大学实用英语(2)教案Unit2

Part I Speaking

1. Lead-in

【Directions】Ask students to read these sentences in the language bank.

Greeting guests

May I help you? 我能为您效劳吗？

A table for how many, sir? 先生，您要一张几个人的桌子？

How many people (are there) in your party? 你们一行几个人？

Do you have a reservation? 您预定了吗？

Escorting the guest

Follow me, please. 请跟我来。

This way, please. 这边请。

Which table do you prefer? 您喜欢哪张桌子？

Enjoy your stay! 祝您用餐快乐！

How do you like your roast beef, rare, medium or well-done? 你们要的烤牛肉是半熟的、适中的、还是熟透的？Taking the order

May I take your order now? 您现在点菜吗？

Are you ready to order? 您现在可以点菜了吗？

What would you like to drink, beer or whisky?想喝点什么，啤酒还是威士忌？

Would you like a beer, sir? 要杯啤酒吗，先生？

May I repeat your order now?我可以重复一下您点的菜吗？

Would you like anything else?还要别的吗？

Thanking the guest

Thank you very much, sir. 非常感谢您，先生。

Hope to see you again, sir.希望再次见到您，先生。

Have a good night, sir. 晚安，先生。

Presenting the guest’s check

Of course, wait a moment, please. 当然可以，请稍等。

This is your bill, sir. 这是您的账单，先生。

This is your change. Thank you. 这是找您的钱，谢谢。

Ordering dishes

May I have a look at the menu/wine-list? 请给我看看菜谱/酒水单。

What is the specialty of this restaurant? 这个餐馆的招牌菜是什么？

I would like something light. 我想吃些清淡的东西。

What do you recommend? 有什么菜可以推荐一下吗？

The steak sounds good to me. 听起来牛排不错。

I want chicken in sweet and sour sauce/sea cucumber/lobster/Chinese mushroom/sweet soup balls.

我想要糖醋鸡块/海参/龙虾/香菇/汤圆。

What is today’ s special? 今天的特色菜是什么？

Paying for bill

Could I have the check, please? 我要结账。

The bill (check), please. 劳驾，结账。

Keep the change. 不用找零钱了。

2. Further practice

【Directions】Ask students to work in pairs to make up dialogues.

Activity1: Work in pairs. Work in pairs. Suppose you and one of your friends go to a restaurant. A waitress is serving you. You and your friends order some dishes. Make a dialogue.

Activity2: Work in pairs. Please make up your own dialogues based on the following situations, and you may refer to the sentences in Language bank.

Situation 1: You are at a restaurant. You want to pay for the bill.

Situation 2: Your family wants to eat at a restaurant on the coming weekend. Call a restaurant and make a reservation.

Part II Reading

1. Lead-in

【Directions】Learn the background knowledge

Housing Situation in America

Housing has been the biggest bill for a family in these days. Every year the price to rent a single apartment rises. The landlords have to keep raising the cost in order to pay the taxes and mortgage that are imposed on them. Failing to meet their obligations will result in the loss of their buildings.

People in necessity can not rent these apartments because they do not have a good income. The price to rent an apartment in most cities now reaches 600 hundred dollars every month with only one bedroom. Families that can not afford an apartment by themselves sometimes share with cousins, brothers, aunts, and uncles. It is not unusual to see more than ten people living in a small room together. At night two or three people may sleep in one bed. Those who do not have a bed sleep on sofa or on the floor. When all these people sleep together, they do not receive enough oxygen. They are exposed to carbon dioxide (二氧化碳)that can cause serious illness to them. Worst of all, some people can not get a place to sleep at all. They sleep under boxes, in cars, and in abandoned houses and buildings where women and children can get raped. They do not have heat to help them survive in the cold temperature. The broken houses often do not have a good roof to prevent them from raining.

Many children live in the streets. Those kids who do not have any kind of support from anybody just have to find a way to survive. They are causing serious security problems. They do not go to school, nor get a basic family instruction. They are in the streets involved in crime, robbery and many other dishonest activities.

Food and Drink in the United States

People eat not only food such as corn, hamburgers, and pizza with their hands but also food with a knife and fork. Not all people like cheese burger or pizza. Some people do not like the idea of eating these foods. Some do not eat meat or cheese for religious or personal reasons. In some cultures, people never eat meat and diary products at the same meal. In other cultures, pepperoni (意大利重辣硬香肠), which contains pork, may not be an acceptable food.

When you are invited to someone’s house for dinner but you don’t like some of the food, it is all right not to eat it. But you should try not to draw attention to the fact that you are avoiding certain food.If possible, try to eat at least a little of everything served. It is also OK to eat one or two servings of the foods you like, and leave the others on your plate.

