南邮材料化学答案 第七章 无机非金属材料

第七章无机非金属材料

1. 名词解释：

1）玻璃体：玻璃生产的原料有玻璃形成体，玻璃调整物和玻璃中间体，此处没有指明是哪一种，而且“玻璃体”这个概念本身也很不规范，可不予理会。

2）陶瓷：天然或人工合成的粉状化合物，经过成型和高温烧结制成的，由金属和非金属元素或非金属与非金属元素的无机化合物构成的多相固体材料。Ceramics: a collectively called of inorganic nonmetallic multiphase solid materials or products made with the method produce ceramics.

3）p型半导体：是指以空穴为载流子的半导体，又叫受主型或空穴型半导体。如在Si 中掺入B即可形成p型半导体。p-type semiconductor: refers to the semiconductor whose main carriers are hole, also known as the recipient type or hole-type semiconductor. For example, we can obtain p-type semiconductor by doping B into Si.

4）蒙脱土：是一种由纳米厚度的硅酸盐片层构成的粘土，其结构为1:2型的层状硅铝酸盐，单元片层由两层硅氧四面体夹一层铝氧八面体构成，铝氧八面体中的部分Al 被Mg 代替使片层带有负电荷，层间填充阳离子来平衡过剩的负电荷。

Montmorillonite: a kind of clay composed of two tetrahedron and one octahedron nanoscale sheets. Part of Al atom in octahedron is replaced by Mg, which make the sheet negatively charged, the remained charges is neutralized by cations between layers.

5）高岭土：是一种由纳米厚度的硅酸盐片层构成的粘土，其结构为1:1型的层状硅铝酸盐，单元片层由一层硅氧四面体和一层铝氧八面体共用一个氧原子构成，片成间通过氢键相链接。

Kaolin clay: a kind of clay composed of tetrahedron sheet and octahedron sheet by a shared O atom, sheets is connected by hydrogen bond.

6）结构陶瓷：作为工程结构材料使用的陶瓷称为结构陶瓷，具有较高的机械强度、耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐摩擦以及高硬度等性能。其机械强度和断裂韧性对其应用非常重要。structural ceramics: ceramic used as structural materials, they have high mechanical strength, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, abrasion and high hardness properties. Its mechanical strength and fracture toughness is very important in application.

7）自蔓延反应：是利用反应物之间高的化学反应热的自加热和自传导作用来合成材料的一

种技术，当反应物一旦被引燃，便会自动向尚未反应的区域传播，直至反应完全，是制备无机化合物高温材料的一种新方法。Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis: a technology that can prepare material by interactions of reactants driven by self-heating and self-tranducing of chemical reaction heat.

8）介电陶瓷：具有介电性质的陶瓷称为介电陶瓷。介电陶瓷在外加电场作用下将发生极化，材料中正负电荷发生短程的相对分离，正负电荷重心变得不重合，但电荷仍然互相束缚，不能长程迁移，这时形成的束缚态电荷分离就是电偶极子，结果在材料表面形成感生异性电荷，可以看作将外加电场电能转换存放于材料上，并可在一定条件下（撤除外电压）部分释放出电能，该过程与充放电相似，伴随电能损失，表现为材料发热，即介电损耗。

Dielectric ceramics: ceramics have dielectric properties are known as dielectric ceramics. In an applied electric field, dielectric ceramics will be polarized, the positive and negative charges in the material will separate in a short-range, gravity centers of positive and negative charge do not coincide, but the charges is still influenced each other, they don not migrate in a long-distance, results in induced opposite charges on the surface, which can be seen that the external electric field convert electrical energy and stored in the material, and they can release some electrical energy under a certain condition (removal of the external voltage). The process is similar to charging and discharging, accompanied by energy losses, heating radiation, that is dielectric loss. 9）铁电陶瓷：某些陶瓷材料由于晶格对称性较低，本身存在正负电荷重心不重叠，自发产生偶极子，但其自发极化是紊乱取向的，其主要成分是铁电体，因此称铁电陶瓷，没有压电性能。Ferroelectric ceramics: Some ceramic materials have low lattice symmetry, the center of gravity of the positive and negative charge do not overlap, there will form spontaneous dipoles, but its spontaneous polarization is disordered in orientation, the main component is a ferroelectric, so they are named ferroelectric ceramics, they don not have piezoelectric properties.

