宁波大学244英语(二外)2019(B卷)考研专业课真题
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this part you are required to read the given passages carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the boxes. Each word is allowed to be used only once. You
should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
that why so if while
because whose or but what
Do you find it difficult to sit in a desk chair and work for 15 minutes, yet easy and natural to sit at a piano bench for two hours playing tunes? 1 , in school, was it impossible to remember geometrical equations, while you can rattle off all the music notes? Or, do you sometimes get great ideas for songs, and immediately stop 2 you’re doing and focus on that? 3 a few of these are true, you might have ADD tendencies.
Attention deficit disorder, or ADD, is a group of disorders 4 affects approximately 5 to 1l percent of the population, more common in boys than girls, and in children than adults. A person with ADD could have difficulty concentrating, be constantly in motion, may come across as uncontrollable, may have abnormal tendencies to overly focus on something. In many cases, an ADD individual will compensate by seeking to intensify the amount of stimulation in their brain through seeking conflict, self-medicating with coffee / tobacco / alcohol / drugs, and a host of other behaviors of varying degrees healthiness or self-destructiveness.
Music is stimulating, and focusing on practice or listening can lead to increased proficiency, 5 music is a natural fit for many with ADD. That’s a potential reason 6 some feel unable to focus on geometry, 7 able to focus on music theory: 8 music can stimulate an underactive brain. Typically, ADD is associated with low activity in the brain, and music helps to raise blood flow and overall activities. It can enhance neuronal connection.
9 ADD is considered a disorder, in fact, many people with ADD are high achievers and may even consider it a benefit, and part of what makes them unusually effective. The internet is abundant with lists of famous musicians who reportedly have ADD---some by their own admission and others 10 diagnosis is widely speculative.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
Passage Two
recover approach approved manage aimed unfortunately original controversy positive permanent
Anyone who has ever seen the reality show, The Biggest Loser, knows that it offers a cash prize to the contestant who manages to lose the highest percentage of weight over the course of a season. Along with 11 over the various weight loss methods used on the show, including diet pills, unhealthy diets, and aggressive exercise regimens, there was also the simple fact that this 12 doesn’t seem to work very well. Not only have studies shown that contestants often gain back the weight they lost but some even gained even more weight afterward.
Even for contestant who did 13 to lose weight, their metabolisms rarely followed suit. As a result, 14 weight loss becomes virtually impossible. According to one New York Times report describing one of these studies, “What shocked the researchers was what happened next: As the years went by and the numbers on the scale climbed, the contestants’ metabolisms did not 15 . It was as if their bodies were intensifying their effort to pull the contestants back to their 16 weight.”
Even for people losing weight using medically 17 diets and exercise programs, research into their long-term success has rarely found they have been 18 . For that matter, schools and workplace settings, often alarmed by reports of an “obesity epidemic”, frequently implement programs 19 at getting children and workers to lose weight, usually through such strategies as encouraging better nutrition and more exercise. 20 , they have not lived up to people’s expectation.
Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Section A (10 points, 1 point each)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet.
I haven’t slept very well this week, and perhaps as a result, have had some nightmares. My dream last night was so upsetting that I actually don’t want to describe it, for fear that somehow it might come true, but I’ll just say that it 1 a family member’s extremely horrible health emergency.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
Thankfully this sort of thing doesn’t happen to me too often, but when it does, it leaves me emotionally drained and 2 all day — even though I know what I dreamt isn’t “real.” I tend to feel guilty about dwelling on something I only 3 , but according to Alice Robb, author of Why We Dream: The Transformative Power of Our Nightly Journey, out later this month, it’s 4 to experience real, bodily effects after traumatic dreams. “Emotions and stress experienced in dreams can have very real emotional and physiological 5 ,” she says. “There are even a few reported cases in which nightmares seem to have contributed to heart attacks.”
6 , there are some strategies people can employ to reduce their nightmares’ frequency and harm. In the long-term, Robb suggests practicing some dream techniques during the day. In her book, she writes: “If people can learn to become
7 in their dreams, they can wake themselves up or even drive away their dream-foes.” She describes a 2006 experiment done by psychologists at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, in which the researchers asked some
8 to practice clear dream induction techniques on their own, gave private clear dreaming lessons to others, and then left a third group untreated. Both groups that
9 clear dreaming techniques saw fewer nightmares as a result
: “Patients who learned in private sessions started out with an average of 3.6 nightmares, and that number went down to 1.4,” Robb writes. “The 10 didn’t depend on achieving clarity
; several people who never managed to become clear in their dreams still had a reduction in nightmares.”
A)normal I)emotional
B)participants J)fortunately
C)anxious K)conscious
D)aroused L)comparison
E)involved M) practiced
F)practically N)confirmed
G)imagined O)consequences
H)improvement
Section B (30 points, 2 points each)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and put it in the Answer Sheet.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Women in Australia earn about 82 cents for every man’s dollar. If you look at the highest paid male and female doctors in the country, the pay gap is even more pronounced.
