英语选修课语法简要讲解

英语选修课语法简要讲解
英语选修课语法简要讲解

语法专题(一)定语从句

考点一:关系代词的用法

1.关系代词的作用和分类

(1)关系代词的作用有三个:

①连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把它和主句连接起来;

②替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词;

③成分作用:关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语成分。

(2)关系代词的用法分类

关系代词的用法分类有三点依据:

①根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;

②根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;

③根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。2.易混关系代词辨析

(1)关系代词that和which

先行词是物时,关系代词that,which一般可以通用,但也有区别。

1)只能用that的情况

①先行词为指物的不定代词(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代词修饰时,如:

You can take any seat that is free.

Tell us all that you know.

②先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时,如:

That is the first composition that I've written in English.

③先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,如:

This is the best way that has been used against pollution.

④当人和物同为先行词时,如:

Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.

⑤关系代词在从句中作表语时,如:

He is no longer the man (that) he used to be.

⑥先行词被the only,the very修饰时,如:

That is the very pen (that) I am looking for.

⑦当先行词是which时,如:

Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?

⑧先行词为the way/the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名词时,如:

I don't like the way(that)he talks.

This is the third time(that)he has been late this week.

注意:此时that为关系副词,若先行词没有被the first/the last修饰时,用that和when均可,如:

The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 8:00.

(2)关系代词as和which

as既可指人又可指物,主要用于as…;as…as;the same…as…;such…as…等结构中,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导的从句可位于句中、句首、句末。如:

As is reported in the newspaper,talks between the two countries are making progress.

Mary was late for school,as is often the case.

as引导非限制性定语从句,修饰整个句子,而which不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词。如:

The meeting,which was held in the park,was a success.

The meeting was a success,as was expected.

(3)who和that

先行词是人时,关系代词可用who(m),that引导定语从句,但下列情况一般用who,而不用that。

①先行词是one,ones,anyone或anybody,those时,如:

Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.

②一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系词是that时,如:

The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class.

③在there be句型中和非限制性句型中,如:

There is a person who wants to see you.

I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company.

(4)who,whom和whose

who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语时who

和whom一般可通用,但直接放在介词之后时,一般只用whom,不可用who。如:

Take your problem to the person who you think can help you.

She is the girl (who/whom) I will go to Shanghai with.=She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai.

whose既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。如:

George Orwell,whose real name was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels.

The librarian refused to accept the book,whose cover was gone when it was returned.

3.关系词的省略

①作宾语的关系代词可以省略,但前面不能有介词。如:

This is the man(who/whom/that) we have talked about.

②口语中,关系副词可以省略(尤其是先行词为time,way,reason等时)。如:

This is the reason (why)I did it.

I don't know the time (that) he arrived.

4.限制性和非限制性定语从句

①限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用,是主句不可缺少的一部分,与先行词无逗号隔开,翻泽成中文常译成前置定语。如:

Those who want to go,sign their names on the paper.

那些想去的人把他们的名字签在纸上。

5.定语从句中的主谓一致

①关系词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。如:

I,who am your friend,will leave for Beijing tomorrow.

which和as指代一个句子时,从句谓语动词用单数。如:

Mary is often late for class,which makes our teacher very unhappy.

6.“介词/介词短语+wh ich/whom”中介词的选择

关系代词前面的介词使用是根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定的。如:

We'll never forget the day on which we went camping.(on the day)

The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA. (speak to sb.)

His glasses,without which he was(=who was not)like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.(由句意决定)

考点二:关系副词的用法

1.当先行词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表示时间的介词(如:in,at,during等)+which;where=表示地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=for+which。如:

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which)

Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)

2.高考对关系副词where的考查

高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的处境,或某事所发展的阶段,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如:

The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.

事情发展到如此程度,不得不请双方家长来一趟了。

试比较下面的句子:

①Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?

你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗?

②Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?

你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?

