特殊句式专题

特殊句式专题

一．倒装

1.完全倒装（full inversion):谓语动词完全位于主语之前的句子

（1）表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语位于句首（常见的有there/here , now/then, out/in, up/down,thus/away等)

eg：Out rushed the children.

Away flew the plane.

(2）such做表语置于句首时

eg: Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist.

Note:此句型such后的be 动词应与be动词后的主语保持一致

eg:Such are the facts; no one can deny them.

2.部分倒装（partial inversion）：只把谓语的一部分（多为情态动词、助动词、系动词）置于主语的前面，其基本结构为（情态动词/助动词/系动词+主语+谓语+其他部分）

（1）only 修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句，且放在句首时

eg:Only in this way can we learn English well.

Note:---在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，需要找助动词来构成倒装

eg:He learned the news only after the war.→Only after the war did he learn the news.

----only 修饰状语从句时，从句不倒装，主句需要倒装

eg:Only when he returned did we find out the truth.

----only 修饰主语时不倒装

eg:Only he can answer the question.

(2)否定副词位于句首（never、nor、not、hardly、little、seldom、few等）

eg:I have never seen such a moving film before.→Never before have i seen such a moving film.

(3)六个部分倒装的固定句型

1. 。。。。。；so + be/have//助动词/情态动词/+主语，“。。。。。也是如此”

eg: They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.

Note: (1).....该句型也可写成。。。。。，and so +be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语或So +be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语

(2)如果句意不是“。。。。也是如此。”，而是对前面内容的肯定和附和（此时so=indeed)，那么句子不倒装

eg: I was afraid .------So was i. I was afraid .-----So you were.

2......; neither/ nor +be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语，“。。。。。也不这样”

eg: Lily can't ride; neither/nor can Lucy.

Note: 此句型还可以写成。。。。。。，and neither/nor +be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语或Neither/Nor +be.have/助动词/情态动词+主语

3.。。。。So+ adj/adv.........that....如果。。。。以至于。。。

eg: So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.

4.Neither ............, nor....." 不。。。。。也不。。。。”（前后均需倒装）

5.Not only/just.... ,but (also)....."不仅。。。而且。。。”/ Not only......bu t....as well

eg: Not only will help be given to people to find jobs ,but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.

6.not until+时间状语从句位于句首，主句半倒装

eg: Not until he returned did we have super .= We didn't have super until he returned.

3.形式倒装：语法上称之为前置，只是把强调的内容提到句首，主谓并不倒装，重点掌握四个句型

（1）感叹句

eg: What an interesting talk they have!

(2) the more ......the more.....句型

eg: The more you listen to English ,the easier it becomes.

(3) whatever, however+adj/adv 引导的让步状语从句，以及as与though引导的让步状语从句

eg: You can buy whatever you can afford.

However difficulty the problem may be ,we must work it out.

Young as/though he is ,he has much experience.

二．强调结构

一．强调句型：it is/was +被强调部分+that+其他成分

1.强调人时可用who作连词，强调其他任何部分用that 。强调的可以是单词、短语和句子。（此句型不用于强调定语和谓语）eg: (1)It is I who am right.

(2)It was him that we met at the school gate.

(3)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.

2.强调句型的一般疑问句的形式

eg: Was it in 1939 that Second World War broke out?

3.强调句型的特殊疑问句形式

eg: When was it that Second World War broke out?

4.有时也用It might be /it must have been …..that…..句型表示强调

eg: It might be his father that you are thinking of.

5.not until 句型的强调句型结构：it is /was not until +被强调部分+that+其他成分

eg: He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock .=It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed.

二．谓语动词的强调

eg: Do come this evening.

三．省略

一．定语从句中的省略情况：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略；当先行词时time/reason/place时，关系副词when/why/where也可以省略。

eg: This is the first time (when)he had trouble with the boss.

二．状语从句的省略情况

1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，常常有以下几种结构：

（1）连词（as/as if/once）+名词

eg: Once (he was) a teacher ,he now works in a government office.

(2) 连词（though/whether/when）+形容词

eg: Work hard when (you are) young, or you will regret.

