《飞鸟集》中主要概念隐喻的研究

A Study of the Major Conceptual Metaphors in Stray Birds

摘要

在《飞鸟集》中，大量隐喻的使用实现了自然与人的合一，同时达到了强烈的艺术效果。对于《飞鸟集》，以往的解读大多是从修辞、哲学、女性主义、浪漫主义、翻译等角度进行，而本文拟将概念隐喻理论运用到对《飞鸟集》的研究中,以期解决如下问题：（1）《飞鸟集》中有哪些主要的概念隐喻？（2）这些概念隐喻是如何形成的？（3）这些概念隐喻起到了怎样的作用？

在语料的收集过程中，笔者采用了“五步法”(Steen，2002)。通过对325首小诗的分析，笔者发现了一系列的概念隐喻（比如生命是旅行、人的死亡是植物的死亡、情绪是物质、渴望是火、心是乐器、思想是发光体、名声是高山、寂静是水、音乐是利器、真理是湖等），并根据不同的目的域将其分为13类，即人的隐喻、自然隐喻、人生隐喻、死亡隐喻、情感隐喻、心的隐喻、思想隐喻、名声隐喻、寂静隐喻、音乐隐喻、真理隐喻、世界隐喻和权利隐喻。笔者选择了目的域出现次数大于等于3的概念隐喻作为研究对象，即人的隐喻、自然隐喻、人生隐喻、死亡隐喻、情感隐喻、心的隐喻、思想隐喻、寂静隐喻、音乐隐喻和真理隐喻10大概念隐喻。笔者用诗句对这十大概念隐喻一一进行了研究分析，人的隐喻和自然隐喻两种概念隐喻建立在人与自然同一的基础上，而其他几种概念隐喻是从具体或熟悉的概念域到抽象或不熟悉的概念域的映射，在诗歌中这些概念隐喻主要通过名词和动词得以实现。这些概念隐喻的语用功能可分为4类：认知功能、经济功能、美化功能和凸显功能，这些概念隐喻使表达简洁化，有的概念隐喻使抽象的或不可视的概念能够被可视地或可听地进行认知，有的概念隐喻使自然之美自然而然地增加到目的域上，而有的概念隐喻使目的域对人类的重要性得到凸显。

本文对《飞鸟集》中主要的概念隐喻进行了研究，丰富了《飞鸟集》在认知方面的研究,同时对《飞鸟集》的欣赏具有一定的贡献。

关键词：《飞鸟集》；概念隐喻理论；映射；语用功能

Abstract

In Stray Birds,the use of a large number of metaphors achieves the unity of man and nature,together with a strong artistic effect.The previous studies on Stray Birds are mostly from the perspective of rhetoric，philosophy，feminism，romanticism and translation.But this paper,with the conceptual metaphor theory as the theoretical basis,plans to analyze the major conceptual metaphors in Stray Birds.The research aims to find(1)what major conceptual metaphors are there in Stray Birds?(2)How have these conceptual metaphors in Stray Birds come into being?(3)What part do these conceptual metaphors play?

The five-step procedure for metaphor identification,proposed by Steen(2002),is the methodology that is adopted in this thesis.Through a thorough study of the325 little poems in Stray Birds,the author has found out a series of conceptual metaphors(e.g.LIFE IS A JOURNEY.HUMAN DEATH IS THE DEATH OF A PLANT.EMOTION IS SUBSTANCE.DESIRE IS FIRE.HEART IS A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.THOUGHT IS AN ILLUMINANT OBJECT.FAME IS A MOUNTAIN.SILENCE IS WATER.MUSIC IS A SHARP WEAPON.TRUTH IS A LAKE).According to their target domains,these metaphors can be grouped into the following thirteen kinds:human metaphor,nature metaphor,life metaphor,death metaphor,emotion metaphor,heart metaphor,thought metaphor,fame metaphor, silence metaphor,music metaphor,truth metaphor,world metaphor and power metaphor.The conceptual metaphors whose frequency of the occurrence of the target domain is three or more three are taken as the research object.These ten major conceptual metaphors are human metaphor,nature metaphor,life metaphor,death metaphor,emotion metaphor,heart metaphor,thought metaphor,silence metaphor, music metaphor and truth metaphor.These conceptual metaphors are studied respectively with verses.Human metaphor and nature metaphor these two conceptual metaphors are based on the harmonious integration of man and nature while the other conceptual metaphors are cross-domain mappings from concrete or familiar domains to abstract or unfamiliar domains.These major conceptual metaphors are realized mainly by nouns and verbs in the verses.The pragmatic functions of these major conceptual metaphors can be classified into four kinds:cognitive function,economic function,beautifying function and highlighting function.Some conceptual metaphors enable the abstract or the invisible to be perceived in an visible or audible way,some