在句①中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句,而在句②中,定语从句中不缺主语,也不缺宾语,因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。

2.定语从句与其他句式的比较

It is such a heavy box that he can't lift it.(状语从句)

It is such a heavy box as he can't lift.(定语从句)

Is this factory the one in which/where we lived three years ago?(定语从句)

Is this factory where we lived three years ago?(表语从句)

As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(定语从句)

It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer.(主语从句)

That Mark Twain is a great American writer is known to the world.(主语从句)

We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice.(同位语从句)

The reason that he gave was not right.(定语从句)

She did all she could to help him.(定语从句)

She is not the girl she used to be.(定语从句)

She did what she could to help him.(宾语从句)

She is not what she used to be.(表语从句)

由以上例句可以看出,分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词,要看其是否在从句中作成分,是否有意义。

3.注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

(1)当先行词是way意为“方式、方法”时,在定语从句作状语,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如:

(2)先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如:This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country.

这是总统第二次访问那个国家。

I could hardly remember how many times (that) I've failed.

我几乎记不清我已失败多少次了。

This was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.

这是一段没有收音机,没有电话,没有电视机的时间。

语法专题(二)时态和语态

一、动词时态的用法

1.一般现在时

(1)由连词if,unless,however等引导的时间(条件、让步)状语从句,需用一般现在时表将来。

However much advice you give him,he will do exactly what he wants.

(2)安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin,come,leave,go,arrive等一类动词。

I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p.m. tomorrow.

2.一般过去时

过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为,常与every day,often,sometimes等时间状语连用。

I used to play football when I was young.

3.一般将来时

(1)will+do表示将来的动作或状态,常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用;或表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。

Fish will die without water.

注意:临时决定做某事,只能用此时态。

—The lights in the classroom are still on.

—Sorry,I’ll go and turn them off.

(2)be going to+do表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。此外还表示根据现在的迹象,对未来进行推测。

Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.

(3)be about to+do表示即将发生的动作,意为“正要;很快,马上”。后面一般不跟具体的时间状语,但是可以由when连接一个并列句。

We are about to leave.

(4)be to+do表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情;还表示可能性、必要、责任、义务、禁止等。

She is to get married next month.

(5)用现在进行时表示将来。表示位置转移的动词(go,come,leave,start,arrive等),可用现在进行时表示将来。

Uncle Wang is coming.

4.现在进行时

表示说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩,常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用。

She is always asking the same question.

5.现在完成时

现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,或者还要延续下去,句中常有since,for,yet,already等表示一段时间的状语。

Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.

6.过去进行时

过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的过去某个阶段正在做的事情。

He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.

7.过去完成时

(1)表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。

My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.

(2)表示希望或打算的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend 等)的过去完成时,后接不定式to do时,表示未曾实现的愿望或打算,即“本来希望或打算

做某事(但却没做)”。

I had planned to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.

(3)用于下列特殊句型中:

①hardly/scarcely/barely had...done...when...;no sooner had...done...than...。从句中用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。

Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.

②It/That/This was the first/second...time+that从句。that从句要用过去完成时态。

It was the second time he had been out with her.

8.过去将来时

过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常是一般过去时。

He always said that he would study hard at that time.

二、被动语态的用法

1.不知道动作的执行者是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。

Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.

2.当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关注而需要加以强调时,要用被动语态。

This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.

3.含有双宾语的句子,主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语,另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语,间接宾语前则需加介词to或for。

The pianist gave the pupils(间接宾语) some advice (直接宾语).

→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.

→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.

4.在主动语态句中,动词make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都需加上to。

The boss made them work ten hours a day.

→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.

