2014年414植物生理学与生物化学农学真题及答案

2014 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考植物生理学与生物化学试题解析

植物生理学

一、单项选择题：1～15小题，每小题1 分，共15分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

1．磷脂酶C 作用于质膜上的磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸，产生的胞内第二信使是

A.肌醇二磷酸和三酰甘油

B.肌醇三磷酸和二酰甘油

C.肌醇二磷酸和二酰甘油

D.肌醇三磷酸和三酰甘油

【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】考察植物信号转导系统。

2．植物细胞壁中含量最高的矿质元素是

A.镁

B.锌

C.钙

D.铁

【参考答案】C

【考查知识点】考察细胞壁的成分。

3．植物细胞膜上通道蛋白运输离子的特点是

A.顺电化学势梯度进行，有饱和效应

B.顺电化学势梯度进行，无饱和效应

C.逆电化学势梯度进行，有饱和效应

D.逆电化学势梯度进行，无饱和效应

【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】离子通道的特性

4．当土壤中却钼时，植物通常也表现出

A.缺氮症状

B.缺磷症状

C.缺钙症状

D.缺镁症状【参考答案】A 【考查知识点】钼是硝酸还原酶的组分，缺乏会导致确氮症状5．筛管受伤时，能及时堵塞筛孔的蛋白质是

A.扩张蛋白

B.肌动蛋白

C.G蛋白

D.P蛋白

【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】P 蛋白的功能6．根的向重力性生长过程中，感受重力的部位是A.静止中心B.根冠C.分生区D.伸长区

【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】向重力性的感应部位7．植物抗氰呼吸途径中的交替氧化酶位于

A.线粒体内膜上

B.线粒体基质中

C.细胞质基质中

D.过氧化物酶体膜上【参考答案】A

【考查知识点】末端氧化酶的位置

8．植物吐水现象说明

A.水分向上运输的动力是蒸腾拉力

B.根系水势高于土壤溶液水势

C.内聚力保持了导管水柱的连续性

D.根系中存在使水分向上运输的压力【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】水分向上运输的动力

9．在光照温度和水分适宜的条件下植物处于CO2补偿点时

A.净光合速率为零

B.净光合速率等于呼吸速率

C.真正光合速率为零

D.净光合速率最大

【参考答案】A

【考查知识点】CO2的补偿点

10．植物受病菌侵染时呼吸作用的变化表现为

A.呼吸速率增强，PPP增强

B.呼吸速率增强，PPP降低

C.呼吸速率降低，PPP增强

D.呼吸速率降低，PPP降低

【参考答案】A

【考查知识点】病害导致呼吸作用的变化

11．植物光合作用每光解2mol 水，理论上需要吸收的光量子是

A.4mol

B.6mol

C.8mol

D.12mol

【参考答案】A

【考查知识点】光反应

12．生水素可诱导细胞壁酸化，其原因是生长素激活了

A .P型H-ATP酶B.V型H-ATP酶C.过氧化物酶D.纤维素酶++

【参考答案】A

【考查知识点】酸生长学说

13．以下关于植物光敏素的叙述错误的是

A.光敏素是一种易溶于水的蓝色蛋白质

B.日光下光敏素主要以

Pr 形式存在C.光敏素的发色团是链状四吡咯环D .Prf是光敏素的生理活性形式

参考答案】B

【考查知识点】光敏色素14．光呼吸过程中，丝氨酸的合成发生在A.叶绿体

B.线粒体

C.过氧化物酶体

D.细胞质基质

【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】光呼吸的反应部位15．下列物质中，不溶于植物激素的是A.

玉米素B.赤霉素C.生长素D.叶黄素

【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】植物激素

二、简答题：16～18小题，每小题8 分，共24分。16．比较初级主动

运输和次级主动运输的异同。

【参考答案】相同点：都属于主动运输，即在载体蛋白和能量的参与下逆着浓度梯度进行物质跨膜运输的过程。

不同点：初级主动运输是由质子泵执行的主动运输。质子泵直接利用ATP 分解产生的能量跨膜转运质子，形成质子电化学势梯度——质子动力。

次级主动运输是一类由质子泵与载体蛋白协同作用靠间接消耗ATP所完成

的主动运输方式。物质跨膜运动所需要的直接动力是由初级主动运输过程所产生的质子动力，它是一种共运输过程。

【考查知识点】细胞的主动运输过程

17．简述提高植物光能利用率的途径。

【参考答案】一、充分利用生长季：采取间作套种和轮作制度，合理安排茬口，改善农田群体结构，使田间作物保持有旺盛的群体，提高群体的光能利用率。

二、选育高光效的作物品种：选育光合作用强、呼吸消耗低、叶面积适当、

株型和叶型合理的品种。三、采取合理的栽培技术措施：在不倒伏和不妨碍通风透光的前提下，扩大群体的叶面积指数，并维持较长的功能期，使之有利于作物光合产物的积累和运输；