However, an interesting new study has found that hospital patients treated by a female doctor had better health outcomes than those treated by a male doctor. “There is evidence that men and women may practice medicine differently,” said the paper’s authors from Harvard Medical School (female physicians in the U.S. earn around 8 per cent less than male counterparts).
Previous studies had found female doctors were more likely to provide preventive care, communicate well with patients, offering more psychosocial counselling and perform as well, if not better, on standard examinations.
Researchers had not looked at whether these differences in care extended to patient outcomes, until now. The researchers evaluated the records of more than 1.5 million hospitalisations in the United States over a three-year period, looking specifically at whether patients died within 30 days of the admission date and whether patients were readmitted within 30 days of the discharge date.
They found, with patients treated by a female doctor, a 4 per cent lower mortality rate and 5 percent reduction in readmission rates “across all medical conditions we examined”. The papers authors added: “Assuming that the association between sex and mortality is causal (具有因果关系的), we estimate that approximately 32,000 fewer patients would die if male physicians could achieve the same outcomes as female physicians every year.”
Despite the findings, the authors do not suggest seeking care only from female physicians. Apart from the fact that only about 43 per cent of GPs and one-third (34 per cent) of specialists in Australia are women, they say the study’s purpose is to begin to understand different patterns of practice that are driving different health outcomes.
“Understanding exactly why these differences in care quality and practice patterns exist may provide valuable insights into improving quality of care for all patients, regardless of who provides their care,” the authors said.
1. What do we learn about doctors in Australia?
A) Female doctors are more knowledgeable than male ones.
B) Female doctors earn less than their male counterparts.
C) They have a close relationship with their patients.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
D) They receiver a higher salary than those in the US.
2. Previous studies found that female doctors ________.
A) tended to perform higher care quality
B) paid more attention to patient outcomes
C) offered more counselling than necessary
D) performed better in psychological support
3. The researchers from Harvard Medical School found ________.
A) male doctors have ignored the link between sex and mortality
B) patients treated by male doctors have lower readmission rate
C) patients treated by female doctors have a lower death rate
D) female doctors gain a deep insight into the cause of death
4. The word discharge (Last line, Para. 4) most probably means ________.
A) receiving counselling from the doctor
B) being carefully diagnosed by the doctor
C) being examined and hospitalized
D) leaving hospital after being cured
5. The study is intended to _________.
A) bring down the death rate in the hospital
B) help improve the quality of medical care
C) arouse people’s awareness of gender equality
D) suggest the necessity of more female doctors
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
Plenty of research has shown how negative stereotypes can be harmful to individuals. For example, telling girls that boys are typically better at maths seems to make them score worse on maths tests. There is evidence that stereotypes similarly affect the success of people who identify as ethnic minorities.
Efforts to improve diversity in the workplace have been growing, says Jolien van Breen at the University of Exeter, UK, but that doesn’t mean harmful stereotypes have disappeared – expressions of prejudice may have just become more subtle. Van Breen and her colleagues have investigated how harmful this may be to women.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
8. Which of the following best describes the subjects in Jolien van Breen’s experiment?
A) They are composed of both male and female volunteers.
B) Some volunteers are good at dealing with maths problems.
C) Some participants are strong supporters of womanhood.
D) They choose to sacrifice a man’s life to save their lives.
9. The images prepared by the researchers are intended to ________.
A) lead the participants into the stereotypes
B) prove that women are weak in maths tests
C) distract volunteers from their right judgment
D) arouse volunteers’ interest in the research
10. What can be said of the last two paragraphs?
A) Feminists might sacrifice men’s interest in the face of losses.
B) Feminists are fully conscious of what they are in want of.
C) The research favors the women in pursuit of gender equality.
D) There will be more research with respect to women’s status.
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
The comprehension of words is indeed a very complex psycholinguistic process. One model that psycholinguists have adopted to account for this complexity is Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP).
A clear example of the usefulness of a PDP approach to the comprehension of words is an experience many of us encounter on an almost daily basis, what psychologists term the Tip-Of-the-Tongue (TOT) phenomenon. Because our long-term memory storage is better for recognition than for recall, we often know that we know a word so that, even when we can’t recall it from our memory, it is on the tip of our tongue, and we can instantly recognize the word when it is presented to us. Psycholinguists have studied this frequent linguistic experience and have discovered several intriguing aspects of the TOT phenomenon. For one thing, the momentarily lost word isn’t always completely forgotten; parts of the word are often subject to recall and, most commonly, these remembered fragments are the first letters or the first syllable. Another intriguing aspect is that although we cannot reproduce the word, we can instantly recognize any words that are not the one we are trying to recall.
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科目代码：244总分值：100科目名称：英语(二外)
Part V Writing (15 points)
Directions: In this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 160 words on the basis of the following information:
Nowadays many people think that new parents should attend parenting courses to learn how to bring up their children well. To what extent do you agree or disagree?