三、注意事项

1.现在进行时用法注意点

(1)状态性动词不用进行时态。

(2)进行时态和副词always,forever等连用时,往往带有一定的感情色彩,如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等。

2.过去进行时与一般过去时的区别

过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性,着眼于动作的过程;一般过去时表示动作的完成,即动作发生过,且已结束,着眼于结果。

She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)

She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚写了,并且写好了)

3.语态

(1)动词sell,write,read等与well,smoothly,easily等连用时,说明主语内在的“性能”、“特点”,用主动表示被动。

(2)表示状态特征的连系动词如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等无被动语态,用主动形式表示被动意义。

(3)不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态:come up,run out,give out等。

(4)以被动的形式表主动意义:有些动词devote,surprise,seat,hide,station,dress等,由于能接反身代词,因此,可用被动形式表主动意义。

语法专题(三)情态动词

一、can和could的用法

1.表示能力

Her mother can speak French.

2.表示客观可能性

Anybody can make mistakes.

3.表示许可(多用于口语)

Can I go now?

4.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度(主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中)

How can you be so careless!

5.can的特殊用法

can but只有;can’t but不得不;can’t...too再怎样也不为过,越……越好。

I can but wait.

I can’t but wait.

You can’t be too patient to the customers.

二、may和might的用法

1.表示允许、请求

—May I watch TV now?

—Yes,you may.(Yes,please.)

—No,you mustn’t.(No,you’d better not.)

2.表示可能性(主要用于陈述句、肯定或否定句,疑问句用can代替)

The story may not be true.

3.表示祝愿(不用might)

May you succeed!

4.may/might as well最好还是……

You might as well do it now.

5.may/might well很可能

He may well be late for class.

三、must,have to和ought to的用法

1.must

(1)must表示“必须,应该,一定要”。强调主观看法,只有现在时形式,否定式是must not(mustn’t)。must开头的问句,其否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to代替。

(2)must表示必然的结果。

All men must die.

(3)must还可表示主语固执、偏要做他人不希望做的事。

It can’t help;he must do that.

2.have to着重客观需要,能用于更多时态(过去时或将来时)。

He will have to be there before ten.

3.ought to表示义务和责任,“应该”,比should语气要强。

You ought to take care of yourself.

四、need和dare的用法

1.need表示“需要,必要”,只能用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中,常用must和have to代替。

2.dare表示“敢”,通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。

Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening?

3.need和dare的特殊用法

(1)need表“需要”时,可用want,require代替。

The desk needs to be repaired./The desk needs repairing.

(2)dare作实义动词时,在肯定句中要接to,在疑问句和否定句中to可省去。

He dares to catch a snake.

五、will和would的用法

1.will

(1)表示请求、建议,常用于第二人称。

Will you please go with me?

(2)表示意愿、决定、允许。

I will never do that again.

(3)表示习惯性动作或某种倾向,“总是,惯于”,通常用于第三人称。

Fish will die out of water.

2.would

(1)表示请求、建议,比will委婉,指现在时间,多用于第二人称。

Would you like a cup of tea?

(2)表示过去习惯性动作或某种倾向。

We would play badminton on Sundays.

六、shall和should的用法

1.shall

(1)用于第一、三人称,在问句中表示征求对方意见或请求。

(2)用于第二、三人称表示命令或威胁。

You shall do as your father says.

2.should

(1)表示责任、义务,意为“应该”。

(2)表示惊讶语气,意为“竟然”。

You should wear slippers in class.

(3)用于条件句,表示“假如,万一”,省去if,should可提至句首。

Should you be late,apologize to the teacher.

七、“情态动词+have done”的用法

1.must have done sth.;can(could) have done sth.

(1)must have done sth.表示对过去已经发生的事情的有把握的推测,意思是“想必、准是、一定做了某事”,只用在肯定句中。

It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.

(2)can(could) have done sth.表示对过去发生的动作的怀疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。

He can’t have forgotten it.

2.needn’t have done sth.;didn’t need to do sth.

(1)needn’t have done sth.表示已完成不需要完成的动作。

You needn’t have waken me up.I don’t have to go to work today.

(2)didn’t need to do sth.表示没有必要做而实际上也没有做某事。

I didn’t need to clean the windows.My brother did it.

3.may/might have done sth.

may/might have done sth.表示对过去已发生的动作的推测,意为“也许/或许已经……”。

I’m not sure.He might have said so at the conference.