Some people are worried about their health because studies have shown that the fat in eggs, bacon (熏咸肉) and buttered toast contributes to heart disease. But there is a more likely reason people don’t eat breakfast any more: they would rather skip breakfast and sleep fifteen minutes later.

2. Learn the new words and phrases in the text A

【Directions】Ask students to read these new words and phrases. Then practice each word and phrase by making up a sentence. (注：*表示B级词汇；★表示A级词汇；◆表示超纲词汇)

*rent v. to regularly pay money to live in a house or room that belongs to someone else 租;租借

e.g. Many students have to rent a house when they graduate because they can’t afford to buy one.

很多学生毕业时不得不租房住，因为他们买不起房子。

This room rents at ￥500 a month.这间房屋以每月500元的租金出租。

*Apartment n. (often pl.) a room, esp. a large of splendid one 公寓住宅;单元住宅;房间

e.g. I have an apartment in the downtown in Jinan city. 我在济南市中心有一套房子。

He dreamed that one day he would have an apartment of his own.

他梦想着有一天能有一套自己的房子。

*Differ vi. to be different 不一致;不同

e.g. Although their looks differ, they are both attractive. 尽管他俩相貌不同，但都讨人喜欢。

I’m sorry to differ with you on that. 很抱歉，在那一点上我与你看法不同。

*Puzzle v. to cause (someone) difficulty in the effort to explain or understand

(使)迷惑;(使)为难;迷惑不解n.难题;谜

e.g. The student’s reply puzzled the teacher. 学生的回答把老师弄糊涂了。

decide on 决定,选定

e.g. I have decided on finding a job after graduation.我已经决定毕业后先找份工作。

*Advertise v. to tell the public about a product or service in order to persuade

them to buy it 做广告;登广告;广告

e.g. The company decided to advertise its new product. 公司决定为它们的新产品做广告。

If you want to promote your product,you must advertise it.

如果你要推销自己的产品，你就必须做广告。

look over 检查;查看,调查

e.g. We must look over the house before we decide whether to rent it or not.

我们必须先查看一下这所房子，再决定租不租。

◆roommate n.someone who you share a room with, esp. at college室友

e.g. I have seven roommates in my university. 上大学时，我有七个室友。

My roommates sniff at my idea of becoming a teacher.

我的室友对我要当老师的想法嗤之以鼻。

◆Minimize vt. to make small or insignificant 将……减到最少,最小化

e.g. You can minimize the dangers of driving if you obey all the rules of the road.

要是你遵守一切交通规则的话，就可以使发生车祸的机会减到最少。

To minimize the risk of burglary, you can install a good alarm system.

你可以安装一个好的报警设备以减低被盗的风险。

*Compare v. to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to each other

比较;相比；比喻n.比较

e.g. If you compare American English with British English you will find some differences.

如果你把美式英语和英式英语比较一下，便会发现一些不同之处。

The policeman compared the copy with the original and found there was not much difference.警察把原件和复印件对比了一下，发现差别不是很大。

figure out 算出

e.g. It did not take the students long to figure out the correct answers.

学生们没有花很多时间就算出了正确的答案。

*Determine v. to reach, make, or come to a decision about sth. 决定;确定

e.g. The exam results could determine your career. 考试成绩可能会决定你的前途。

He determined to go after the examination. 他决定考试完后立刻就走。

★budget vi. to plan private or public spending within the limits of a certain

amount of money 做预算;编入预算n. 预算

e.g. If we budget carefully, we’ll be able to afford a new house next year.

如果我们精打细算，明年就能买套新房子。

Budget for the coming year.为下一年度做预算。

★Security n. the state of being free from danger or injury 安全

e.g. We need greater security in our school. 我们需要加强学校的安全。

The airport authorities have promised to review their security measurements.

机场当局已答应重新检查他们的安全措施。

*Deposit v. money that you pay when you rent sth. such as an apartment or car, which will be given back if you do not damage it 押金;

保证金v.存放

e.g. You must deposit ￥200 in addition to the first month’s rent.

你必须付200元押金及第一个月的租赁费。

I had to deposit 10% of the price of the house. 我必须先付房价的10%作押金。

*Damage v. a bad effect on sth.; harm caused to someone’s emotions or mind 损害;伤害

e.g. The court awarded ￥50000 (in) damages to the injured woman.

法院判给伤者50000元损害赔偿费。

The manufacturers disclaim all responsibility for the damage caused by misuse.

