材料科学与工程专业英语第二版 翻译
Unit1：
2.xx
材料科学石器时代
肉眼青铜器时代
光学性质集成电路
机械(力学)强度热导率
1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3.xx
Interdispline dielectric constant
Solid materials heat capacity
Mechanical properties electro-magnetic radiation
Materials processing elasticity modulus
1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .
2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.
3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.
4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with)its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to ) outside(applied) force or load.
Unit2：
2.xx
复合材料游离电子
先进材料刚度、刚性
半导体生物材料
智能材料纳米工程材料
1.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。
2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面，优于金属和高聚物。
3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。
4.响应外加电场(或电压)，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。
5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。
3.xx
Advangced materials ceramic materials
High-performance materials clay minerals
Alloys implant
Glass fiber carbon nanotube
1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.
2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.
3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz.metals and metal alloys )and insulators (viz.ceramics and polymers ).
4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.
Unit3：
2.xx
肉眼过渡元素
力学性能原子序数
基础(元素)化学带正电的质子
1.金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。
2.原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能，微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。
3.金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。
4.元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。
3.xx
Microstructure macrostructure
Chemical reaction atomic weight
Balanced electric charge positively charge nucleus
1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。
These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.
2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。
The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.
3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。
Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.
4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。
The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.
Unit4：
2.xx
相转变温度比重
热导率熔点
重力加速度磁导率
1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。类似第，比重小于1的物体将漂浮，比重大于1的物体将下沉。
2.使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小，这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。
3.某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。
4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的μ
r倍。
3.xx
Relative density boling poingt magnetic induction
Thermal condution glass transition temperature nonferrous metal
1.化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。
Chemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one.
2.相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。
Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four
phases :solid ,liquid , gas and plasma.
3.当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子任然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。
Instead , at some temperature below the melting point ,polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.
5.在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。
In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .
Unit5：
2.xx
服役期限纵向方向
动态或循环载荷初始xx
塑性形变局部形变
1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围，和服役期限。
2.因此，为了确定力学性质，一般需要做大量实验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。
3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质，同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效，以及在失效发生以前，是否会给出预警信号。
4.但是，承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。
5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时，材料仅仅发生弹性形变。
3.xx
test specimen static loading applied force normal axis
engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area
stress-strain curve
1.通常，温度高于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。
Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys，but a nincrease in ductility,fracture toughness and elongation.
2.从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。
From the perspective of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.
3.工程应变可定义为：所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。
Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .
4.高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility
Unit7：
2xx
导带碱金属
原子半径轨道能量重叠
离子晶格固溶体
1.化学上，金属被定义为这样一种元素：容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3.共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变，因此导致了晶体破碎。
4.为一些高性能场合应用，如喷气式发动机，特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。
3xx
delocalized electrons electrical structure
alkali-earth metals electrochemical cell
nuclear charge electrical conductivity
1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。
Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.
2、通常地，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。
Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity,high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.
3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物，其中主要组分为金属。
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.
4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质，从而产生所需要的性能。
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.
Unit8：
2.xx
高性能合金机械(力学)强度
单晶合金抗氧化腐蚀性
沉淀强化晶格
1.超级合金的发展高度依赖于化学和工艺的革新、主要由航空和能源工业推动。
2.抗蠕变依赖于在晶体结构中降低位错移动速度。
3.超级合金加工技术的历史发展导致了超级合金使用温度的巨大提高。
4.单晶超级合金材料是以一种单晶体状体态而形成的，这种单晶体是应用一种修正的定性凝固技术被制造出来的，因此单晶超级合金材料中没有晶界。
3.xx
Face centered cubic crystal structure turbine inlet temperature
Metallic material phase stability
Nuclear reaction synthesis of nanoparticles
1. Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.
2.Superalloysare used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties.
3.The largest applications of superalloys are the following:
aerospace,submarines,nuclear reactors and military electric motors.
4.Athigh temperatures,the gaseous aluminum chloride or fluoride is transferred to the surface of the superalloy from its inner part.
Unit10：
2.xx
原材料的提纯长链烷烃
玻璃烧杯粘性液体
火花塞绝缘子玻璃陶瓷
计算机辅助过程控制表面分析方法
1.我们将审视几个性质，会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊。
2.高温下(高于玻璃转变温度)，玻璃不在表现出脆性行为，而是表现得像粘状液体一样。
3.它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学磁学性能。
4.尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年，先进陶瓷仅仅是近100
年内发展起来的。
3.xx
Glass transiton temperature covalent ionic bonding
Stress distribution thermal expansion coefficient
Glass fiber materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuell cells electron microscope
1.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.
