知识点总结之二战后的美国
二战后美国确立了经济霸主地位
1945---1970（二十世纪五六十年代）：美国经济处于黄金时代。这一时期共历4位总统：哈里·杜鲁门与艾森豪威尔注重以解决就业问题来促进生产和消费，并保持财政预算平衡；肯尼迪与约翰逊分别提出“新边疆”和“伟大社会”施政纲领，把大规模赤字财政作为经常性政策。这一时期应用凯恩斯主义经济理论：是有效需求决定论，主张充分就业，刺激消费需求；运用货币政策扩大投资需求，加强国家干预经济，促进经济发展。
1970----1980（二十世纪七十年代）：美国经济发展的萧条时期，这一时期美国经济停滞、通货膨胀严重。。这一时期受石油危机影响，美国经济陷入“滞胀”困境。理查德·尼克松、福特与卡特交替使用紧缩财政政策和赤字财政政策，无法摆脱“滞涨”困境，凯恩斯主义失灵。
1981---1990（二十世纪八十年代）：调整复苏阶段。罗纳德·里根；乔治·布什。大规模削减政府开支和紧缩货币；大规模减税和加大国防开支。1982年底，美国经济开始回升并持续增长，通胀和失业状况得到缓解，造成“四高”局面并存。20世纪90年代：克林顿执政期间采用“新经济”政策（必修二P123）。创下美
国经济发展史上的新纪录，通货膨胀问题被解决，巨额财政赤字消失，出现了29年以来首次巨大的财政盈余，失业率降到３０年来的最低，企业利润大增，市场繁荣，出口猛增，股市繁荣。
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
2019年美国地理知识点总结
2019年美国地理知识点总结 地理其实并不难学，而美国地理知识点更是相对简单，下面美国地理知识点总结是为大家整理的，在这里跟大家分享一下。 美国 1、西半球包括北美洲和南美洲，两洲分界线为巴拿马运河。一般把加拿大和美国称为北美，美国以南地区称拉丁美洲。 2、印第安人是美国土著居民，各国移民在美国形成了美利坚民族，美国全称美利坚合众国，国旗为星条旗。 3、美国主要人种为白种人，黑种人次之。在旧金山、洛杉矶和纽约有“唐人街”美国社会存在在种族歧视。 4、美国地形南北纵列分布，平原面积占全国一半以上，耕地面积占世界耕地面积的10%。科迪勒拉山系是世界上最大山系。 5、世界河流按长度排列：尼罗河、亚马孙河、长江、密西西比河。五大湖是世界上最大淡水湖群，通过圣劳伦斯河注入大西洋。苏必利尔湖为面积最大的淡水湖。密歇根湖全在美国境内。
6、美国农业生产实现了专业化和机械化，形成农业带,初中语文，主要农业带有玉米带、小麦带和乳畜带。需进口热带农产品。 7、硅谷是美国最大的高新技术产业中心，位于旧金山东南面，生产硅片著名。美国首都华盛顿，最大城市纽约，火箭城休斯敦，汽车城底特律。美国是世界上最大的资源消耗和废物排放国。 城市：A圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山)B洛杉矶、C休斯敦、D首都华盛顿E纽约、F底特律。 河流、湖泊、海洋：①密西西比河，②圣劳伦斯河③苏必利尔湖④密歇根湖⑤大西洋⑥墨西哥湾⑦太平洋 国家、地区： G加拿大H墨西哥I阿拉斯加州 山脉： ⑾科迪勒拉山系⑿落基山⒀阿巴拉契亚山 地形：
东部为山地，中部为平原，西部为高原和山地 (1)位置和居民美国领土的主要部分在北美洲中部，北接加拿大，南临墨西哥湾，并与墨西哥接壤。东面是大西洋，西面是太平洋。北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加与太平洋上的夏威夷也是美国领土。全国而积936万平方千米，人口约2.7亿。美国居民绝大部分是欧洲白种人移民的后裔。有色人种居民有黑人、印第安人等。华人和华侨也不少。 (2)矿产资源美国的矿产资源丰富，主要有煤、铁。石油、铜、铅。锌等。 (3)农业的现代化和专门化美国是世界上的农业大国。它生产的小麦、大豆、玉米、棉花、烟草、乳肉等都居世界前列，不仅能满足本国需要，还有大量粮食出口，成为世界上输出农产品最多的国家。 美国从事农业的人，不到全国人口的3%。农业生产过程中的耕种、灌溉、施肥、锄草、收割、脱粒、贮藏、运输全部机械化，效率高，产量大。
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学史总结
