1991考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1991 Text 1

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1、A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. 一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以，所为一名警察，我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。

1.1 triumph英/'tra??mf/ 美/?tra??mf/n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣vi. 获得胜利，成功

1.2 officer英/'?f?s?/ 美/'?f?s?/n. 军官，警官；公务员，政府官员；船长vt. 指挥

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1、Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. 日复一日，我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这个问题出在我们的价值观方面。一个关键的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么——责任感。

1.1 hold back英/'h?uldb?k/ 美/'h?uldb?k/隐瞒；退缩；抑制；阻止

1.2 tidal英/'ta?d(?)l/ 美/'ta?dl/adj. 潮汐的；潮的，有关潮水的；定时涨落的

1.3 ingredient英/?n'gri?d??nt/ 美/?n'ɡrid??nt/n. 原料；要素；组成部分

1.4 accountability英/?,ka?nt?'b?l?t?/ 美/?,ka?nt?'b?l?ti/n. 有义务；有责任；可说明性

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1、Accountability isn`t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. 责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责，并承担其行为造成的后果。

1.1liable英/'la??b(?)l/ 美/'la??bl/adj. 有责任的，有义务的；应受罚的；有…倾向的；易…的

1.2 consequence英/'k?ns?kw(?)ns/ 美/'kɑns?kw?ns/n. 结果；重要性；推论

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1、Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society. 责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观(善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一个。没有它，就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。

civilization英/?s?v?la??ze???n/ 美/,s?v?l?'ze??n/n. 文明；文化

ultimately英/'?lt?m?tl?/ 美/'?lt?m?tl?/adv. 最后；根本；基本上

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1、My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people`s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. 作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道的，对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束（如罪恶感，羞耻心和难为情）有效。

1.1 impose英/?m'p??z/ 美/?m'poz/vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响

1.2 external英/?k'st??n(?)l; ek-/ 美/?k'st?nl/n. 外部；外观；外面adj. 外部的；表面的；[药] 外用的；外国的；外面的

1.3 internal英/?n't??n(?)l/ 美/?n't?nl/n. 内脏；本质adj. 内部的；里面的；体内的；（机构）内部的

1.4 restraint英/r?'stre?nt/ 美/r?'strent/n. 抑制，克制；约束

1.5 guilt英/g?lt/ 美/ɡ?lt/n. 犯罪，过失；内疚

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1、Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”幸运的是，在一些区域——通常是小城镇里，学校还维护纪律，父母还坚持原则，称“有

些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做！”

1.1 standard英/'st?nd?d/ 美/'st?nd?d/n. 标准；水准；旗；度量衡标准adj. 标准的；合规格的；公认为优秀的

1.2 proclaim英/pr?'kle?m/ 美/pr?'klem/vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬

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1、Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. 但在越来越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊区，这些自我约束力日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。他认为你的财产就是他的财产；他拿走他想要的一切，当你触怒他时，他甚至会拿走你的生命。

1.1 suburb英/'s?b??b/ 美/'s?b?b/n. 郊区；边缘

1.2 loosen英/'lu?s(?)n/ 美/'lusn/vt. 放松；松开vi. 放松；松开

1.3 robber英/'r?b?/ 美/'rɑb?/n. 强盗；盗贼

1.4property英/'pr?p?t?/ 美/'prɑp?ti/n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权

1.5 enrage英/?n're?d?; en-/ 美/in'reid?/vt. 激怒；使暴怒

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1、The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it`s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn`t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn`t provide a stable home. 人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前，若有罪行发生，人们认为受害者是社会。现在，人们的态度发生了惊人的变化：罪犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨，学校没有教他读书，教堂没有给他以道德上的引导，父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。

1.1 radical英/'r?d?k(?)l/ 美/'r?d?kl/n. 基础；激进分子；adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的

1.2 victim英/'v?kt?m/ 美/'v?kt?m/n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者

1.3reversal英/r?'v??s(?)l/ 美/r?'v?sl/n. 逆转；[摄] 反转；[法] 撤销

1.4 underprivileged英/?nd?'pr?v?l?d?d/ 美/,?nd?'pr?v?l?d?d/adj. 贫困的；被剥夺基本权力的；社会地位低下的

1.5 upbringing英/'?pbr????/ 美/'?pbr????/n. 教养；养育；抚育

1.6 church英/t???t?/ 美/t??t?/n. 教堂；礼拜；教派adj. 教会的；礼拜的vt.到教堂接受宗教仪式

1.7 moral英/'m?r(?)l/ 美/'m?r?l/n. 道德；寓意adj. 道德的；精神上的；品性端正的

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1、I don`t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. 我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪？不让罪犯承担责任，甚至降低他们应承的责任，都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。

1.1 engage英/?n'ge?d?; en-/ 美/?n'ɡed?/vi. 从事；答应，保证；交战；啮合vt. 吸引，占用；使参加；雇佣；使订婚；预定

1.2 endless英/'endl?s/ 美/??ndl?s/adj. 无止境的；连续的；环状的；漫无目的的

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1、We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it. 美国急待更多的人相信：应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。