四、提高叶片的光合效率：如抑制光呼吸作用，补施二氧化碳肥料，人工调节光照时间等，均可增加光合能力，提高光合效率。

五、加强田间管理，改善作物群体的生态环境：包括水肥管理、及时除草、及时消灭病虫害、有效防御各种农业气象灾害等具体措施，都可以增加产量，提高光能利用率。

【考查知识点】

18．乙烯促进果实成熟的原因是什么？

【参考答案】乙烯是启动和促进果实成熟的激素。乙烯可以增加细胞膜透性，使氧气更易进入细胞，从而使呼吸作用加强，加快有机物转化。

【考查知识点】乙烯的作用

三、实验题：19小题。10 分。

19．下图是在大气CO

2 浓度条件下测得的植物光合作用量子产量的温度的响应曲线，请描述图示的实验结果，并根据所学植物生理学知识分析产生该结果的原因。

【参考答案】结果显示，在叶片处于较低温度（15 度）时，C3植物比

C4 植物的量子产量高；而随着叶片温度的升高，C3 植物的量子产量不断降低，在约32 度时与C4 植物相当；温度继续升高则C3 植物比C4植物的量子产量低。C4植物的量子产量随叶温升高略有提高或基本不变。

这是由于两类植物固定CO2的结构和机制不同导致的。C3 植物具有典型的叶片结构和叶绿体，可直接固定利用二氧化碳；而C4 植物具有较复杂的叶片结构和叶绿体，需消耗更多的能量来固定二氧化碳。因此在叶温较低时，C4 植物的光合效率较C3 植物弱。而随温度升高，叶片气孔逐渐关闭，CO2浓度降低，这时C4 植物就可利用较低浓度的CO2进行光合作用，而C3 植物则受此限制光合效率急剧下降。

【考查知识点】C3和C4 植物光合效率的比较

四、分析论述题：20～21 小题，每小题13 分，共26 分。

20．论述种子休眠的原因，打破种子休眠的措施有哪些？【参考答案】胚未完全成熟：银杏、人参等的种子采收时外部形态已近成熟，但胚尚未分化完全,仍需从胚乳中吸收养料,继续分化发育，直至完全成熟才能发芽。

种子未完全成熟：如樱桃、山楂、梨、苹果、小麦等种子胚的外部形态虽已具备成熟特征，但在生理上必须通过后熟过程，在种子内部完成一系列生理生化变化以后才能萌发。种皮的影响：主要是由种皮构造所引起的透性不良和机械阻力的影响。有的是种皮因具有栅状组织和果胶层而不透水，导致吸水困难，阻碍萌发（如豆科植物种子）；有的种皮虽可透水，但气体不易通过或透性甚低，因而阻碍了种子内的有氧代谢，使胚得不到营养而不能萌发（如椴树）。有些

“硬实”种子则是由于坚厚种皮的机械阻力，使胚芽不能穿过而阻止萌发（如苜蓿、三叶草）。

抑制物质的影响：有些种子不能萌发是由于种子或果实内含有萌发抑制剂，其化学成分因植物而异，如挥发油、生物碱、激素（如脱落酸）、氨、酚、醛等都有抑制种子萌发的作用。这些抑制剂存在于果汁中的如西瓜、番茄；存在于胚乳中的如鸢尾；存在于颖壳中的如小麦和野燕麦；存在于种皮的如桃树和蔷薇。它们大多是水溶性的，可通过浸泡冲洗逐渐排除；同时也不是永久性的，可通过贮藏过程中的生理生化变化，使之分解、转化、消除。

生产上通常用下列几种方法打破或解除休眠：① 低温处理。如壳斗科、蔷薇科、松科、柏科的种子可采用沙土层积法,在低温（0～10℃）、湿润和通气良好的层积下经过一段时间便可萌发。所需时间从几周到几个月不等，因植物种类而异。② 干燥处理。大麦种子在40℃高温下处理3～7 天，禾谷类和棉花等种子在播种前晒种，均可促进萌发。③ 曝光处理。如莴苣种子发芽需要曝光；有些杂草种子也只有耕翻到地面上曝光后才能发芽。④ 冲洗处理。

