Centralization of Justice 司法的中央集权制
Two steps …
1 审判机构：“御前会议”(Curia Regis) from witan
“御前会议”成员:(国王King + 官僚clerks +直接受封者 tenants-in-chief or barons)
必要时“御前扩大会议”： (大领主lords +地方代表/骑士 knights + burgess (‘b??d??s])下议员 --〉议会parliament
?为处理占有诉讼和根据告发的重罪案件而派出巡回法官，巡回法院对普通法的影响？
15世纪初-国王的审判就发展成为三大法院和一个委员会的司法体制。 由御前会议分为: 财政部法院 / 民事诉讼法院 / 王座法院 ----〉普通法法院
普通法 = 通行于全王国的法律(the law common to the realm) 由御前会议发展为国王咨议委员会 将普通习惯统一成普通法
Unify common custom into common law
*巡回法院—从中央下派往各地 贯彻中央司法理念 implement the Central Judicial idea
2. 审判制度—令状制度 writ
A: The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of ‘action’ similar to that of classical Roman law.
某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于 古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。
B: If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced;
在1227年有法院令状,诉讼请求就要强制执行；
C: there was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist.
没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该 诉讼请求也就不存在。
D: This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.
这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状 产生以后变得固定下来；这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同法和侵权法的发展。
【翻译题】
1. The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the
development of equity law and equity case law.
直白：诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生
更好：对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索 权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展
二 The Shaping of Equity 衡平法的形成
1． Equity 公正fairness 公平impartiality 正义justice
2． How…took shape?
3． 衡平法的特点（what…features with?）
2.如何形成的：Central Process:14世纪，在一般法院机构【地方法院和普通法院（esp.民诉法院）】+
请愿特定裁判机制实现正义
Equity was first granted by the King, and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's Conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases.
首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提出救济。
3.衡平法的特点（What …features with?）
1、向大法官起诉(suit)
直接申请—bill / petition
衡平法上的起诉令状 bill of complaint(不是Writ ）
2、大法官法院的判决—decree (v. decision / judgment)
decree 命令被告本人一定的作为(to do)和不作为(not to do)
3、传唤被告至大法官面前采用：用命令被告参加诉讼来开始诉讼程序
4、审判中，大法官本人亲审，不交付陪审团（多为神职人员）
普通法法官 — 裁判员的立场
大法 — 洞察被告内心世界 / 确认其良心状况 / 斥责 / 净化良心
① All in all
relief in the form of specific performance
特殊履行的救济方式—强制履行
②the injunction 禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令）
③the development of so called maxims of equity law 形成所谓的衡平法座右铭
④Equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate.
只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。
【翻译练习】
For instance, specific performance for the purchase of real property will be granted because common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property.
由于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔*具体演变图看笔记本
【Questions 】1 when did the English Common law system become inflexible?
2 what are the special characteristics of equity law?
enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为； writ 法院令状recourse 追索权 Exchequer 国库 Bill 法案 Petition 请愿 Presuppose 预先 假设
Itinerant: Who moves from place to place as demanded by employment. 巡回法官
第三章美国法律发展史
【重点】马塞诸塞州；为何美国有成文法（刚殖民独立时期，须有更好便于管理的东西）；名字：西北法条、联邦条例等重要文献；反垄断法的三步；主观上：美法特点（VS英国）美国有成文宪法、体系庞杂、伸缩性；美法四渊源。
The Origins and historical development of the US Law/The Shaping of US Law 美国法的形成【Question】1 how many constitutions in USA?
2 what are sources of American Law?
1. The history of United States
The United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation.既年轻又古老的国家
It is a new nation compared with many other countries: it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States 不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入美国由50个州和1个直辖特区—首都所在地华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（District of Columbia）组成，州议员和州长都由普选产生。州以下设县或市（镇、村），共有3042个县。联邦领地包括波多黎各自由联邦和北马里亚纳；海外领地包括关岛（Guam）、塞班岛（Saipan）、美属萨摩亚群岛、美属维尔京群岛等。
It is the oldest of the "new" nations — the first one to be made out of an Old World colony.
第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家
The oldest Written constitution 成文宪法
Continuous federal system 持续的邦联体制
Practice of self-government 民族自治实践
?美国独立战争后，建立起来联邦制的国家，政治上的松散状态无法形成强有力的中央政
府来稳定统治秩序，保护国家的利益与主权。
?Preamble(前言)：We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
The reports of the United States Supreme Court fill 350 volumes 联邦最高法院判例汇编
The reports of some States are almost equally voluminous. 州法院判例汇编
?For events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are
part of the printed record of the United States
那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。
?The reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000
stout volumes of legal cases.