Part I The Literature of Co Ion ial Amer ica （殖民地时期的文学） Chap ter 1 John Smith约翰.史密斯 1. A True Relatio n of Such Occurre nces and Accide nts of Note as Hath Happe ned in Virgi nia Si nee the First Pla nting of That Colo ny 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608） 2. A Map of Virgi nia with a Description of the Cou ntry 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡 村的描述》（1612） 3. The Gen eral History of Virgi nia. New En gla nd, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚 通史》（1624） Chapter 2 William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德） Of Plymouth Pla ntatio n 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826） Joh n Win throp （约翰.温思罗普） The History of New En gla nd from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3 Joh n Cotton （约翰.科登） Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯） A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地 区土着居民语言指南》 Chapter 4 Anne Bradstreet （安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家） The Te nth Muse Lately Spru ng Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家） Psalms《诗篇》 Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution （理性和革命时期文学） Chapter 5 Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林） 1. Poor Richard ' s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版） 2. The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Fran klin & Jeffers on 杰弗逊） 3. The Autobiography 《自传》 4. Collect Works 《作品选集》 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因） 1. The Caseof the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet） 2. Com mon Se nse《常识》（1776） 3. The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “ Com mon Sens” ） 4. Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791 年，II 1792 年） 5. The Age of Reas on 《理性时代》 6. Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要着作）Chapter 7
人教版七年级地理下册《西半球的国家》知识点归纳