多用于因种子内存在抑制剂而造成的休眠。通过浸泡冲洗种子，可促进发芽。

⑤ 机械处理。

对硬实种子采用机械处理如切割、削破和擦伤种皮等可打破其休眠。⑥ 药剂处理。常用的化学药剂有过氧化氢等氧化剂和赤霉素、乙烯等激素。赤霉素可

逆转脱落酸引起的效应，打破由后者诱导的休眠；在低温条件下赤霉酸促进发芽的效果尤其明显。对三叶草种子可用极低浓度的乙烯解除休眠。

【考查知识点】种子休眠

21．植物根系感受到干旱信号后，其叶片气孔的开度会减小或关闭。试述在这一生理过程中信息传递和信号传导的途径。

【参考答案】答案要点：

一、干旱信号的感受。在根系植物细胞中具有双组份系统，其可根据膨压变化或膜受体的活性变化感知到干旱胁迫并将胞外信号转为胞内信号，引起ABA的合成。

二、信号的向上传递。根部合成的ABA 随蒸腾流向上运输至叶片，最终到达保卫细胞。

三、气孔运动的信号转导。ABA作用于保卫细胞的ABA 受体后，引起下游一系列的信号转导过程，最终使气孔关闭。其中包括：钙离子浓度变化，活性氧的产生，磷酸肌醇途径，蛋白激酶和磷酸酶，离子通道的活性变化等。例如钙离子浓度增加时，细胞膜去极化，刺激外向阴离子通道和外向钾离子通道的活性，并抑制内向钾离子通道的活性，细胞水势升高，膨压下降，气孔关闭。

【考查知识点】干旱胁迫下气孔关闭的信号传递

生物化学

五、单项选择题：22～36小题，每小题1分，共15 分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

22.下列科学家中，对揭示蛋白质螺旋结构做出显著贡献的是

A.D.E.Atkinson

B.J.B.Sumner

C.H.A.Krobs

D.L.C.Pauking

【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】蛋白质α螺旋结构的发现。

23.在下列构成蛋白质分子的氨基酸残基中，能够被酸化的是

A.缬氨酸残基

B.丝氨酸残基

C.丙氨酸残基

D.亮氨酸残基

【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】氨基酸残基的磷酸化。

24．在一个米氏酶催化的单底物反应中，当【S】远小于km 时，该反应的特点之一是A.反应速度最大B.反应速度与底物浓度成正比

C.反应速度达到最大反应速度的一半

D.反应速度与底物浓度成反比

【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】酶促反应动力学

25．下列辅助因子中，既能转移酰基，又能转移氢的是

A.NAD+

B.NADP+C硫. 辛酸D.四氢叶酸

【参考答案】C

【考查知识点】维生素与辅酶

26．下列维生素中，属于酰基载体蛋白组成成分的是

A.核黄素

B.叶酸

D.钴胺素

参考答案】A

【考查知识点】维生素与辅酶27．tRNA结构中，携带氨基酸的部位是

A.DHU环

B.3末'端CCA-OH

C.ΨTC环

D.反密码环【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】tRNA 结构28．下列酶中，能催化葡萄糖转变为6-磷酸葡萄糖的是 A.丙酮酸激酶 B.果糖磷酸激酶 C.葡萄糖磷酸醋酶 D.己糖激酶【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】糖酵解

29．将乙酰CoA 从线粒体转运至胞浆的途径是

A 三羧酸循环

B 磷酸甘油穿梭

C 苹果酸穿梭

D 柠檬酸穿梭【参考答案】

【考查知识点】柠檬酸穿梭30．下列反应过程中，发生氧化脱羧的是

A.乳酸→丙酮酸

B.α-酮戊二酸→琥珀酰CoA

C.丙酮酸→草酰乙酸

D.苹果酸→草酰乙酸【参考答案】B

【考查知识点】三羧酸循环31．下列三羧酸循环的酶中，以草酰乙酸为底物

的是A.柠檬酸合酶B.琥珀酸脱氢酶C.异柠檬酸脱氢酶D.顺乌头酸酶

参考答案】A

【考查知识点】三羧酸循环

32．软脂酸β-氧化分解途径中，丁酰辅酶A 脱氢酶存在的部位是A.线粒体的外膜上 B.线粒体的内膜上 C.胞浆中 D.线粒体的基质中【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】软脂酸代谢