想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。
?No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of
a people or of their government.
没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。
?When hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note over more than a
hundred years, we have a right to say that is the keynote.
当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。
2 美国法律概念和内容(Definition and Content of American Law)
（1）contain state law and federal law.
（2）51个州的法律各自的法域（jurisdictions）; 州法律(State Law)各自不同
各州各自为政：立法/司法/行政机构制定法＋判例法（普通法）
E.g.：最有特点的是：路易斯安那州法律(Louisiana) 曾经是西班牙和法国的领土、有许多大陆法的特点
State Law (reading and answer questions)
The 51 American states are separate sovereigns with their own constitutions and retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution or federal statutes.
Nearly all states started with the same British common law base, although Louisiana law has always been strongly influenced by the French Civil Code, but the passage of time has resulted in enormous diversity in the laws of the states.
Over time, state courts expanded the old common law rules in different directions (through their traditional power to make law under stare decisis), and state legislatures passed various statutes expanding or overriding such judge-made rules. 遵循先例原则
plenary完全的, 充分的; Preempt先占principle of stare decisis = "stand by the decision"
Origin and development
?Colonial period (1607-1776)
Virginia （VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW，1913 ，SSCI）
Law and Liberties of Massachusetts
?Development period (1776-1861)
Declaration of Independence 1776 独立宣言
Article of Confederation 1777 联邦条例
Northwest Ordinance 1787 西北条例
西北条例(Northwest Ordinance (1787))自18世纪末“西进运动”大规模兴起之际，美国政府和国会就有关西部政治体制、政权组织形式等问题制定了一系列法令和条例。其中最重要的是1787年的《西北条例》，它正式规定了西部由领地到州转变的法律程序和条件，为美国西部各州加入合众国奠定了法律基础。条例强调西部“将永远是美利坚合众国联邦的一个部分”，领地或州的政体必须是“共和制”，在西部领地内“不得有奴隶或强迫劳动”，必须保证领地居民的民权和自由。1787年《西北条例》具有重要意义，是西部地方政权组织形式的纲领性文件。1787年《西北条例》体现了美国人民追求民主和自由、独立和平等的理念，其核心精神被融入1787年宪法中，成为指导整个国家政治生活的至高无上的原则。1787年《西北条例》和1787年联邦宪法的重要意义在于它给予西部同东部平等的政治地位，在西部实行民主共和政体。
?After the Civil War(1861---1900）
1878 American Bar Association（ABA）美国律师协会法律注释汇编
1923 American Law Institute (ALI): Restatement of the Law 美国法律协会：or法律重述
1926 ALI under United States House of Representatives：United States Code 美国法典
?Modern times (1900-present)
Anti-trust law---- (Sherman Act) (Federal Trade Commission Act) (Clayton Antitrust Act)
反垄断法（反托拉斯法）—谢尔曼法、联邦贸易委员会法、克莱德反托拉斯法
Labor right ----Smith-Connally Act 1943(aim to stop strike) sc Anti-Strike Act 反罢工法Antiracism -----Civil Rights Act 反种族主义—民权法案
Martin Luther, I have a dream…
4 美国法律的特点
1.Sources of the American Law (read and answer questions)
In the United States, the law is derived from four sources. These four sources are constitutional law, administrative law, statutes, and the common law (which includes case law).
The most important source of law is the United States Constitution, and everything falls under, and is subordinate to, it. No law may contradict the United States Constitution. For example, if Congress passes a statute that conflicts with the constitution, the Supreme Court may find that law unconstitutional, and strike it down.
The Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.
2.联邦法律(Federal Law)
Although the United States and most Commonwealth countries are heirs to the common law legal tradition of English law, American law tends to be unique in many ways.
This is because the American legal system was severed from the British system by the Revolution, and afterwards, it evolved independently from the British Commonwealth legal systems.
Background:美国公民=联邦公民+州公民
条约（Treaties）
参议院同意—出席议员2/3以上多数
联邦宪法（Constitution of the United States）
1787 宪法本文和以后逐次附加的27条修正案(Amendments)（1992年第27条）
联邦制定法(Federal Statutes)
联邦普通法(The American Common Law )
1.联邦普通法是联邦法律的一部分；
2.联邦法院:不根据联邦宪法和联邦制定法，而根据自己的判例形成的法律;
3.联邦宪法和制定法没有规定要处理的案件以州法为准据法,也可根据独自立场发现法律—法官自由裁量
【与英法相比，美国法具有如下特点】Translate!!!