《西半球的国家》知识点归纳 第一节美国 1、美国概况：共有48个州和一个特区，海外州是北极圈附近的阿拉斯加州和北回归线附近的夏威夷州。 美国本土大部分处在北温带，只有阿拉斯加大部分位于北寒带，夏威夷州在热带。美国位于北半球和西半球，本土西临①—太平洋，东临②—大西洋，南临③—墨西哥湾，北与加拿大相邻，西南与墨西哥相邻；阿拉斯加临北冰洋和太 平洋；夏威夷位于太平洋北回归线附近。2、移民国家：外来移民大汇集。美国是世界第三人口大国，人口构成主要有欧洲白人后裔（占84%）、亚洲移民后裔（黄种人）、黑人（13%，祖先是被当作奴隶贩卖来的） 土著居民是印第安人（黄色人种），数量已不多；华人和华侨在美国将近160万，华人和华侨最多的城市是旧金山、洛杉玑和纽约。 3、农业特点地区专业化的好处：利于大规模机械化生产；利于提高农业生产效率；利于因地制宜发展农业。 4、地形：地（阿巴拉契亚山）。平原面积占全国总面积的一半以上，耕地广大。 5、农业主要灌溉水源有：最大的淡水湖）。 6、美国发展农业的有利条件： ①地理位置：美国幅员辽阔，本土大部分处在温带和亚热带，夏
威夷州位于热带，热量充足，有利于发展农业生产。美国本土三面临海，受海洋影响，气候温暖湿润，对农业生产十分有利。 ②地形：美国地形以平原为主，平原面积占全国总面积的1/2以上，耕地广大，约占世界耕地面积的10%，土壤肥沃，对农业发展有利。 ③气候：美国气候以温带大陆性气候为主，又有多样性的特点。 温带大陆性气候的高温期与多雨期一致，美国年降水量从东南向西北递减，落基山以东地区降水量在500mm以上，水分条件较好。 ④美国河湖众多：密西西比河是世界第四长河，它纵贯美国中部，水量大，流域面积广，五大湖是世界最大的淡水湖群。 密西西比河和五大湖为农业灌溉提供了良好的条件。美国在其优越的自然条件的基础上，大力发展农业，成为世界上的农业大国，许多农产品的生产量和出口量居世界前列。美国是世界上出口农产品最多的国家。玉米和大豆的产量和出口量都居世界第一位。 ③② 8、美国的工业 （1）、世界高新技术产业的基地：美国是世界第一经济强国，工业现代化的程度高，工业部门齐全，产值世界前列，新产品种类丰富，产量大，许多工业产品量居世界前列，是世界上最发达的工业国家，是美国成为第一经济强国的关键因素，美国始终注重发展知识经济，大力发展知识密集型为主的高新技术产业。
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
中国区域地理知识点总结
、中国位置、疆域、行政区域 一、中国的地理位置 中国位于北半球、东半球：亚洲东部，太平洋西岸，亚欧大陆东部，海陆兼备陆域和陆疆。 1.海陆位置：亚洲东部，太平洋西岸，海陆兼备 2.领土四至：最北53度N 最南4度N 最东135度E 最西73度E 3.经纬跨度：大部分温带，少带热带，没有寒带。采用北京东八区时间 4.陆上疆界：自鸭绿江河口至北仓河口 5.海域和海疆：东临渤海、黄海、东海、南海及台湾岛东部太平洋海区，与6周隔海相望 6.中国内海：渤海 二、中国的国土构成 陆地面积960万平方千米，管辖300万平方千米海域 三、中国的行政区划 省、县、乡三级。省级23个省，5个自冶区，4个直辖市，2个特别行政区 2、中国人口和民族 一、我国人口概况 1、人口总数：世界上人口最多的国家13亿 2、人口分布特点：1）东南多，西北少2）平原盆地多，山地、高原少 3、人口特点：基数大；增长快；农业地区多，林牧业地区少；开发旱地多，开发晚地区少；沿江、滨海、沿铁路干线多，交通不便地区少。 二、民族分布特点 1、大杂居中，小聚居 2、汉族遍及全国，集中在东部，中部，少数民族分布在西北、西南、东北 3、中国地形 一、中国地势的特征 1、地形多种多样，以高原、山地为主： 地势西高东低，呈三级分布，一二级分界线：昆仑山――阿尔金山――祁连山－横断山：二三级分界级：大兴安岭――太行山――巫山――雪峰山 二、中国各有类地形的特征和分布 1.主要山脉 东西走向：天山－阿山昆仑山－－秦岭，南岭 东南－西南走向：大兴安岭－太行山－巫山―雪峰山，长白山－武夷山－台湾山脉 西北－东南走向：阿尔泰山，台湾山脉 南北走向，贺兰山，横断山，台湾山脉 弧形山脉，喜马拉雅山 2、四大高原 青藏高原：地势高，面积大，多雪山，冰川，河源
世界地理北美美国知识总结
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美国文学史复习资料要点汇总整编【手动】
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美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
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中国区域地理知识点归纳