2.Ceeramics are stronger in compression than in tension,whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.
3.Ceramics generally have low toughness,although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.
4.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical compositon and microstructure, which determines their properties.
Unit11：
2.xx
电子构型(组态)多晶陶瓷
氧含量氧化物涂层
电子束电绝缘体
工业风险上呼吸道
1.材料科学和工程的研究领域被定义为四个主题之间的相互关系：合成和加工、结构和成分、性质、性能。
2.不仅完美晶格、理想结构必须被考虑，更要考虑结构缺陷，结构缺陷在所有的材料中都是不可避免的，甚至无定形材料也有结构缺陷。
3.热压可以减少多孔性，以确保高致密度产品。
4.运输材料时，制造商应该提供关于他们产品的危险性的有关信息。
3.xx
Crystalline ceramics grain boundary
Alkaline metal oxide oxide additive
Triple points saturation magnetization
Television tube color scale
1.To understand the behavior and properties of any material,it is essential to understand its structure.
2.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.
3.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.
4.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulatores because of their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.
Unit13：
2.xx
聚合物合成天然聚合物材料
单体确认生物合成
链长持久(xx)xx
1.尽管聚合物这个属于在通用意义上一般指塑料，这个术语实际上也包含一大类天然和合成材料，这些材料有不同的性质和用途。
2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程：将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。
3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成，特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。
4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成，如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。
3.xx
Persistent length cross bonding
Polar monomer nucleic acid
Polyreaction polyelectrolyte
1.现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。
Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.
2.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.
3.具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。
A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.
4.聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合成都爱表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。
In polymers,however,the molecular mass may be expressed is terms of degree of polymerization,essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.
Unit14：
2.xx
化学反应无定形材料
热塑性材料物理性质
分子量单键
1.许多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架，这是因为碳原子据有非凡的彼此之间形成稳定强键的能力。
2.高聚物一般不是具有尖锐熔点的完美结晶体，而是在一定温度范围内软化。
3.依赖于形成条件，分子量可以在相当大范围内分布，也可以紧密围绕在一个平均值附近分布。
4.Goodyear 偶然发现添加硫磺在橡胶中然后加热混合物可以使橡胶更硬、降低氧化和化学反应的敏感性。
3.xx
Thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area
Polymerization reaction double bond
Chemical compostion/constituent degradation by oxidation
1.不同化学结构的聚合物具有不同的物理和化学性质。
Polymers with different chemical structures have different physical properties and chemical properties.
2.热固性塑料成型后，由于不能取消化学过程，因此不能重新再成型。
Thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.
3.天然橡胶不适一种有用的聚合物，因为它太软了，并且太容易发生化学反应。
Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and chemically reactive.
4.我们可以再聚合物中加入各种不同的化合物，使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性质。
Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.
Unit16：
2.xx
工程材料结果形成的材料
增强的混凝土金属基复合材料
陶瓷基复合材料三明治结构
1.例如，多相金属在微观层次上是复合材料，但广义上讲，复合材料这个术语，指代的是两个或多个不同材料之间依靠机械力结合而形成的材料。
2.许多情况系下，复合材料有一个体相：它是连续的，被称为基体，还包括一个分散的、不连续相，被称为增强体。
3.先进复合材料是树脂和纤维的结合，通常是碳纤维/石墨、凯夫拉纤维、玻璃纤维和树脂。
纤维保证刚度，周围的聚合物树脂基体将整个结构固定起来。
4.如果复合材料被正确地设计和加工，它具备增强体的强度、基体的韧性，获得所需要的结合的性质，这种性质是任何传统单一材料所不具备的。
3.xx
Composite materials reinforced materials
Glass fiber host/matrix materials
Strengthening mechanism traditional materials
1.复合材料既保留了各组分原有的性能，由具有每种组分单独存在时所不具备的性能。
A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.
2.碳环氧树脂复合物的重量是铝的，硬度是铝的2.5倍。该材料耐老化，易修复。
Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as https://www.360docs.net/doc/782778652.html,posites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable.
3.由复合材料的概念可知，强化塑料、金属基复合物、陶瓷基复合物及混凝土都是复合材料。
From the concept of composites,reinforced plastic,metal-matrix composite,ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc,are all composites.