1.1 desperately英/'desp?r?tl?/ 美/'desp?r?tli/adv. 拼命地；绝望地；极度地

1991 Text 2

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1、The period of adolescence, i.e. , the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society`s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. 青春期，也就是童年与成年之间的这段时期，可长可短。其长短取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。

1.1 adolescence英/?d?'les(?)ns/ 美/,?d?'l?sns/n. 青春期

1.2 i.e. adv. 也就是abbr. （拉丁）即（id est）

1.3 definition英/def?'n??(?)n/ 美/,d?f?'n???n/n. 定义；[物] 清晰度；解说

1.4 constitute英/'k?nst?tju?t/ 美/'kɑnst?tut/vt. 组成，构成；建立；任命

1.5 maturity英/m?'t???r?t?/ 美/m?'t??r?ti/n. 成熟；到期；完备

1.6 adulthood英/'?d?lth?d/ 美/'?d?lth?d/n. 成年；成人期

2、In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one`s life. 原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年（十岁到二十岁）的大部分时间。

2.1 primitive英/'pr?m?t?v/ 美/'pr?m?t?v/n. 原始人adj. 原始的，远古的；简单的，粗糙的

2.2 pattern 英/'p?t(?)n/ 美/?p?t?rn/ n. 模式；图案；样品vt. 模仿；以图案装饰vi. 形成图案

2.3 prolonged英/pr?'l??d/ 美/pro'l??d/adj. 延长的；拖延的；持续很久的

2.4 couple英/'k?p(?)l/ 美/'k?pl/n. 对；夫妇；数个vt. 结合；连接；连合vi. 结合；成婚

2.5 coupled with加上，外加；与…相结合

3、Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. 另外，在某一社会中，青春期的长度和成年状态的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。

4、Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.这种变化譬如：19世纪后期，美国乃至所有由农业化走向工业化的国家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。

4.1 frontier英/'fr?nt??; fr?n't??/ 美/fr?n't?r/n. 前沿；边界；国境adj. 边界的；开拓的

4.2 universally英/ju?n?'v??s?l?/ 美/,jun?'v?s?li/adv. 普遍地；人人；到处

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1、In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. 现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式已不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其“开始仪式”也不再有统一的认识。

1.1 ceremonies英/'ser?m?n?z/ 美/'s?r?'mon?z/n. 仪式；典礼；礼节；客套（ceremony的复数形式）

1.2 symbolic英/s?m'b?l?k/ 美/s?m'bɑl?k/adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的

1.3 formal英/'f??m(?)l/ 美/'f?rml/n. 正式的社交活动；夜礼服adj. 正式的；拘谨的；有条理的

1.4 constitute英/'k?nst?tju?t/ 美/'kɑnst?tut/vt. 组成，构成；建立；任命

1.5 initiation英/?,n???'e??n/ 美/?,n???'e??n/n. 启蒙，传授；开始；入会

2、Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. 社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。

2.1 sequence英/'si?kw(?)ns/ 美/'sikw?ns/n. [数][计] 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好

2.2 recognition英/rek?g'n??(?)n/ 美/,r?k?ɡ'n???n/n. 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认

3、For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. 例如，小学毕业，中学毕业，大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列。每一个“阶段”都意味着某些行为变化和一定的社会认可度，其意义大小则取决于个人的社会经济地位和受教育的目标。

3.1 ambition英/?m'b??(?)n/ 美/?m'b???n/n. 野心，雄心；抱负，志向vt. 追求；有…野心

3.2 grade school小学

4、Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities.青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位、权利、特权、和责任所取代。

4.1 privilege英/?pr?v?l?d?/ 美/?pr?v?l?d?/n. 特权；优待vt. 给予…特权；特免

5、It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. 从12岁生日起到21岁生日这九年之间，逐渐去除了儿童时代受到的保护和限制和较低的社会地位，同时又逐渐被赋予成年人的权利和责任。

5.1 restrictive英/r?'str?kt?v/ 美/r?'str?kt?v/n. 限制词adj. 限制的；限制性的；约束的

6、The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. 人到了12岁就不再被看作孩子，乘火车、飞机、或去剧院、电影院时必须买全票。

6.1 fare英/fe?/ 美/f?r/n. 票价；费用；旅客；食物vi. 经营；进展；遭遇；过活

7、Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. 基本上可以这样说，这一年龄的个人失去了儿童的特权，却没有得到明显的成年人权利。

8、At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver`s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. 16岁的青少年会得到某些成人的权利，通过得到更多的自由和选择而提高社会地位。他可以获得驾照；可以离开公立学校；可以不再受童工法的限制。9、At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.18岁时，他可以得到法律认可的成人权利和义务；可以参军，可以在不得到父母的允许的情况下结婚。21岁时，他会得到成年人完全的法律权利。