因使用不当造成的损坏，生产厂家不负任何责任。

★Vary vt. to change or be different, esp. from one occasion to another or from

one item to another within a group, or to cause this to happen改变，使多样化vi.变化，不同

e.g. She varied her dress as fashion changes.她的衣着随着潮流而变化。

Prices vary with the seasons. 物价随着季节而变化。

*Landlord n. a landowner who leases to others 房东;地主

e.g. My landlord asked me to move out at the end of the month. 我的房东让我月底搬走。

I had to pay a ￥500 deposit to the landlord before I could move into the house.

我得付给房东500元押金才能搬进房里去。

◆deduct vt. to make a subtraction 扣除, 演绎

e.g. Deduct losses from the total receipts.从总收入中减去损失。

Tax is deducted from your salary. 税金从你的薪金中扣除。

*Regular adj. happening, coming, doing sth., again and again with the same

length of time between each occasion; happening every time

规则的;有秩序的，经常的;定期的

e.g. He is a regular customer of this restaurant. 他是这家餐馆的常客。

You’d better keep regular hours. 你最好生活有规律，按时作息。

★maintenance n. activity involved in keeping sth. in good working order 维护;保持

e.g. He is good at maintenance of PC. 他对电脑的维修保养很在行。

The machinery requires constant maintenance. 这些机器需要经常保养维修。

◆bound adj. certain; sure；fastened by or as if by a band 必定的，被束缚的;受限制的

e.g. It is bound to rain soon. 很快就会下雨的。

It is bound to create trouble sooner or later.迟早注定要引起麻烦的。

◆Uphold vt. to support and maintain(a law, a principle, or a decision)支持, 赞成

e.g. One should uphold his principle. 人应当坚持自己的原则。

The judge upheld the lower court’ s decision. 法官维持初级法院的判决。

*contract n. a formal agreement, having the force of law, between two or

more people or groups 合同；契约

e.g. Marriage is, first of all, a contract which must be governed by justice.

婚姻首先是一种契约，它必须以公正为制约。

We have signed the contract. 我们已经在合同上签了字。

◆Ignorance n. the lack of knowledge or education 无知;不知

e.g. Ignorance of the law is no excuse. 不懂法律不是藉口。

I guess ignorance is a sin. 我认为无知是一种罪。

all in all 全部地(一切的,首要,最重要的,总的说来)

e.g. A ll in all, he has tried his best. 总的说来，他已经尽力了。

take…into consideration 考虑到(顾及,体谅)

e.g. You must take all the taxes into consideration when you buy a house.

你买房子的时候应当把所有的税金考虑进去。

*Relief n.（a）feeling of comfort at the ending of pain, anxiety, or fear

(痛苦等的)减轻, (债务等的)免除

e.g. It was a great relief to find that her girlfriend was all safe.

看到他的女朋友安然无恙，他感到极大的欣慰。

It is a great relief to have rain after a long time of drought.

长期的干旱之后下雨是一大慰藉。

later on 后来(过些时候)

e.g. In my opinion, it is easy to learn Japanese at first, but later on it will become more and more difficult. 在我看来日语一开始比较

好学，但后来会越来越难学。

3. Comprehension of the text A

【Directions】Ask students to read each paragraph and then explain the meaning. Pick out the important and difficult points and practice.

Paragraph 1.

1....and within the same area of a city, can differ widely and you may feel puzzled and hard while renting an ideal house in a place that is new to you.

that is new to you是place的定语从句，that也可以用which来代替，在从句中作主语。

2.Thus, knowing what to expect and the basic things to do can help you a lot in your apartment search.

此句中what+不定式与the basic things一起作knowing的宾语。

knowing...为动名词短语，作句子主语。

Paragraph 2.

1. First of all, decide on the type of apartment you want to rent.

first of all 首先，常见同义词有first, firstly, above all 等。...you want to rent是一个定语从句，省略了引导词which或that。引导词在从句中作宾语，常常可以省略。

2. What kind of people will be sharing the building with you?

share...with...常用来指“与……分享或承担……”，也常当“告诉”来讲，相当于tell sb. about sth. 如：I often share my secrets with my best friend. 我常常把我的秘密告诉我最好的朋友。

Paragraph 3.

1. Looking over these ads will give you a general idea of the types of apartments available.

looking over是动名词作主语。又如：Thinking of you makes me old.思君使人老。

2. Compare what they tell you with what you find in the newspaper.

compare to/with 比较，对照。

辨析：compare with, compare to都有“比较，对照”之意。

①compare A with B，通常指研究两事物的异同之处，把A和B相比或值得相比。如：He can’t compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 在悲剧写作方面他根本不能与莎士比亚相比。

②compare A to B，通常指一事物与另一事物相似，显示A与B相同。如：The writer of the article compares his lover to a rose.这篇文章的作者把他的情人比作玫瑰花。

Paragraph 4.