4.在纤维增强复合材料中，纤维主要起承载负荷的作用。玻璃纤维和碳纤维就是这种复合材料中的两种。
In fiber-reinforced composites,the fiber is the primary load bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.
Unit19：
2.xx
纳米结构材料制造过程
表面积/体积比(比表面积)纳米尺度
球半径光电器件
xx矢量钉扎点
1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的，因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。
2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何，纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理：如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时，物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。
3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响：例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。
4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应，已经被用来制作磁存储器件。
5.根据这个方程可知：预置裂纹越小，临界应力越高。
3.xx
Nanotechnology interdisplinary subject
Two-dimentional nanostructure critical length
Surface tention thermal motion
Self-organization brittle failure
1.Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range.
2.If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.)
3.Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..
4.The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.
Unit22：
2.xx
密切接触惰性材料
人工材料药理接受性
组织力学和动力学个体应用
微球胶囊技术
1.生物材料是一种合成材料，它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。
2.相反，生理材料是生理系统产生的材料，例如：骨头、皮肤或动脉。
3.如果不被取出来，暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体，例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板，愈合后不取出来的话，就变成了永久性植入体。
4.器官移植可以恢复某些功能，这些功能是人造材料所不具备的，或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。
5.基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中，具有很大的帮助。
3.xx
Biomaterial biocompatibility
Hearing aids ethylene oxide
Tissue engineering transplantation of organs
1.One can classify biomaterials into permanent and transient, depending on the time intended to be in the body.
2.Generally, this study, known as biomechanics, is incorporated into the design and insertion of implants.
3.New areas of biomaterials may develop using nanoscale materials or devices.
4.The scaffold materials are important since they must be compatible with the cells and guide their growth.
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
汽车专业英语翻译综合
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
机械工程专业英语翻译 华中科技大学版 李光布
1.机械设计过程 机械设计的最终目标是生产一种满足客户需求的有用产品，而且这种产品安全，高效，可靠，经济，实用。当回答这个问题时，广泛地思考，我将要设计的产品或系统的客户是谁？ 在产品设计之前，了解所有客户的期望和期望是至关重要的。营销专业人员经常被用来管理客户期望的定义，但是设计师可能会把他们作为产品开发团队的一部分。 许多方法被用来确定客户想要什么。一种被称为质量功能部署或QFD的流行方法寻求（1）识别客户期望的所有特征和性能因素，以及（2）评估这些因素的相对重要性。QFD过程的结果是产品的一组详细功能和设计要求。 考虑设计过程如何配合为客户提供令人满意的产品所必须发生的所有功能以及在产品的整个生命周期中为产品提供服务也很重要。事实上，重要的是考虑产品在使用寿命后如何处置。影响产品的所有这些功能的总和有时被称为产品实现过程或PRP。PRP中包含的一些因素如下： ?营销功能来评估客户的要求 ?研究确定可在产品中合理使用的可用技术 ?可以包含在产品中的材料和组件的可用性 ?产品设计和开发 ?性能测试 ?设计文件 ?供应商关系和采购职能 ?考虑全球材料采购和全球营销 参加工作的技能 ?物理工厂和设施可用
?制造系统的能力 生产计划和生产系统的控制 ?生产支持系统和人员 ?质量体系要求 ?销售操作和时间表 ?成本目标和其他竞争性问题 ?客户服务要求 ?产品在生产，操作和处置过程中的环境问题 ?法律要求 ?金融资本的可用性 你可以添加到这个列表吗？您应该能够看到，产品的设计只是综合过程的一部分。在本文中，我们将更加注意设计过程本身，但必须始终考虑设计的可生产性。产品设计和制造过程设计的同时考虑通常被称为并行工程。 2.机械设计所需的技能 产品工程师和机械设计师在日常工作中使用广泛的技能和知识。这些技能和知识包含在以下内容中： ?素描，技术制图和计算机辅助设计 ?材料的性质？材料加工*和制造过程 ?化学的应用，如腐蚀防护，电镀和喷漆 静力学动力学材料的强度，运动学和机制 流体力学，热力学和传热 ?流体动力，电气现象的基本原理和工业控制
汽车专业英语翻译
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
医学专业英语翻译
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
汽车专业英语_单词表
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
机械工程专业英语翻译合集
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
汽车专业英语课文翻译4
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.