(3)连词（when/though/while）+现在分词

eg: While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.

（4）连词（whether/as if/while ）+介词短语

eg: He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something.

(5) 连词（when/if/even if/unless/once/until/than/as）+过去分词

eg: The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.

(6) 连词（as if/ as though）+不定式

eg: He opened his lips as if (he were)to speak.

NOTE:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略

eg: Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.

二．当从句的主语是it，谓语动词又含有系动词be时，可以把it和be一起省略。此时构成连词（if/unless/when等）+形容词结构

eg: Unless (it is ) necessary ,you’d better not refer to the dictionary.

NOTE:另外我们还可以用so或not 代替上文内容，构成if so/if not 的省略句式

eg: Get up early tomorrow. If not(don’t get up early),you will miss the first bus.

He may not be at home then, if so(he is at home),leave him a note.

三．动词不定式的省略：单独使用不定式符号to

(1)代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常常在be afraid/ expect/forget/hope/intend/like/love等后边

eg: I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.

(2)在have / need/ ought/ be going to /used 等后边

eg: I didn’t want to go there, but I have to.

(3)在某些形容词glad/happy/pleased/等后边

eg: Will you join in the game?---------I’d be glad to.

(4)否定的形式用“not to”

eg: Shall I go instead of him?------I prefer not to.

(5)如果不定式中含有be/ have/ have been/.通常要保留它们

eg: Are you a sailor?---No, but I used to be.

He hasn’t finished yet.-----Well, he ought to have.

反义疑问句

反义疑问句：它由两部分构成，一部分是陈述句，另一部分是附加在陈述句后面的一种简短的问句，又叫疑问尾句或附加疑问句。疑问尾句与陈述句之间用逗号隔开，且它的主语总是使用代词，这个代词要与前面陈述句的主语保持一致。一般情况下，肯定的陈述句后面跟否定的附加疑问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加疑问句。

一．陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句

1. 当must作“必须”讲时，其反意部分用needn’t

eg: You must go now, need n’t you?

2. 当陈述部分含有mustn’t(不允许，禁止)时，反意部分用must/may

eg: You mustn’t smoke here, must/ may you?

3. 当must表示推测。作“一定，准是”讲时，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据must后面的动词形式确定

eg: (1) You must be hungry now, aren’t you ?

(2) You must have heard about it, haven’t you ?

(3)You must have watched that football match last night , didn’t you ?(因为陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语)

二．陈述部分含有used to 的反意疑问句：反意部分用“usedn’t或didn’t均可

eg: You used to sleep with the windows open, usedn’t/didn’t you?

三．陈述部分含有ought to 的反意疑问句：反意部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t均可

eg: He ought to attend the lecture, oughtn’t/shouldn’t he?

四．陈述部分含有否定词和半否定词的反意疑问句，反意部分的动词要用肯定式

eg: He could hardly walk without a stick , could he?

五．陈述部分含有由否定意义的前缀构成的词，其反意部分的谓语一般用否定式

eg: Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesn’t he?

六．含有宾语从句的反意疑问句

1. 当陈述部分带有宾语从句时，反意部分的主语应和主句的主语保持一致

eg: He said that he would come to my birthday party, didn’t he?

2. 但是当主句的谓语动词为I think/ I believe/ I suppose/ I expect/ I imagine等时，反意部分的主语和谓语动词均应和宾语从

句的主语和谓语保持一致

eg: I don’t believe he will succeed , will he ?

七．祈使句的反义疑问句：祈使句后的附加疑问句，不表示一种反意而是表示一种语气，常见结构：

1. 否定的祈使句，+ will you ?

肯定的祈使句，+ will/won’t you ?

2. let’s …….. , + shall we?

Let us…….. , + will you?

Let + 第三人称….. , + will you ?

eg: (1) Open the door, will / won’t you ?

(2) Let’s go out for a walk , shall we ?

(3) Let us go home now , will you ?

八．否定句反义疑问句的回答

eg: You aren’t a teacher , are you ?