In addition to your first month’s rent…

in addition to 除……之外（还有）

辨析:in addition, in addition to, besides, except

①in addition, 另外，此外，后不可跟宾语，如：In addition, Delphi 2.0 makes it easy for customers to create application to meet the requirement to get the window 95 logo. 另外，为了满足得到Windows 95徽标的要求，Delphi 2.0使客户创建应用程序更加简便。

②in addition to 除……之外（除去的部分也算在内），后可跟宾语，如：In addition to the names on the list there are six other

applicants. 除名单上的名字之外, 还有六个申请人。

③besides prep.除……之外，还……（除去的部分也算在内），后跟宾语，也可用作副词。如：Tom often writes to me besides you. 除你以外, 汤姆也常给我写信。Peter is our youngest child, and we have a girl besides. 彼得是我们最小的孩子, 我们另外还有一个女孩。

④except 除了……之外,若不是,除非（除去的部分不算在内），如：The students can answer all the questions except the first one. 除了第一题，学生们能回答所有的问题。

Paragraph 5

Finally, be sure to carefully read and understand the terms of the rental agreement because once you sign, you will be bound to uphold the terms of the contract.

once在这里是连词，表示“一旦；一……就……”，主句常用将来时态或和表示“能够”的情态动词等连用。如：Once you have seen the film you will understand why I like it so much.你一旦看了这部电影，你就会明白我为什么如此喜欢它。

辨析：be bound to, be bound for

①be bound to 必然，一定做……事，如：You have studied so hard that you are bound to pass the final exams. 你学习这么刻苦，期末考试一定能通过。

②be bound for 去；准备去，如：We are bound for school. 我们打算回学校。

Paragraph 6

mentioned above 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰things，分词短语作定语相当于定语从句。本句相当于All in all, each time when you want to rent an apartment, you should take all the things which/that are mentioned above into consideration for the relief of troubles later on。

4.Retell the story of the text A

【Directions】Ask students to retell the text by answering the following questions.

Questions1: Why do we say that knowing what to expect can help you in your

apartment search?

Answers: Because the procedures for renting an apartment in different counties, and within the same area of a city, or local area, can differ widely.

Questions 2: Do you think looking over the ads in the local newspaper is a good

way to find an apartment? Why?

Answers: Yes, I think so. Because looking over the ads will give you a general idea of the types of apartments available.

Questions 3: Why must you read and understand the terms of the rental agreement?

Answers: Because once you sign, you will be bound to uphold the terms of the

contract. Ignorance is no excuse.

Questions 4: What should you do in order to reduce troubles later on?

Answers: Every time when you want to rent an apartment, you should take all the things mentioned in the text into consideration. Questions 5: Do you think renting an apartment is an easy thing?

Answers: (Omitted).

5. Further practice

【Directions】Ask students to do the vocabulary activity 4 and activity 5.

Activity 4: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words given in brackets

Answers: concentrate; designed; imitations; carved; locate

Activity 5: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words and phrases given in the box

Answers:leather; stalls; locate; imitates; complex; for sale; tourist; label; is in contrast to; heading for

6.Assignment

【Directions】Ask students to learn the special sentence patterns and fill in the sentence translation.

1) whether…or not 是否

The teacher wants to know whether his teaching style is suitable for his students or not.

老师想知道_______________________。

我拿不定主意是辞职还是继续干下去。

I am not sure whether to ____________.

2) in addition to...,... 除……之外，还有……

Given your inexperience, you should make efforts to do better.

_________________几个学生考试不及格。

除了参观动物园，学生们还去了博物馆。

In addition to_____________, the students_________________.

3)once you..., you... 一旦……，你就……

Once you lose confidence, you can never expect to do your study well.

一旦_________，你就___________。

一旦下定决心做一件事就要把它干好。

Once_______________________, you have to________.

4) every time when you..., you... 每当……的时候，你……

Every time when you want to rent a house, you should think carefully.

每当______________，你应当____________。

每当你想家时，你可以和我聊天。

__________________are homesick, you can__________.

5) compare…with…与……相比

Compared with the moon, the earth is larger.

与________，地球_____。

考试完后，你应当把自己的回答同答案对照一下。

After the test, you should ________ your responses_______________.

Part III Grammar

1. Lead-in

【Directions】Check the assignment and explain the difficult language points.