10）压电陶瓷：具有压电效应的陶瓷称为压电陶瓷。这种陶瓷主要成份是铁电体，由于晶格对称性较低，本身存在正负电荷重心不重叠，自发产生偶极子，但其自发极化是紊乱取向的，此时没有压电性。对这种陶瓷施加强的直流电场进行极化处理，原来混乱取向的自发极化就沿电场方向择优取向。去除电场后，陶瓷仍保留着一定的总体剩余极化，于是使陶瓷有了压电性能，此时可称为压电陶瓷。Piezoelectric ceramic: ceramics that have piezoelectric effect were called piezoelectric ceramics. The main ingredient of the ceramic is ferroelectrics. They have low lattice symmetry, center of gravity of positive and negative charges do not overlap, will form

spontaneous dipole, but the spontaneous polarization is disordered in orientation, herein, there is no piezoelectric property. When applied a DC electric field to polarize it, the original disordered orientation of spontaneous polarization will arrange along the direction of the electrical field. After removal of the electric field, ceramics retained some polarization, so that the ceramics have piezoelectric properties, may be called the piezoelectric ceramic.

11）超导体：在超低温下失去电阻的性质称为超导电性，相应的这类物质称为超导体。superconductors: the nature of materials losing resistance at extremely low temperatures is known as superconductivity, such substances are called superconductors.

2. 材料科学中的三大基础材料是什么？What are the three basic materials in materials science?

答：材料科学中的三大基础材料是金属材料、无机非金属材料和高分子材料。The three basic materials in materials science are metallic materials, inorganic non-metallic materials and polymer.

3. 硅酸盐玻璃与硅酸盐陶瓷在结构上有哪些区别？What are the structural differences of silicate glass and silicate ceramic?

答：硅酸盐玻璃和硅酸盐陶瓷在结构上的区别在于：1）从微结构角度来看，玻璃是由多种氧化物构成的连续网络结构，它们以非晶态的形式存在，没有特有的固定的组成，其主要成分为非晶态的SiO2，一般为50%－80%，其主要结构单元为SiO44-四面体。而陶瓷具有多相结构，由晶相，玻璃相（非晶相）和气孔组成，晶相是最主要的组成相，非晶相的存在可以填充晶粒间隙，粘结晶粒，提高材料的致密度。2）玻璃中含有大量各种形态的杂质，由于缺少晶体结构，因此其致密度较低；而陶瓷中尽量排除了气孔相，同时形成大量的微晶结构，具有很高的致密度。The structural difference between silicate glass and silicate ceramic are: 1) from view point of micro-structural, glass consists of continuous network structure of a variety of oxide, and they exist in the form of amorphous, there is no certain composition, the main component is amorphous SiO2, generally account for 50%-80%, its main structural units are SiO44- tetrahedron. Ceramics have a multiphase structure, crystal phase, glass phase (amorphous phase) and pore, crystal phase is the main constituent, the presence of amorphous phase can fill the gap of grain, bin d grain and improve the material’s density. 2) glass containing a large number of various forms of impurities, it has low density due to the lack of crystal structure; ceramics has little pore phase, at the same time, there form a large number of microcrystalline structure, with high density.

4. 简述传统陶瓷制造的主要原材料。Brief describe the main raw material for traditional ceramic manufacturing.