1、法律制度中所包含的封建因素较少，奴隶制度不是美国社会的基础；
2、创造了成文宪法的先例；
3、制定法在法的渊源中占有非常重要的地位；
4、法律体系庞杂
5、法律比英国法具有更强烈的伸缩性
the principle of stare decisis （Persuasive precedent ）legislation judicial interpretations Declaration of Independence strike Confederation anti-trust law Self-reliance
第四章英国司法制度PPT打印本
第五章美国司法制度
【重点】美国法院系统
the American Court system (judges/jury system/police system/prosecution system/Discuss) !!诉辩交易；检察院：公安系统判断题；署管理?? ；大部分：几套法院系统为什么各自独立；美国联邦系统如何排列，审计?关系，多少个？；陪审制度：大小陪审团各自任务，重点在小陪审团：形式审查
●The American Court system
●Judges
●Jury system
●Police system
●Prosecution system
●Discuss
【Question】 1. How many court systems in the U.S?
2. How are state court judges usually selected?
【New words】
District Courts州地方法院 Prestige威望Probate Court 遗嘱检验法庭
Juvenile Court青少年法庭 on the bench 担任法官期间justice of the peace 治安官Court of Domestic Relations家庭关系法院 Small Claims Court 小额索赔法院Magistrate地方法官Tenure任期popular vote普选Federalism联邦制度
an ad hoc basis 以特定（个案）为基础litigant诉讼人
writ of Certiorari诉讼文件移送命令调案复审令
Three-tiered mode l Trail Court, Circuit Court
Appellate Court , Court of Appeals
Supreme Court
Special courts The Court of Federal Claims (联邦索赔法院)
The Customs Court （海关法院）
Justice Chief justice judge Circuit judge
Associate justice Associate judge
By seniority of service依照本法院服务资历 gross misconduct严重的过错行为
plead 辩护、以..为理由 capital punishment死刑 discretionary 自由裁量权career judiciary职业法官Senate 参议院senator 参议员
The American Bar Association’s code of Judicial Conduct美国律师协会的司法行为标准
PART 1 ：Courts
简要介绍Brief introduction
(1)Fifty-three separate court systems in the U.S. 51 states
53个独立的法院系统District of Columbia
Federal court system
(2) not superior to；优于、比…优越coordinate system 并列的
The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the US. Constitution …
联邦法院不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是由美国宪法授权的独立、并列的系统。
(3)Federalism 联邦制度
The presence of two parallel court system often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism.
存在两套平行的法院系统经常会产生关于州和联邦系统的关系问题，这是联邦主义的重要问题。
The American court system
The federal court system
One for The district of Columbia
94 US District Court
13 US Court Of Appeal One for Each of The 51 state
1 The Unite State Supreme Court
1.1 The American state court system
Trial court初审法院Courts of Appeals上诉费用State Supreme Courts州最高法院
美国州法院三级法院州最高法院—终审上诉法院
上诉法院——中级上诉法院
或者初审法院
州最高法院
二级法院初审法院内布拉斯加等几个州
Two-tiered system 两级审判制Nebraska 内布拉斯加
Three-tiered system 三级审判制
Plead his
初审法院
两级上诉
1.2The American federal Court system
Trial court(初审法院)(94)or the U.S. District Court (94) 美国地区法院
90+1+3
Intermediate appellate courts(13)
? 11 appellate courts（or circuit courts ? 美国上诉法院（美国巡回法院）
? 1 the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) (CAFC; Fed. Cir.)
美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院
? 1 哥伦比亚特区上诉法院
The U.S. Supreme Court ? 美国最高法院
Various specialized tribunals特别法院
US Bankruptcy Court,
US Armed Forces Court of Appeals, US Court of International Trade, US Tax Court，
US Claims Court 联邦破产法院
联邦军事上诉法院国际贸易法院
联邦税务法院
联邦索赔法院
1.3The U.S Supreme Court
The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.
美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。【?】
1．Is only the Supreme Court created by the Constitution?
2. Dose the decision of the Supreme Court can be appealed to specific federal district court? 【Translation】
Since 1988, ___by the Supreme Court in civil cases is_____; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court______.
自从1988年以来，最高法院可以自由裁量是否复审民事案件；而实际上所有的民事案件都作为（当事人的）权利而上诉到最高法院的做法已经被废除了。
Answer：Review; discretionary; have been abolished
PART 2 ：Judges
?Judges are drawn from the practicing bar, less frequently from government service or the teaching profession.
法官主要从执业律师中选拔，很少从政府公务员或教师中选拔。
?Fewer than 1/20 - federal ,state, county, municipal court judge
在从事法律职业的人中，不到1/20的人担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。
?Be required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. 被要求具有执业律师资格，但在担任法官期间不得开业。
?The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career.