2. The basic usage of Passive voice

【Directions】Give the rules for Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses

非限定性定语从句（Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses）:

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

一. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别

1. 限定性定语从句修饰先行词，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思不明确，紧跟于先行词后，无逗号；非限定性定语从句既可修饰先行词也可修饰一个句子，是对先行词或句子的附加说明，去掉它也不会影响主句的意思，逗号将其与所修饰的词或句子隔开。如：

This is the house which I bought last year. 这是我去年刚买的房子。（限定性）

The house, which I bought last year, is on the sixth floor.

这处房子在六楼，是我去年刚买的。（非限定性）

2. 限定性定语从句可用that, which, who, whom, when, where, why等引导，有些情况下可以省略，而非限定性定语从句不能用that 引导，而应当用who/whom指人，用which指物, 并且不能省略。指人作宾语时只能用宾格whom，不能用who替换。非限定性定语从句也不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。如：

No one knows the reason why he didn’t go to school last week. 没有人知道他上周为什么没来上课。（限定性）

She is a very beautiful girl, whom most boy students like very much. 她是一个非常漂亮的女孩，大部分男生都很喜欢她。（非限定性）

The teacher couldn’t accept the reason he explained, for which he didn’t come to class. 老师不能接受他解释没有上课的理由。（非限定性）

3. 翻译法不同。翻译限定性定语从句时，通常在从句的末尾加“的”字，将其译为前置定语，放在它所修饰名词的前边。而在翻译非限定性定语从句时，常将其译为一个并列句。如：

The film that we saw yesterday was very moving．我们昨天看的电影非常感人。（限定性）

Jinan，which is the capital of Shandong Province，is an old city．

济南是山东省的省会，它是一座古城。（非限定性）

二者的区别简单表示如下：

二.常用非限定性定语从句的情况

1. 先行词为专有名词时。如：

Have you ever visited Baotu Spring, which attracts thousands of visitors every year?

你游览过趵突泉吗？它每年都吸引成千上万名游客。

2. 先行词被物主代词或指示代词修饰时。如：

This is my son, who is only two years old. 这是我的儿子，他才两岁。

This film, which I have seen two times, is very interesting.

这部电影很有趣，我已经看了两遍了。

3. 先行词为句子时，只能用非限定性定语从句修饰，引导词只有as和which，从句谓语动词用单数第三人称。如：

As is known, smoking is harmful to our health. 众所周知，吸烟有害我们的健康。

He didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed his teacher.

他没能通过考试，这让他的老师很失望。

三.as与which的区别

1. as引导的非限定性定语从句位置灵活，可置于句首、句中和句末，而which引导的非限定性定语从句不能置于句首。如：As we know, the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。

The tree, which is one hundred years old, needs a trim.

这是一颗百年老树，该修剪了。

2. as引导的非限定性定语从句常带有“正如”的意思。如

As is known, smoking is harmful to our health. 众所周知，吸烟有害我们的健康。

四. 非限定性定语从句可以由介词+which引导

1.名词(代词)+of which (whom) 引导。这种结构在定语从句中作定语，类似于“whose+名词”。如：

She likes to live in the room , the window of which (whose window) faces south. 她喜欢住在那个窗户朝南的房间里。

2.不定代词、数词或形容词最高级+of which (whom)引导。这种结构通常在从句中作主语，表示整体中的一部分。其中常用的不定代词有：all, none, both, neither, some, any, most等；数词既可用基数词和序数词，也可用分数和百分数词。如：

There are 15 girl students here, half of whom have passed the test.这里有15个女学生，她们当中一半人已经通过了考试。He downloaded some songs, four of which were very sweet. 他下载了一些歌曲，其中四首非常好听。

3.介词+形容词关系代词which引导在这种结构中，which作前置定语，修饰后面的名词。如：

He visited Beijing and Shanghai, in which cities, he had a wonderful time.

他游览了北京和上海，在这两个城市他玩得很开心。

4.介词+which (whom) 引导这一结构在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式等状语。如：

He decided to look for a bench, on which he could sit for a rest.他决定找一个长椅，他可以坐在上面休息。The West Lake, for which

Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. 西湖是个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。There is a tall tree outside, under which sit some old men and women chatting. 外面有棵大树，树下一些老人在坐着聊天。

注意这种结构中的介词主要是根据三个方面来选择的：一是先行词，如第一句；二是定语从句中的谓语动词和形容词，如第二句；三是根据意思，如最后一句。

3. further practice

【Directions】ask the students to finish the exercises on p44 and check their answers.

portant and difficult points and ask students if they have any questions.