------- Yes , I am (不，我是。)

------- No, I am not .（对，我不是。）

九．双重疑问句的形式：特殊疑问词+ do you think / believe / suppose/ guess等+ 主语+ 谓语

eg: What do you think has happened to him?

十．反意疑问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上要保持一致的几种情况

陈述部分主语附加问句的主语例句

One(指人) One / he One can’t be careful enough, can he

/

One?

this / that / these / those It / they This isn’t a fast train , is it ?

These are not your books, are

they?

everything

nothing/anything/something

It Nothing happened to him, did it ?

everyone/everybody/someone/somebody / no one / nobody/ anyone /anybody he / they(更常见) Everybody agreed to the plan ,didn’t

He / they ?

动词不定式、动名词、其他短语It Learning English takes a lot of time,

doesn’t it ?

there be 句型be / 情态动词/ 助动词+ there There is no doubt about it , is there?

祈使句和感叹句

一．祈使句：表示请求命令等。它的主语一般是you，（听话人），通常不需要说出来。它的谓语一律用动词原形。祈使句的末尾用感叹号或句点，句子读成降调。

1. 祈使句的否定式和强调式

eg: Don’t open the window.

Do come on time this evening.

2. 带主语的祈使句

（1）为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令、要求时需要加上主语“you”，有时候还可以加呼语

eg: Tom , you water the flowers!

（2）在表达厌烦、不高兴等情绪时，可以带主语“you”

（3）祈使句的主语除了可以用”you”外，还可以用“everybody/ everyone/ somebody/ someone等，它们的位置可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾；放在句首时，即使不用逗号与谓语分开，谓语也不受“第三人称单数”的影响

eg: Someone answer the phone!

二．感叹句

1.基本构成

（1）what + a / an + adj + 单数可数名词+ 主+ 谓

eg: What a clever boy he is !

NOTE: 当名词为不可数名词时，（weather / advice / news / progress / information / fun 等）时，应去掉a / an

eg: What fine weather we are having today!

（2）what + adj + 名词的复数+ 主+ 谓

eg: What beautiful flowers these are !

（3）how + adj ./ adv . + 主+ 谓

eg: How high the mountain is ! / How difficult a problem it is !

3. 省略形式的感叹句

（1）How + 主+ 谓

eg: How we love our motherland !

（2）省略主语和谓语

eg: What an interesting book !

（3）其他形式的感叹句

eg: How can you be so silly !

There be 句型（表示“存在”）

1，there be 句型的构成：there be + sb. / sth. + somewhere / sometime

eg: There is a shop at the corner.

2.there be 句型的基本时态：常用的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。

eg: There will be a meeting this evening .

3.there 与be 之间可以根据需要用上适当的情态动词，there may / must / can, etc. + be + ....结构

eg: There must be some people in the room .

4.there be 句型中的be 前面可用一些半助动词，如：be about to / be certain to / be going to / be likely to / be to / had better / have to / used to / appear to / seem to / happen to 等

eg: There used to be a grocery store on the corner .

5.there be 中的be 动词可用：stand / lie / come / exist / fall / follow / live / occur / remain / 等来替换，这些词有自己的时态和语态

eg: There lies a river in front of the village.

6.there to be 的用法：（1）用作动词的宾语，即复合结构，表示一种目前没有实现的愿望

eg: Would you like there to be a market near your home?

(2) 用于it be + adj. + for .....句型中

eg：It is impossible for there to be any mistakes.

7.there being 的用法：（1）做介词的复合宾语（除了for），通常表示已经存在的事情

eg: The Chinese are proud of there being the Great Wall in the north of China.

（2）there being 还可以用作独立主格结构，起着副词的作用，在句中作状语

eg: There being nothing to do , we went home disappointedly.

8.there be no doing 表示“不可能做。。。。。”

eg: There is no holding back the wheel of history .

There is no saying what she is up to .

9.there be 句型中，谓语动词应该和后面的主语在数上保持一致。如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词应和它最近的那个主语保持一致，也就是所谓的“谓语动词就进原则”

eg: There is only a table , four chairs and a bed in the room.