4.should have done sth.

should have done sth.表示本来应该做某事而实际上未做。

You should have told him about it.

5.had better have done sth.;would rather have done sth.;would like/love to have done sth.

(1)had better have done sth.表示事后的建议,含轻微责备的口吻,意为“当时做了某事就好了”,其否定形式had better not have done sth.表达相反的含义。

(2)would rather have done sth.表示“宁愿当时做某事”,其否定形式would rather not have done sth.表达相反的含义,两者都含有“后悔”之意。

I would rather have taken his advice.

(3)would like/love to have done sth.表示过去愿意做某事,但未做成。

I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to finish my

report.

语法专题(四)名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

考点一whether 与if

whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不能用if:1.引导主语从句并在句首时。

Whether the meeting will be held tomorrow has not been decided yet.

2.引导表语从句和同位语从句时。

We should discuss carefully the question whether we can finish it on time.

3.引导从句作介词宾语时。

It all depends on whether they will lend us the money.

4.从句后有“or not”时。

I didn't know whether or not he had arrived in Beijing.

5.后接动词不定式时。

I don't know whether to go to the party.

考点二that,what与which

1.that 引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,也没有任何含义;that 引导的宾语从句一般不作介词的宾语(介词but,except,besides,in除外)。

That he failed the exam made me surprised.(主语从句,that不充当从句成分)

He is a good student except that he is a little careless.

2.what引导名词性从句时,其意义为“……的人/物/数目等”,在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。作主语、宾语和表语时what可以分解成“定语从句的先行词+关系代词”,即常说的“先行词+that”。

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.(what 指“……的数目”)

You will know what side effect the medicine brings about.(作定语,意思为“什么样的”) He lives in what we call“spring city”.(表示“……的地方”)

=He lives in the place that we call “spring city”.

You don't know what good students they are.(表示“多么”,此为感叹句用于宾语从句中) 3.which 引导名词性从句,其意义为“哪一个”,可指人也可指物,是在已知的具体的人、事、物当中进行选择;引导定语从句时,只能当关系代词,在从句中作主语或宾语,且只能指物。

Tell me which book you like better,the red one or the blue one?I will buy the book which you choose for you.

4.A is to B what C is to D“A对于B 就像C对于D 一样”。

Air is to us what water is to fish.空气对于我们就像水对于鱼一样。

考点三whoever,who与no matter who

1.whoever有两个作用,一是相当于anyone who,引导名词性从句,可以理解为who 引导的定语从句修饰anyone,因此表达的主体为“任何人”;二是相当于no matter who,引导让步状语从句。

Whoever comes late should say sorry to our teacher.(是“人”应该道歉)

2.who引导名词性从句时,有疑问语气,突出表达“谁……”这一件事。引导定语从句时代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。

Who came late yesterday was unknown.(是“谁迟到”这件事不知道,而不是不认识这个人)

3.no matter who只引导让步状语从句。

No matter who you are,you're welcome here.

考点四“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”

1.“疑问词+ever”可引导名词性从句,在从句中要充当一定的成分。还可引导让步状语从句。

Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.

However late he comes back,his wife will wait for him.

2.“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。

No matter who breaks the rule,he must be punished.

考点五that引导宾语从句时的省略

宾语从句中的连接词that通常可以省略,但在以下几种情况中that不能省略:

1.当从句前有插入语时,that不可省略。

We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.

2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后的宾语从句中的that 不能省略。

He said he was wrong and that he would say sorry to me.

3.当that作介词宾语时,that不可省略。

The reason lies in that she works harder than the others.

4.由it作形式宾语时,that引导的宾语从句中,that不可省略。

I think it impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time.

考点六it作形式主语的常见句型

1.It is+名词(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise等)+从句。

It is no surprise that we will win the match.

2.It is+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,funny,possible,likely,certain 等) +从句。

It is certain that he will come.