答：传统陶瓷制造主要以天然矿物为原材料，主要有粘土、长石和石英矿。粘土可用于陶瓷坯体、釉色、色料等配方，赋予坯体一定的可塑性、强度等性能。长石的主要作用是降低烧结温度，在烧结中长石熔融体可以充填坯体颗粒间空隙，并能促进熔融其他矿物原料，还可以使坯体质地致密，提高陶瓷制品的机械强度、电气性能与半透明度。石英可以降低陶瓷泥料的可塑性，减小坯体的干燥收缩，缩短干燥时间，防止坯体变形，高温烧结时石英成为坯体的骨架，与氧化铝共同生成莫来石，能够防止坯体发生软化变形。Traditional ceramic manufacturing mainly based on natural mineral raw materials, including clay, feldspar and quartz. The clay can be used in the ceramic body, glaze, pigment formulation, to give the body a certain degree of plasticity, strength and other properties. Feldspar, the main role is to reduce the sintering temperature, melt of feldspar can fill the gap between the body particles, and can promote the melting of other mineral raw materials, it also can make the body dense, and improve the mechanical strength, electrical performance and semi-transparency of ceramic products. Quartz can reduce the plasticity of ceramic mud, reducing the drying shrinkage of the body, and shorten the drying time to prevent the body deformation.

5. 陶瓷是否一定含有玻璃相？Does ceramics must contain glass phase?

答：是的，陶瓷中玻璃相的存在可以填充晶粒间隙，粘结晶粒，提高材料的致密度，透光性，使断面细腻。Yes, glass phase in ceramic can fill the gaps of grains, bind the grain, increase the density and translucency of the material, and make the section fine and smooth.

6. 陶瓷材料是否全由离子键结构构成？举例说明。If all the ceramic materials consist of ionic bond?

答：不是。比如Si3N4，SiC和六方BN都为共价键陶瓷。No, For example, Si3N4, SiC and hexagonal BN are composed of covalent bond.

7. 功能陶瓷按其功能不同，可以分为哪几大类？各举一例说明。Which categories are included in functional ceramics according to their different functions?

答：可以分为介电陶瓷、导电陶瓷、敏感性陶瓷、光学陶瓷和生物陶瓷5大类。They can be classified as dielectric ceramics, conductive ceramics, sensitive ceramics, optical ceramics and bioceramics.

1）介电陶瓷包括绝缘陶瓷、介电陶瓷、铁电陶瓷和压电陶瓷。The dielectric ceramic includes

insulating ceramics, dielectric ceramics, ferroelectric ceramics and piezoelectric ceramics.

2）导电陶瓷包括电子导电陶瓷和离子导电陶瓷。Conductive ceramics includes electronic conductive ceramics and ionic conductive ceramics.

3）敏感性陶瓷包括热敏陶瓷、气敏陶瓷、湿敏陶瓷、压敏陶瓷和光敏陶瓷。The sensitive ceramics includes thermal sensitive ceramic, gas sensitive ceramics, humidity sensitive ceramics, pressure sensitive ceramics and photosensitive ceramics.

4）光敏陶瓷包括高透明性陶瓷和电光陶瓷。Photosensitive ceramics includes high transparency ceramics and electro-optical ceramics.

5）生物陶瓷包括玻璃生物陶瓷和单晶生物陶瓷。Bioceramics includes glass bio-ceramics and single crystal biological ceramics.

8. “白石墨”是指何种陶瓷？”White graphite" refers to what kind of ceramics?

答：“白石墨”是指六方氮化硼陶瓷，其主晶相为BN，晶体结构为六方晶系，其结构和性能与石墨相似，硬度较低。”White graphite” refers to the hexagonal boron nitride ceramics, the main crystalline phase is BN, it belongs to hexagonal crystal system, its structure and properties are similar to graphite, has lower hardness.

9. 陶瓷粉制备方法主要有哪些？是否所有陶瓷制造均需事先制备陶瓷粉？What are the main methods for preparation of ceramic powder? Are all ceramic manufacturing requires the prior preparation of the ceramic powder?

答：陶瓷粉制备方法主要有固相法、液相法和气相法。所有陶瓷制造均需事先制备陶瓷粉？Preparation methods for ceramic powder includes solid phase method, liquid phase method and gas phase method. All ceramic manufacturing requires the prior preparation of the ceramic powder.

10. 根据陶瓷概念的描述，下列哪些物质不属于陶瓷？According to the description of ceramics, which of the following substances do not belong to the ceramic?