33．下列化合物中，直接参与丁酰ACP合成己酰ACP过程的是

A.草酰乙酸

B.苹果酸

C.琥珀酰CoA

D.丙二酸单酰CoA 【参考答案】D 【考查知识点】饱和脂肪酸从头合成34．鸟类嘌呤代谢的终产物是

A.尿素

B.尿囊素

C.尿酸

D.尿囊酸

【参考答案】C

【考查知识点】嘌呤代谢

35．在逆转录过程中，逆转录酶首先是以

A.DNA为模板合成RNA

B. DNA为模板合成DNA

C.RNA为模板合成DNA

D.RNA为模板合成RNA

【参考答案】C

【考查知识点】逆转录

36．真核细胞中催化线粒体DNA 复制的酶是

A.DNA聚合酶α

B. DNA聚合酶β

C. DNA聚合酶γ

D. DNA聚合酶δ

【参考答案】D

【考查知识点】线粒体DNA 复制

六、简答题：37～39小题，每小题8 分，共24分。

37．简述酶的反竞争性抑制剂作用特点。

【参考答案】这种抑制作用使得Vmax，Km 都变小，但Vmax/Km 比值不变。

抑制剂不能与游离酶相结合，而只能与络合物ES相结合生成ESI络合

【考查知识点】酶的反竞争性抑制剂的特点

38．简述大肠杆菌DNA 半保留复制时后随链合成的主要特点。

【参考答案】后随链的引发过程由引发体来完成。引发体由6 种蛋白质构成，预引体或引体前体把这6 种蛋白质结合在一起并和引发酶或引物过程酶进一步组装形成引发体。引发体似火车头一样在后随链分叉的方向前进，并在模板上断断续续的引发生成滞后链的引物RNA短链，再由DNA聚合酶III 作用合成DNA，直至遇到下一个引物或冈崎片段为止。

【考查知识点】DNA半保留复制后随链合成

39．写出乙酰CoA 羧化酶组成成分的名称及该酶催化的总反应式。

【参考答案】这种酵素可分为3 个不同区域，分别是生物素载体蛋白、生物素羧化酶以及转羧酶

【考查知识点】乙酰辅酶a 羧化酶

七、实验题：40小题，10 分。40．请简要说明Folin-酚法测定蛋白质含量的原理。当用该法测定某一蛋白溶液的浓度时，发现因所用标准蛋白质种类不同，测定结果存在差异，请说明原因。

【参考答案】此法的显色原理与双缩脲方法是相同的，只是加入了第二种试剂，即Folin—酚试剂，以增加显色量，从而提高了检测蛋白质的灵敏度。这

两种显色反应产生深蓝色的原因是：在碱性条件下，蛋白质中的肽键与铜结合生成复合物。Folin—酚试剂中的磷钼酸盐—磷钨酸盐被蛋白质中的酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸残基还原，产生深蓝色（钼兰和钨兰的混合物）。在一定的条件下，蓝色深度与蛋白的量成正比。

Folin 试剂显色反应由酪氨酸、色氨酸和半胱氨酸引起，因此样品中若含有酚类、柠檬酸和巯基化合物均有干扰作用。此外，不同蛋白质因酪氨酸、色氨酸含量不同而使显色强度稍有不同

【考查知识点】Folin—酚试剂测蛋白质含量

八、分析论述题：41～42 小题，每小题13 分，共26 分。

41．研究表明，当细胞中软磷脂酸从头合成加快是，葡萄糖分解也加快。请分析葡萄糖分解加快的原因。

【参考答案】脂肪酸主要从乙酰CoA合成，凡是代谢中产生乙酰CoA 的物质，都是合成脂肪酸的原料，机体多种组织均可合成脂肪酸，肝是主要场所，脂肪酸合成酶系存在于线粒体外胞液中。但乙酰CoA 不易透过线粒体膜，所以需要穿梭系统将乙酰CoA转运至胞液中，主要通过柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环来完成。

脂酸的合成还需ATP、NADPH等，所需氢全部NADPH提供，NADPH主要来自磷酸戊糖通路。

【考查知识点】脂肪酸从头合成与糖类代谢

42．试分析真核生物呼吸链氧化磷酸化与糖酵解中底物水平磷酸化有何不同。

【参考答案】底物水平磷酸化是在被氧化物的底物上发生磷酸化作用即底物

被氧化过程中，形成某些高能磷酸化合物的中间产物，通过酶作用可使ADP 生成ATP。直接生成ATP。

糖酵解第一次底物水平磷酸化：甘油酸-1，3-二磷酸和ADP在甘油酸磷酸激酶和镁离子的作用下ATP和甘油酸-3-磷酸和ATP。

电子传递体系磷酸化：当电子从NADH或FADH2经过呼吸链传递给氧形成水时，同时伴有ADP磷酸化成ATP。基本上看到有NADH，NADPH或

FADH2,FMNH2就, 是电子传递体系的磷酸化。这个例子很多：三羧酸循环中异柠檬酸氧化脱羧形成阿发酮戊二酸。

【考查知识点】氧化磷酸化和底物水平磷酸化

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