中国区域地理知识点归纳（一） 第一节〖中国的地形〗 地形的总体特征。各类地形的特征和分布。地形对中国自然环境和经济发展的影响。中国地震带和火山的分布。 第二节〖中国的气候〗 冬、夏季气温分布特点及其成因。年降水量的分布特点及其成因。季风活动对降水的影响。季风区和非季风区。气候的主要特征。主要气象灾害及其对生产、生活的影响。 第三节〖中国的河流、湖泊和海洋〗 外流区和内流区。主要河流及其水文特征。湖泊的分布。主要湖泊。 长江概况；水系及水文特征；经济意义；开发利用和治理。 黄河概况；水系及水文特征；经济意义；开发利用和治理。 珠江的水系组成和水文特征。红水河水能资源的开发利用。 京杭运河概况。 知识要点 第一节中国的地形 在学习中国主要地形时，应结合中国空白政区图，先将山脉画到图上，并写上名称，然后再填写出其两侧相应的地形区名称。 ⒈地势：西高东低，呈三级阶梯状 阶梯界线主要地形海拔 一昆、祁、横高原、盆地4000米以上 二三大高原、三大盆地1000－2000米 三大、太、巫、雪三大平原、三大丘陵500米以下 第三级阶梯向东，是我国大陆向海洋自然延伸的部分，是属于我国的近海大陆架，它包括渤海、黄海的全部，东海的大部分和南海的一部分。大陆架蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源（如石油、天然气）、海洋生物资源和化学资源等。 ⒉地势意义：――水汽输入、水运沟通、水能丰富（即“三水”） 地势决定河流流向，有利于海洋上湿润气流深入内地，形成降水；使我国许多大河滚滚东流，沟通东西交通，方便沿海和内地的经济联系，同时阶梯交界处落差大、水能资源丰富,但不利航运。［补充］位于我国一级阶梯和二级阶梯交界线上的水电站主要有：黄河的龙羊峡、刘家峡、李家峡等，长江及其支流上的龚嘴、二滩等；位于我国二、三级阶梯上的水电站有：黄河的小浪底等，长江上的三峡、葛洲坝等，西江上游的天生桥、龙滩、岩滩等。 ⒊地形特点：――地形多种多样，山区面积广大 五种基本类型都有，但以山地33%为多，高原26%，盆地19%，平原12%，丘陵10%，山区即包括山地、丘陵、崎岖高原部分占三分之二。 意义： ①有利影响：地形多种多样，为我国因地制宜发展多种经营提供了有利条件。如平原具有发展种植业的优势，高原具有发展畜牧业的良好条件，山区在发展林业、副业、旅游业和采矿业等方面具有优势。（我国山区面积广大，森林、矿产、水力、旅游资源丰富，所以在山区应大力发展林业，采矿业及旅游业。） ②不利影响：山区多，平原少，也给大规模商品化生产、生产管理带来了困难；同时，山区由于地形崎岖，交通闭塞，经济文化常常相对落后，并造成耕地资源不足。 总结：不同的地形区有不同的自然条件，利用方式也不同。如湿润半湿润的平原适宜发展耕作业；山区适宜发展林业、畜牧业和旅游业；干旱、半干旱的平原、高原则适宜发展畜牧业；干旱、半干旱区只有在有水灌溉的绿洲区、平原区才可发展种植业。 ⒋主要山脉：（落实到地图上） ⑴东北--西南走向，最西列是大兴安岭－太行山－－巫山－雪峰山；中间－列是长白山－武夷山；最东列是台湾山脉,其主峰玉山是我国东南沿海最高的山峰。 ⑵东西走向，最北列是天山－阴山；中间－列是昆仑山－秦岭；最南列是南岭。 ［注意］秦岭是划分我国南方与北方的重要地理界线。秦岭南北的自然地理环境、社会经济发展
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从内力作用的角度，简述加利福尼亚州中央谷地形成的过程。 板块相碰撞挤压，地壳断裂陷落 分析加利福尼亚州中央谷地北部降水多、南部降水少的原因。 北部受西风带影响时间较长，降水较多；南部受西风带影响时间较短，降水较少 分析加利福尼亚州中央谷地冬季经常出现大雾的原因。 封闭地形，受外界气流扰动小；冬季正值谷地雨季且气温较低，空气湿润；湿润气流进入谷地下沉增温，与较冷地面相遇形成大雾 说明加利福尼亚州中央谷地成为美国“果菜篮”的理由。 夏季光热充足，昼夜温差大，水果、蔬菜品质佳； 临近美国太平洋沿岸城市带，消费市场广阔； 海运便利，有利于蔬菜、水果外运 简述加利福尼亚州中央谷地成为重要农业区的优势条件。 纬度较低，光照、热量条件好； 谷地地形，地形平坦； 土壤肥沃； 河流提供灌溉水源； 人口多，城市化水平高，市场广阔； 技术先进；交通便捷 加州是美国高新技术最发达的地区，这里发展高新技术产业的优势条件是_ 技术先进；环境优美
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名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.