1）纯石墨pure graphite；2）金刚石diamond；3）Si 3N4；4）GaAs；5）GaN；6）干冰dry ice；7）硫磺sulphur；8）单晶硅single crystal Si ；9）TiC

陶瓷的概念是指以粘土或非粘土为原料，经过配料、成型、干燥、焙烧等工艺流程制成的制品。因此，以上1，2，6，7，8不属于陶瓷。Ceramic refers to products made of clay or nonclay raw materials, by mixing the ingredients, molding, drying, and sintering process. Therefore, the 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8 do not belong to the ceramics.

11. 就电性能而言，陶瓷绝大部分应该属于导体，半导体还是绝缘体？其禁带宽度如何？In terms of electrical properties of ceramics, most of them belong to conductor, semiconductor or insulator? How is the band gap?

答: 就电性能而言，陶瓷绝大部分应该属于绝缘体。陶瓷一般为离子化合物或共价化合物，其电子结构中均有较大的能隙，电子难以从价带激发到导带，因此其导电性很低，为绝缘材料。In terms of electrical properties of ceramic, vast majority of them belong to the insulator. Ceramics generally are ionic compounds or covalent compound, their electronic structure has a large energy gap, it is difficult for electronic to transfer from valence band to conduction band, so the conductivity is very low, they belong to the insulating material.

12. 简述压电陶瓷的基本原理和应用。Describe the basic principles and applications of piezoelectric ceramics.

答：压电性是指材料受到外界施加的压力后，晶格发生转变，对称性降低，正负电荷重心不重合，自身也会产生电荷的累积，即由压力产生电荷的性质。压电陶瓷的应用非常广泛，例如蜂鸣器、安全报警器、超声换能器等。Piezoelectric material refers to material that have accumulation of charge when subject to externally pressure, and the symmetry of the lattice decreased, gravity center of positive and negative charge do not coincide. The piezoelectric ceramic is widely used in many fields, such as buzzer, security alarm, ultrasonic transducers, etc.

13. 具体说明气敏陶瓷结构原理和应用。Describe the principles and applications of gas ceramic structure.

答：气敏陶瓷是吸收某种气体后电阻率发生变化的一种功能陶瓷。气敏陶瓷的电子结构具有一定的能隙，为半导体。例如，SnO2、ZnO等n-型半导体陶瓷表面吸附还原性气体时，气体将电子给予半导体，并以正电荷与半导体相吸，而进入n-型半导体内的电子又束缚少数载流子空穴，使空穴与电子的复合率降低，增大电子形成电流的能力，使陶瓷电阻值下降。当n-型半导体陶瓷表面吸附氧化性气体时，气体将气空穴给予半导体，并以负离子形式与半导体相吸，而进入n-型半导体内的空穴使半导体内的电子数减少，因而陶瓷电阻值增大。气敏陶瓷在天然气、煤气、石油液化气等的泄漏报警方面具有一定的应用。

Gas sensitive ceramic is a kind of functional ceramic whose resistivity changes when absorbs certain gases. The electronic structure of the gas sensitive ceramic has a certain band gap, it is semiconductor. For example, n-type semiconductor, such as SnO2 and ZnO, can adsorb reductive gas, the gas will give electron to semiconductors, and attract with semiconductor by the positive

charge. Electrons in n-type semiconductor can bound some hole carrier, so that the recombination rate of hole and electron reduced, increasing the capability of electron to form the current, so that the ceramic resistance value decreased. When the n-type semiconductor ceramic surface adsorbs oxidative gases, gas will give hole to semiconductor, and attract with semiconductor by the anion, so that reduced the number of electrons within the n-type semiconductor, and thus the resistance

of ceramic increases.

Gas sensing Ceramic can be used in gas leak alarm system such as natural gas, coal gas, liquefied petroleum.

14. 热敏陶瓷按其响应性质可分为哪几类？举例说明应用特点。Which categories of thermal ceramics can be classified according to their response properties. Give an example and expleain its application characteristics.

答：热敏陶瓷按其响应性质可分为热敏电容、热敏电阻及热释电材料三大类。

热敏电阻是利用材料的电阻随温度发生变化的现象，用于温度测定、线路温度补偿和稳频等的元件。Thermal ceramic can be classified into three categories, thermal capacitors, thermistors, and pyroelectric materials.