10、He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.他可以投票，可以买酒，可以签署商业合同，可以有权竞选公职。进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。

10.1 liquor英/'l?k?/ 美/'l?k?/n. 酒，含酒精饮料；溶液；液体；烈酒vt. 使喝醉vi. 喝酒，灌酒

10.2 financial英/fa?'n?n?(?)l; f?-/ 美/fa??n?n??l;f??n?-/adj. 金融的；财政的，财务的

10.3 contract英/'k?ntr?kt/ 美/'kɑntr?kt/n. 合同；婚约v 收缩；感染；订约

10.4 entitle英/?n'ta?t(?)l; en-/ 美/?n'ta?tl/vt. 称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利is entitled to 有权利做

11、None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence. 所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。

11.1 provision英/pr?'v??(?)n/ 美/pr?'v??n/n. 规定；条款；准备；[经] 供应品vt. 供给…食物及必需品

1991 Text 3

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1、Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. 大部分生长的植物，其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。C?R?巴恩斯认为，把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。

1.1 compose英/k?m'p??z/ 美/k?m'poz/vt. 构成；写作；使平静；排…的版vi. 组成；作曲；排字

1.2 brick英/br?k/ 美/br?k/n. 砖，砖块；砖形物；心肠好的人adj. 用砖做的；似砖的vt. 用砖砌

2、Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. 当然，植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。

2.1 essential英/?'sen?(?)l/ 美/?'s?n?l/n. 本质；要素；要点；必需品adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的

3、The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. 来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前，必须先溶解于水。

3.1 mineral英/'m?n(?)r(?)l/ 美/'m?n?r?l/n. 矿物；（英）矿泉水；无机物；苏打水（常用复数表示）adj. 矿物的；矿质的

3.2 element英/'el?m(?)nt/ 美/'?l?m?nt/n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境

3.3 dissolve英/d?'z?lv/ 美/d?'zɑlv/n. 叠化画面；画面的溶暗vt. 使溶解；使分解；使液化vi. 溶解；解散；消失

4、They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. 它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。

5、The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. 空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子，但在和一部分水结合生成单糖（构成植物体最基本的材料）之前也必须先溶于水。

5.1 dioxide英/da?'?ksa?d/ 美/da?'ɑksa?d/n. 二氧化物

6、Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. 植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。

7、Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.植物的结构部分（如生长不活跃的木质茎）的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。

7.1 tissue英/'t??u?; 't?sju?/ 美/'t??u/n. 组织；纸巾；薄纱；一套vt. 饰以薄纱；用化妆纸揩去

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1、The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. 但是，植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。

2、The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves.借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）以形成单糖的过

程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。这一过程主要发生在叶子上。

2.1 photosynthesis英/,f??t?(?)'s?nθ?s?s/ 美/,foto's?nθ?s?s/n. 光合作用

2.2 in the presence of在…面前；有某人在场

2.3 derive英/d?'ra?v/ 美/d?'ra?v/vt. 源于；得自；获得vi. 起源

3、The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. 叶子表面并非固体，而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。

3.1 minute英/'m?n?t/ 美/'m?n?t/n. 分，分钟；片刻，一会儿；备忘录，笔记；会议记录adj. 微小的，详细的[ma??nju?t; US -?nu?t; ma?ˋnut]vt. 将…记录下来4、The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. 这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。

4.1 vapor英/?ve?p?(r)/ 美/?ve?p?r/n. 蒸汽；烟雾vt. 使……蒸发；使……汽化vi. 蒸发；吹牛；沮丧

5、Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. 由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少（3-4‰），且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态（80oF时，饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽），所以，植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。

5.1 trace英/tre?s/ 美/tres/n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量；[仪] 迹线；缰绳vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯vi. 追溯；沿路走

5.2 quantity英/'kw?nt?t?/ 美/'kwɑnt?ti/n. 量，数量；大量；总量

5.3 saturation英/s?t??'re??(?)n/ 美/'s?t??'re??n/n. 饱和；色饱和度；浸透；磁化饱和

6、Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. 实际上，因为风和其他因素的影响，损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。

6.1 proportion英/pr?'p???(?)n/ 美/pr?'p?r??n/n. 比例，占比；部分；面积；均衡vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊

6.2 relative英/'rel?t?v/ 美/'r?l?t?v/n. 亲戚；相关物；[语] 关系词；亲缘植物adj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的relative concentrations相对浓度

6.3 concentration英/k?ns(?)n'tre??(?)n/ 美/'kɑnsn'tre??n/n. 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合

7、Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).另外，并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。

7.1 synthesize英/'s?nθ?sa?z/ 美/'s?nθ?sa?z/vt. 合成；综合vi. 合成；综合

7.2 carbohydrate英/kɑ?b?'ha?dre?t/ 美/,kɑrbo'ha?dret/n. [有化] 碳水化合物；[有化] 糖类