那些杰出的年轻法学毕业生，作为为联邦和州法院最著名的法官工作了一两年的法律职员，只是获得了实践经验的报偿，而没有得到从事司法职业的承诺。
State court —judge election
?State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occasionally by the legislature.
州法院法官一般由公众投票选举产生，偶尔由立法机关任命。
?The public lacks interest in and information on the candidates for judicial office
公众缺乏对法官候选人的兴趣和信息
?The outcome is controlled by leaders of political parties.
结果往往被政党领袖所控制。
The substitution of a system advocated by the ABA
?The governor appoints judges from a list submitted by a special nominating board 由地方长官从特别提名委员会提交的名单中任命法官。
?The judge then periodically stands unopposed for reelection by popular vote on the basis of his or her record.
而法官要定期参加没有竞争对手的续任公众选举，选举的依据是其工作成绩。nominate （任命）；oppose（反对）；reelection(再选)
In a small group of states
?Judges are appointed by the governor and subject to legislative confirmation.
在少数州，法官由地方长官任命，并由立法机关批准。
Tenure—任期
?Judges commonly serve for a term of years rather than for life.
法官通常有任期年限，而不是终身制
Courts (general) 4/6/8 years
Appellate courts 6/8/10 years
?Return to office for sitting judges whose service has been satisfactory.
那些工作令人满意的现任法官能连任
?In a few state and federal courts, the judges sit for life.
在少数州和联邦法院，法官是终身制的
? A judge may be removed from office only for gross misconduct 重大失误法官可能被免职only by formal proceedings 正规程序
What is benefit for the judges? salaries are good; The bench has been able to attract
Prestige is high; many of the country’s ablest legal minds
PART 3 ：Jury system
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大陪审团（grand Jury小陪审团（petty Jury
The grand jury is a body of from 13 to 24 persons that brings indictments against individuals suspected of having violated the law.
suspending jury, mistrial 6-12 persons
NO judges, lawyers, doctors, firemen, preachers
Indictment 诉讼，起诉
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《法律英语》教学大纲 Legal English一、说明 1、课程的性质、地位和任务 《法律英语》是依据《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语应用提高阶段在专业英语方面的教学要求，适应中国加入世贸组织后进一步扩大对外交流形式的需要，以培养更多既有扎实法律专业知识又精通外语的法律人才的需求，所开设的法学专业本科必修课程的课程。 本课程以英美为教学核心内容,包括英语法律术语、英美法系与大陆法系的比较、英美律师职业介绍、英美主要部门法、WTO 法律文件选读、国际经贸法律、法学研究技巧与资源的运用。 本课程历时一个学期，其教学目的旨在培养和提高学生在法律领域里应用英语的能力。在教师的指导下，学生通过阅读一些精选的法律类英语文章掌握法学基本概念和基本理论以及专业术语。在教学过程中着重于扩大学生的专业词汇量，提高学生的英语阅读理解水平。同时，本课程采用个人发言和小组讨论等多种形式以增加学生的语言实践机会，使他们能将专业知识与英语知识很好地结合，最终具有较强的英语口头交流能力和翻译能力。 2、课程教学的基本要求 （一）使学生正确理解课程的性质，全面了解课程的体系、结构，对法学专业英语有一个整体的认识； （二）使学生掌握基本词汇和表达方式； （三）密切联系实际，通过分析研究法学领域的国外案例和法学名家的文章节选，加深对法学知识的理解和掌握；能把英语的学习融入到对法学理论与实践的认识和研究中，以提高运用英语的能力； 二、教学大纲内容 本课程在学习内容的安排上兼顾英语语言的学习应用和法律专业知识两个方面。 （一）Introduction to Legal English 导论(2课时) 1、基本要求 （1）To categorize law in different ways （2）To learn how to read cases （3）To learn the skills of presenting
(完整版)测绘工程专业英语考试重点(包括单词)
测绘工程专业英语考试重点Geomatic测绘学 Geosciences地球科学 Geodesy大地测量学 Cadastral surveying地籍测量Geodetic surveying 大地测量Marine survey 海洋测量Geological survey 地质测量Control survey 控制测量Horizontal survey 水平测量Vertical survey 高程测量Topographic survey 地形测量Tacheometry 视距测量 Contour等高线 Chart图表 Fieldwork外业 Officework内业 Elevation高程 Basic point 基准点 Benchmark 水准基点 Stations 测站 Geoid 水准面 Vertical垂直 Theodolite经纬仪Monumentation埋石 Latitude纬度 Longitude经度 Prime meridian 本初子午线Gravity field 重力场 Curvature 曲率 Fixed error 固定误差Proportionnal error 比例误差Multiplication constant 乘常数Angle 角度 Zenith distance 天顶距 Circle 度盘 Azimuth方位角 Triangulation 三角测量Traversing 导线测量Triangulateration 边角测量 Control network 控制网 Forward intersection 前方交会 Resection 后方交会 Side intersection 侧方交会 Traverse angle 导线折角 Open traverse 支导线 Close traverse 闭合导线 Close loop traverse闭合环导线 Connecting traverse 符合导线 Coordinate increment坐标增量 Trigonometric leveling 三高程测量 Horizontal 水平距 Rod plate 尺垫 Coordinates 坐标系 Geodetic 大地基准 Origin 原点 Parameter 参数 Map projection 地图投影 Equidistant projection等距投影 