For example, resistance of thermistor varies with temperature, it can be used as component in temperature measurement, circuit temperature compensation and frequency stabilization.

15. 简述电光陶瓷在立体电视上的应用原理。Briefly describe the mechanism of

electro-optical ceramic used in three-dimensional television.

答：电光陶瓷做立体电视的原理在一副能分离左眼和右眼图象的立体观察镜，这种观察镜的镜片是用电光陶瓷制作的。实际上是把电光陶瓷作成两只电控快门，分别装入普通眼睛的左框和右框，另外，只要采用左右两个摄像机来摄像，通过电子线路控制，使左摄像机摄的图象在电视屏显示时，立体观察镜的左快门正好开着，陶瓷电畴极化方向和光信号方向一致，光线穿越快门镜片，没有光散射发生。而此时右快门眼睛处于关闭状态，陶瓷电畴极化方向与入射光垂直，光线穿越时发生严重光散射，没有光信号透过。在下一时刻右摄像机摄得图象时，正好相反。尽管两只快门是交替工作，有先有后，但由于影像在人眼中可停留七分之一妙时间，所以，人看到的是连续、整体、栩栩如生的立体图像。

16. GaAsIC和SiIC相比，性能特点如何？

答：GaAs半导体可以在较高的工作温度和工作频率下工作，在高频器件、光电器件、高速集成电路等方面有着重要作用。GaAsIC和SiIC相比，具有高频、高速、大功率、低噪音和

低功耗的特点，工作频率一般在5～10 GHz以上。其抗辐射能力也比SiIC强，可承受106 rad 的γ射线辐射。

17. 简述GaN半导体重要的应用价值。

答：GaN作为第三代宽带半导体的典型代表，具有禁带宽度大（Eg>2.3eV）、击穿电场高、电子饱和漂移速度高、抗辐射能力强和良好的化学稳定性等优异特性。以其为材料制作的器件在大功率、高温、高频和短波长应用方面的工作特性远远优越于Si/GaAs或InP制作的器件。其应用领域极为广泛，有望航天航空、高温辐射环境、石油勘探、自动化控制、雷达与通信、汽车电子等方面发挥重要的作用。基于GaN掺杂的实用半导体材料，在蓝光、紫外光、白光LED制造中占据越来越重要的地位。

18. 试讨论超导体性质的形成原理及超导状态时所表现出的特殊现象。Discuss the principle of superconducting nature and the special phenomenon demonstrated in superconductive state.

答：常温下, 由于电子同晶格的相互作用会阻碍电子的自由移动，因此导体会有一定的电阻。在超低温下，这种相互作用会产生库伯电子对。温度越低，所产生的这种电子对越多。这种库伯电子对不能互相独立地运动，只能以关联的形式作集体运动。当某一电子对受到扰动时，就要涉及这个电子对所在空间范围内的所有其它电子对。这个空间范围内的所有电子对，在动量上彼此关联成为有序的集体。因此，库伯电子对在运动时，就不象正常电子那样，被晶体缺陷和晶格振动散射而产生电阻，因此导体会呈现电阻消失的现象。这就是超导体的形成原理。

在超导状态时，超导体的电阻为零。此时，必须满足三个临界条件，即温度、电流密度、磁场强度必须都小于其临界值。只有这三个条件都满足时，才会具有超导性。其中任何一个条件超过极限值时，都会破坏超导状态。

At room temperature, the conductor has a certain resistance because the electrons can interact with the lattice, which will hinder the free movement of electrons. At extremely low temperatures, this interaction will produce the Cooper electron pairs. The lower the temperature, the more the electrons. This Cooper electron pairs can not move independently, only to move as a collective group. When one of the electronic is disturbed, the other Cooper electron pairs will be influenced. All electronics in this space form a collective. They do not like normal electrons, the crystal defects and lattice vibration scattering have no effect on them, so the conductor will show a zero resistance.

In the superconducting state, the resistance of the superconductor is zero. Herein, must satisfy three critical conditions, that is to say, temperature, current density, magnetic field strength must be less than the critical value. Only these three conditions are required, the conductor can have superconductivity. Any conditions exceed the limits, superconducting state will be destroyed.