3.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced 等)+从句。

It is said that Mr Smith has arrived.

考点七doubt 后面的从句

doubt用于肯定句时,其后的宾语从句用whether/if引导,同位语从句用whether引导;用于否定句时,宾语从句和同位语从句都用that引导。

There is no doubt that we will have an exam next week.

I doubt whether/if Tom will recover.

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. :who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如): 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

大学英语语法直播课第二讲

简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津(Oxford)英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语

(完整word版)初中英语语法讲解大全,推荐文档

初中英语语法讲解 在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点: 一、可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如: 1desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---phot os 2bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brushes 3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes hero---heroes Negro---Negroes 4 leaf---leaves knife---knives 5baby---babies family---families 另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如: Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians American---Americans

German --- Germans child---children foot---feet man---men woman---women tooth---teeth goose --- geese deer---deer sheep---sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有:a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如: Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。) His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时,意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如, Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays. 初中英语语法讲解二、名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式:一是加’s,一种是用of来表示。一般情况

英语语法基本基础知识——时态

英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为:“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)(又称为态)。时是指动作发生的时间,体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴,它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空,也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为:过去,现在,将来,过去将来 体分为:一般(在某个时间点), 进行(延续某个时间段), 完成(完成某个时间段) 完成进行(延续某个完成的时间段) 如此以来,英语中就有16种时态变化,现在就用动词为write例,看看它们的形式。 注意:里面的斜体字部分,由于时态过于复杂,几乎没有人真正去应用它们,可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态,(其中还有三种相对用的较少的,请注意)。具体分析一下。 一.一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态,常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态,多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格,特征,能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。

The sun rises in the east. 二.一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态,常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三.一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四.过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五.现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六.过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七.将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作,一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划,一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? (明天下午三点你将在做什么哪) 八.现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成,而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987,for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九.过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成,从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.

英语语法基础知识大全

第一部分语法框架 词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾) 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句:主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句:肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容) 分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类 名词 Noun (n.) 专有名词 首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等,如:Qi Baishi, New York, the USA 普通名词 可数名词 (单/复数) 个体名词:能分成单个独立个体的名词,如:pen, apple, student, tree 集体名词:由几个个体组成的小集体的名词,如:group, class, family

不可数名词 物质名词:不能分为个体的物质,通常为气体、液体,如:water, gas, air 抽象名词:不具体,看不见,莫不着的事物,如:advice, information 动词 Verb (v.) 实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 ) 及物动词(vt.):需要带宾语的动词,即:该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词,如:finish tasks, run(经营) a company, read a novel 不及物动词(vi.):不需要带宾语的的动词,即:该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词,如:He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语,则需要加上相关介词,如:They arrived in London at 9 p.m. 情态动词 表示说话人语气和态度的词:can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形,“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。 助动词 帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词,如:be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did等。 第二部分 1.as...as...引导的比较级: (1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句: He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。 (2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句:He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2.only引导的倒装句型:only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时,句子部分倒装。 例句: Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直,一个人在生活中才能成功。 注意:但 only修饰主语时,不倒装。例句: Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。 3.wish引导的虚拟语气:wish 后面的从句,当表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时,其宾语从句的动词形式为: ⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示,be 的过去式用were. I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) ⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用had +过去分词。

初中英语语法大全汇总

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III. 三.代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

《大学英语语法教程第五版》期末考试复习资料(复习讲义)

第一讲句子结构 改写句子(必考)!!! 1.WaldenPond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many stands. 2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through ou r bedroom windows,marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. /Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind madeв?| 3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two st reams plunging down to join in the valley below. 4.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll. 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr wood stood at his neighbourв? s door and knocked again and again till someone opened it. 6.The town folk envied horace,who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town. 7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years. 8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad. 9.The story,written in plain language,consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in17th century France. 10.Mud-covered and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot brot h prepared by his father to drive off the chill. 11.Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions. 12.Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a l amp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite si de of the street. 13.Sarah sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,

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