Equivalent projection 等积投影 Orthographic projection 正射投影 Differential correction 差分改正 Real time kinematicRTK实动定位 Cartograph制图学 Raster 栅格光栅 Embed 嵌入 Resolution 分辨率 Data classification 数据分类 Topological relationship 拓扑关系 aerial photogrammetry 航空摄测量 Remote sensing 遥感 InSAR干涉合成孔径雷达 Prism 棱镜 Blunder/gross error 粗差 Index error 指标差 Standard deviation 标准差 Mean square error中误差 Calibrate 校准 Normal equation 法方程 Space segment 空间部分 -------------------------- settlement observation 沉陷观测 deflection observation 挠度观测 property line survey 建筑红线放 样 cross-section survey 横断面测量 geoid undulation 大地水准面差 距 orthometric height 正高 very long baseline interferometry 甚长基线干涉测量 connecting traverse 附合导线 zenith distance 天顶距 hydrographic survey 水道测量 工程测量engineering survey 施工放样construction layout or setting-out survey 竣工测量as-built survey 参考椭球reference ellipsoid 参 考 卫星激光测距satellite laser ranging(SLR) 重力场gravity field 测量平差adjustment of observation or survey adjustment 多余观测redundant observation 点位中误差mean square error of a point 粗差检验gross error detection 自动目标识别automatic target recognition(ATR 水准尺level lod 平面控制网horizontal control network 地籍测量cadastral surveying or property survey 1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships. 测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物
法律英语试题答案
1调卷令certiorari 2遵循先例：stare decisis 3法系legal family 4大陆法civil law 管辖权jurisdiction 地区法院District court 巡回法院circuit court 治安法庭Justice court 社会主义法socialist law 众议院House of representative 行使exercise 1司法审查judicial review 起诉资格standing 事实上的损害injury in fact 行政协定executive decision共同决议common decision 分权separation of powers 制衡checks and balances 成熟原则ripeness 招标bids 宪法constitution 1刑法criminal law 轻微违法misdemeanor 报税单bill of entry 主观上的过错mental fault 非预谋杀人manslaughter 抢劫robbery 加重的aggravate 绑架kidnapping 盗劫larceny 伪证罪perjury 1the county is the subdivision 2the doctrine ---the maxim 3the federal entity4the enforcement of a claim5statutes or codes 6tradition custom,and precedent 7commom people ,versus legislation 8stare decisis , Latin9legal relationships /legal concept 10judicial branch /judicial dictatorships 1in the precess of a court ascertaining2than to statutory interpretation 3dose not have the ''prolixity"/dose not provide a ready solution 4congress though its "power of the purse" /power as commander -in- chief 5c hecks and balances provided for in the constitution 6and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 7has no standing to challenge 8the policy of elimination of racial discrimination In places of accommodation/and ending the badges of servitude 1it is punishable by sanctions 2Most crimes or identified in statutes 3punished through imposition penalities 4violation of a misdemeanor 5which were committed before that /enactment of the law 6grand a criminal prosecution7as well as its substantive law 8crimes classified as felonies include murder9 authorized federal jurisdiction 10one can be held criminally liable 1 it is to tell the defendant that 2In US jurisprudence, however 3the right to trial by grand jury/protection against government tyranny 4 The prosecution at trial has the duty 5against arbitrary imposition of the capital punishment 6in an entirely different punishment/prosecution and conviction 7 privilege against self-incrimination8a common assumption abou t the nature of criminality 9"unreasonable" government searches and seizures is stated 10criminal procedure is "adversarial" 1 single issue of law 2dismissed or a defense was lost 3state a claim generally 4adequately represent the interests 5"fairness hearing" 6(the "plaintiff")to file suit in 7violatio n criminal law 8applying substantive law to real disputes 9 on part is entitled to judgment 10common law remedy/ equitable remedies